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3:00 PM
either you get a weird tiny fraction $\frac{d}{dt}$ or you get an awkward line fraction $d/dt$
 
I need to talk about trousers
 
hey, that's the space oddity guy
 
Does the topology of the trouser spacetime equals to $(S \times R) \# (S \times R)$
not sure it does
trying to find a description of the topology without using cobordisms
 
it's a thrice punctured sphere
 
3:06 PM
@BalarkaSen The proof goes something like this: First show that $\mathscr B^\times$ and $\mathscr U$ are homotopy equivalent. (Use Gram-Schmidt for this.) Show that $\mthscr B^\times$ is path connected. For this you can use the spectral theorem for unitary operators, or a more complicated geometric argument. For a compact space $X$, you show that $[X,\mathscr B^\times]=0$. This proof has two steps: you first show that you can deformation retract the image of $f:X\to\mathscr B^\times$ onto [...]
 
@BalarkaSen a good description
 
Hi chat
 
hello
 
[...] a finite dimensional simplical complex in $X$. Then you use a geometric technique from the path connected proof to get the homotopy to the trivial map $x\mapsto \mathrm{id}_H$. Finally, you use $[X,\mathscr B^\times]=0$ to show that $\mathscr B^\times$ is contractible. I don't know how that proof goes.
 
Wave equations are drawn on 3-dimeansionsal?
x,y,t ?
 
3:08 PM
I think you somehow approximate $\mathscr B^\times$ by compact spaces and eventually get $[\mathscr B^\times,\mathscr B^\times]=0$ but I'm not sure.
 
I wonder if there's a Latex package with an even fancier script than mathscr
 
@ACuriousMind I'm back, still no elaboration on this ? :)
 
let's check the comprehensive guide to latex packages
 
@BalarkaSen According to this book the final step requires a careful study of the nerve of an open cover of $\mathscr B^\times$.
@BalarkaSen Still don't believe it :(
 
3:12 PM
Sorry for typo of "dimensional"
 
@BalarkaSen nLab says $\mathscr U(\mathscr H)$ is very different than $\mathrm U(\infty)$.
 
Is it possible to ask the mathjax people to include this package
 
So you essentially want to prove $B^\times$ is contractible.
 
I want \mathghost for Fadeev Popov fields
 
@BalarkaSen Yeah, step 1 shows that this implies $\mathscr U$ is as well.
 
3:13 PM
Ok, I don't know. vOv
 
@Slereah Lol. [abstract nonsense] Proof: $\mathghost$.
@BalarkaSen I was just telling you something I found interesting, apologies
 
the math witch is better for proofs
it is magic
I'm not sure how it got in the big official review of latex symbols
the rest of the document is mostly a neverending list of relation symbols, arrows and integral signs
 
LOL
 
> The unitary Fourier transformation $F:L^2(\Bbb R)\to L^2(\Bbb R)$ can be written as $$F=i\mathrm{id}\oplus-\mathrm{id}\oplus-i\mathrm{id}\oplus\mathrm{id}.$$
What?
 
$i\mathrm{i}\mathfrak{i}\imath$
this package is great
neat
Also what the hell are those
 
3:24 PM
tieinfinity?
 
> That is the magic of animals. They can be friends and food.
That is one hell of a quote
 
@SirCumference Your username is funny.
 
Thanks :)
 
The many faces of the electromotive force
 
@Slereah Where do you get those?
 
3:27 PM
One of the package has a \Pentagram
Another useful symbol to have
 
@ACuriousMind this book is truly
OH MY GOD
Please ban me
 
user228700
@JohnR: Finally finished FBaWTFT (screenplay) and it is absolutely wonderful! I really feel that you'd love it.
 
@Kaumudi.H Ah, Fabulous Beasts - it took me a few moments to decode the acronym :-)
 
user228700
I'd lend you my copy but there's quite a lot of sea in between our houses.
 
3:31 PM
@0celouvsky Why does that keep happening?
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Oops, sorry.
 
