The Alans or Alani (occasionally termed Alauni or Halani) were a group of Sarmatian tribes, nomadic pastoralists of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian. Name The various forms of Alan — Greek: Αλανοί, Αλαννοί; Chinese: 阿蘭聊 Alanliao (Pinyin) in the 2nd century, 阿蘭 Alan (Pinyin) in the 3rd century — and Iron (a self-designation of the Alans' modern Ossetian descendants, indicating early tribal self-designation) are Iranian dialectical forms of Aryan. These and other variants of Aryan...

Jean II de France, dit Jean le Bon, (né le au château du Gué de Maulny du Mans - mort à Londres le ), fils du roi Philippe VI et de son épouse Jeanne de Bourgogne, fut roi de France de 1350 à 1364, second souverain issu de la maison capétienne de Valois. Il est sa­cré roi de France le 26 septembre 1350. Le règne de Jean II le Bon est marqué par la défiance du pays envers les Valois choisis à la mort de Charles IV pour éviter qu'Édouard III, le plus proche descendant de Philippe le Bel ne prenne possession du trône de France. La nouvelle dynastie, confrontée à la crise de la féodalité, ...

John II (16 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (), was the King of France from 1350 until his death. He was the second sovereign of the House of Valois and is perhaps best remembered as the king who was vanquished at the Battle of Poitiers and taken as a captive to England. The son of Philip VI and Joan the Lame, John became the Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, and Duke of Normandy in 1332. He was created Count of Poitiers in 1344, Duke of Aquitaine in 1345, and Duke of Burgundy (as John I) from 1361 to 1363. By his marriage to Joanna I, Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne, he...