Are you accidentally hitting enter?
 
the hell are those
 
@Kaumudi.H If you think it's good reading, bearing in mind that I haven't seen the film, then I'll grab a copy from that nice Jeff Bezos.
 
they have symbols for the Bose distribution and for the Fermi distribution
 
user228700
3:33 PM
@JohnRennie I dunno what "good reading" is supposed to be but I can assure you that JKR has written it beautifully and there is no need to watch the film to piece together that universe in your mind.
 
user228700
And if you love it, maybe you'll even watch the film eyy! (:-P)
 
@ACuriousMind I don't know but it keeps happening here and in text messages too
 
user228700
Hmm but I suggest you at least look at pictures of the creatures because that would make for a better experience, I feel.
 
@ACuriousMind but this book is pretty fascinating. From functional analysis to index bundles to signals processing
Fantastic book!
 
perfect math symbols
 
3:37 PM
@ACuriousMind allegedly there's a deep relation between signals processing and K theory
 
user228700
@JohnR: This page should help.
 
What
 
Lol
 
can one do \left \Marge ... \right \Marge?
 
3:40 PM
yes, you can
 
@Kaumudi.H I'm heading off to my mother's house for Easter on Wednesday, so I'll take a copy with me to read there. Just to check, it is this one isn't it:
 
Also good
 
Hello @JohnRennie
 
ah, my regular cursive E looks just like the emf symbol
in fact I'm not sure why one wouldn't just use \mathscr{E}
 
user228700
@JohnRennie That's the one :-)
 
user228700
3:42 PM
I hope u love it! (Please don't hate me if u don't though :-P)
 
My physics sir said if $y=a\sin (\omega t - (-kx) ±\varphi)$ then wave travelling in negative direction. But in my book it says if $y=a\sin (\omega t +kx +\varphi)$ then wave travelling in negative direction. Which is correct?
@JohnRennie ^
 
$-- = +$
 
(。>﹏<。)
 
@Fawad $-(-kx) = kx$ so both are correct.
 
Oh,wait
$y=a\sin (kx-\omega t +\varphi ) $ is correct or $y=a\sin (\omega t -kx ±\varphi ) $ is correct representation of wave?
 
3:48 PM
both are correct
 
@Kaumudi.H I'm sure I will like it. Reading a screenplay will just take a bit of getting used to.
 
The phase is unimportant for the direction
 
^
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Only a bit. I got used to it about 10 pages in (and there's a glossary at the back).
 
My teacher used latter equation in everyplace.
 
3:49 PM
@Fawad What do you mean by "correct"? Have you thought about what the difference between the two is, physically?
 
you can change the phase angle to account for the change in sign of (kx - wt)
 
I'm not even sure why you'd put $\pm \phi$
 
@Fawad It is just a convention; I use $y=Asin(\omega t-kx + \phi)$ always
 
Since $\phi$ can be any value anyway
 
Use which ever you are comfortable with
If you want to change the equation from wt - kx to kx-wt, just add a pi
 
3:51 PM
@ACuriousMind no,I don't even know is wave equation drawn on 3-dimensional? x,y,t ?
And negative before kx ?
 
@Fawad the equation you wrote represents a travelling wave in two dimensions
@Fawad The only important sign thing you need to remember is: if kx and wt have the same sign, the wave travels in the negative-x direction; if kx and wt have opposite signs, the wave travels in the positive-x direction.
 
I don't know what it means for an equation to be "drawn", but your equation there describes the time evolution of a transversal wave in two dimensions.
 
@Fawad And as far as I know, 3D waves is not in the regular high school syllabus. I am not sure if you are preparing for JEE though.
 
On topic?
1
Q: Which of Euclid's postulates can be relaxed, to take us closer to the laws of physics?

Robert FrostWhich of Euclid's postulates can be relaxed, to take us closer to the laws of physics? Euclid's 5th postulate states that parallel lines never meet. There are many equivalent ways of stating it, given the other postulates - perhaps most simply "the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is 18...

 
Sorry,internet is slow
 
3:55 PM
@Fawad Graph of the equation lives in the (x, y, t) space (aka R^3), yes. But that's not the point. The graph of the t = t0 slice describes the (travelling) wave at that specific time.
 
@JohnRennie I think it is. And I find it an interesting question actually.
As for the answer ? Local parralel lines may cross instead of they may never cross.
 
I took my 3mg of melatonin tab.
 
@JaimeGallego Just got back, let me try
 
insomnia is my inspiration
 
@BalarkaSen Do you have insomnia too?
 
3:59 PM
@ACuriousMind draw the graph
 
Anonymous
@Fawad Try to understand the physical mean of the wave equation first. Suppose you have an SHM oscillator at origin with equation $A\sin(wt)$ then $A\sin(wt-kx)$ is any wave moving towards the right as $t$ increases. $kx$ is just the phase difference w.r.t the SHM oscillator. If you write it as $-A\sin(wt-kx)$ then that can be plotted by interchanging the positive and negative $y$ axis. Try playing around with this graph.
 
If I go to bed at 9PM without meds, I'll sleep at 2AM. I'll be doing some physics problem mentally for 5 hours :P
 
@Yashas OK,I will see that
 
Anonymous
@Yashas I have the opposite problem. I tend to fall asleep easily. Can we please exchange each other's problems? =P
 
well, sleep disorders, not quite insomnia. my sleep cycle gets messed up beyond any possible repair; splitting up into multiple cycles, or getting shifted to a day-time cycle, or something
 
4:00 PM
@Fawad blue just gave an explanation for that; read what he wrote; it is better to understand than remember answers
 
Anonymous
I'd do anything to gain insomnia =D
 
@0celouvsky That's a bit confusing in this situation because no one usually draws the actual graph of $y(x,t)$ - either snapshots at fixed $x$ or $t$, or they animate $y(x)$ and have $t$ as actual time in the animation
 
You JEE people dare to sleep?
 
@blue Weren't you studying optics at 3AM yesterday? lol
 
<--- not a jee dude
 
Anonymous
4:01 PM
@JaimeGallego I would love to not sleep
 
Anonymous
@Yashas I was...but I dozed off in between =P
 
@BalarkaSen @ACuriousMind what could
oh
My
God
 
@blue If I wake up at 2AM, it is a total disaster. I won't go to sleep until it is 6AM.
 
Anonymous
@Yashas I need that!!!!!
 
@JaimeGallego Got it working :)
Uploading now
 
Anonymous
4:03 PM
I dozed off for 1 hour in between....that's pathetic
 
Anonymous
lol
 
It is always advised to have a continous sleep than a collection of naps.
 
what works for me is keeping awake for a day and sleeping next day at normal time
 
The advantages of having a continous sleep outnumber the advantages of having a nap ever 2 hours.
 
Anonymous
I am too damaged...can't sleep continuously =P
 
4:04 PM
@blue I think you should talk to a doc then
Coincidently, I ran out of meds on the JEE exam day :|
I had to use some low quality meds
which did not work
so I wrote JEE Main and then went to sleep for 18 hours
:D 18 hours :D
 
Anonymous
@Yashas Yeah, I think I should :/
 
Anonymous
@Yashas wow
 
It takes time to fix the sleep cycle so.... talk to a doc at the earlierst.
ok my meds kicked in
The messages are dancing ;o
@blue Ensure that you have meds for the exam day
just in case
I am taking 3mg melatonin
I feel drunk now
 
get lsd
 
@ACuriousMind my phone's screen just died
 
4:07 PM
Aw.
 
Uh oh
it's restarting
 
@blue There is a good experiment to do
@blue take the sleep med
@blue and stop yourself from going to sleep
I shud have been in bed now
I am finding how can I stay without gingt o sleep
 
@gertian that's just dropping the fifth postulate, and the question already says the OP knows the fifth postulate can be dropped. The question is about the other four postulates.
 
@blue
 
@JaimeGallego This will take a lifetime, lol
 
4:13 PM
The server's in Amsterdam
 
Sending at 1.2MiB, my upload speed is crap
The server is good
 
why not buy an external harddisk?
 
@Yashas That's not offsite
 
@0celouvsky That bodes ill :P
 
If my house burns down I lose it
I have an external HD
 
4:15 PM
I can get a 1TB HDD for less than 100$ here
 
Anonymous
@Yashas Which med? Melatonin? Isn't that for treating insomnia?
 
At this moment in time, my brain is incapable of reading the messages and thinking.
 
Anonymous
(Sorry I went for dinner)
 
@blue yes I have taken ti and experimenting to see how long before I get fully drunk
 
@Yashas Yes, but it's not off-site
 
4:16 PM
Doesn't your school provide storage facilities?
 
Anonymous
@Yashas There's not much difference between medicines and drugs =P Don't play with them!
 
Anonymous
Take the recommended doses only
 
@Yashas Dunno, maybe
But probably not a lot
 
@blue I took 3mg which is normal dose.
My dad told go to sleep after 5mins
 
4:18 PM
@ACuriousMind it just decided to come back on
 
I am trying to stay for 30mins
 
Anonymous
@Yashas I got scared when you said "experimenting to see how long before I get fully drunk" =P
 
lol I told that because I start getting disorientated
after taking the med
tbh worse than being drunk
 
really, use lsd instead of doing experiment with sleep meds man
 
@Yashas ...maybe go to sleep, then? :P
 
4:19 PM
yea going
bye bye
 
@ACuriousMind @BalarkaSen I have $\phi\in L^1(\Bbb R)$ with $\hat\phi(t)+1\ne 0$ for each $t\in\Bbb R$. What does $W(\hat\phi+1,0)$, the winding number about the origin, mean?
 
take cake :) :)
 
Anonymous
goodnight =D
 
Anonymous
jee dreams =P
 
It's supposed to be the winding number of the oriented curve $\{\hat\phi(t)+1:t\in\Bbb R}\$.
 
4:20 PM
vOv
 
But that's not a curve $S^1\to\Bbb C$ so I don't know what's going on.
 
the ol' rotini
 
But I'm thinking that a Fourier transform shouldn't even have a winding number
I mean it doesn't cross the axis by hypothesis
it's not a closed curve or anything
 
@0celouvsky What do you mean "it don't cross the axis"?
All the hypothesis says is that $\hat{\phi} + 1$ doesn't go through the origin
 
@ACuriousMind Oh wait it's a complex valued function
 
4:29 PM
I'm at a loss how it's supposed to be a closed curve, though
 
@BernardoMeurer There's a problem
 
@JaimeGallego What's up?
 
The default config of cPanel is to put the FTP directory on public_html
 
Hmm
Just set permissions on the music folder?
Even if it's in a public folder you should be able to restrict access to it
 
Yes, that's what I'm about to do
Is it still uploading?
 
4:34 PM
Yep
I can stop
 
Then problem solved
 
Sweet :)
Uploading Black Sabbath right now
 
Hello
 
@ACuriousMind ah, well, recall that $\hat\phi\to 0$ as $t\to\pm\infty$
Riemann Lebesgue lemma
Does that help?
 
@0celouvsky Yes, then you can extend it to a function on $\mathbb{R}\cup \{\infty\} \cong S^1$.
 
4:36 PM
@ACuriousMind so that's probably what they mean?
 
that'd be my guess
 
Who knows what do we mean by symmetric and antisymmetric wavefunction
In the case of helium atom in its exited state
Any help please ?
 
@JaimeGallego Going well :)
 
4:52 PM
@Slereah I have the record on PSE for the most indices on one object used unironically.
 
@Student404Mus Those terms are generally used concerning multi-particle wave-functions, and they refer to the symmetry exhibited on exchange of identical particles.
 
it's 10
 
If $\psi(\vec{x}_1,\vec{x}_2) = \psi(\vec{x}_2,\vec{x}_1)$ the wave-function is "symmetric", but if $\psi(\vec{x}_1,\vec{x}_2) = -\psi(\vec{x}_2,\vec{x}_1)$ the wave-function is "anti-symmetric".
Bosonic multi-particle states are required to be symmetric while fermionic multi-particle states are required to be anti-symmetric.
And this has significant and easily observed effects on some systems.
 
Good news: The density matrix question is now solved
Bad news: I need to redo 18 calculations (3 weeks of work!) because the previous DFT method I am using is not the optimal one in terms of getting the smallest error
 
Heh, HNQ broke the populist badge. I received it for this answer which at one time outscored the accepted answer like 25:10, but now that same answer has more points than mine.
 
5:06 PM
Language is such a strange thing. Sometimes I swear in English, sometimes I swear in Chinese, sometimes I swear in Japaness, and I was just swearing in German when I couldn't find a way to reach h bar chat room with my cell phone. (I can only speak German and Japaness bad words)
I wonder what makes me feel like to swear in which particular language
 
@ACuriousMind Do you like sauerkraut soup?
Our German postdoc is saying she's never seen it in Germany
 
I don't know what "sauerkraut soup" is, either
 
Ok, we're 2:4 on this issue.
 
I mean, I know sauerkraut and I know soup, but I've never seen nor eaten soup that had sauerkraut in it
 
Huh
And all four of us are from roughly the same place
Interesting
 
rob
5:10 PM
I had an amazing chocolate cake once which included sauerkraut --- gave it a lovely moistness and texture.
 
@0celouvsky It might be something regional, sure
 
disgusting
@ACuriousMind Yeah but we're all from the southwest, no?
 
I'm not from the southwest
I just live here :P
 
Where are you from
 
@dmckee what is the reference to say symmetric or antisymmetric in the example of electrons in helium. Is it the direction of two electrons around the nucleus
 
5:14 PM
Idk where Wuppertal is
 
@0celouvsky Northwest, near the Ruhrgebiet
 
@Student404Mus Really quantum theories don't assign a "direction around the nucleus" to atomic electrons. They don't even have a notion of "path" for bound particles.
 
@ACuriousMind like how many miles north of Hberg
 
People sometimes fudge this fact for pedagogoical reasons when the student or class is not ready for a proper description, but if you are at that level then you don't have the background to confront the (anti-)symmeterization of the wavefunction in any case.
 
@0celouvsky The two cities are almost exactly 300 km apart
 
5:19 PM
Weird question:
 
When a single song has 164MB :^)
 
Given two quantum objects that is described by one joint wavefunction, how far spatially the objects has to be separated before the two objects are considered as two subsystems (hence having the notion of entanglement) rather than being two objects in one system?
 
@ACuriousMind I'm increasingly convinced that HNQ is intrinsically broken: there is no implementation that doesn't screw up the meaning of all the metric all but the very larges sites.
 
Put the question in another way: Given a non separable wavefunction and there are correlations between a pair of observables in a quantum system, are these necessary and sufficient conditions for entanglement?
 
Why do I get sleepy when I have energy drinks?
 
5:24 PM
@dmckee actually not. I know that in quantum Theory it doesn't exist the notion of path
@dmckee but to do an analogy to classical mechanics
Let take the example of helium
In its ground and exited states
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer Those are malware.
 
@blue Water is the real malware, expensive af
 
@Student404Mus The (anti-)symmeterization of the wave-function doesn't have a classical analog.
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer Expensive? Wut???
 
@blue Beer is cheaper than water here
 
5:27 PM
You have to deal with it on quantum terms. Or you can just accept the Pauli principle and live with it.
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer That's bad! Water is almost free here!
 
Anonymous
And groundwater is completely free
 
@BernardoMeurer When I first got to college a couple of brands of beer were cheaper than soda. Generic soda.
 
Note, water isn't expensive it's just more expensive than beer
 
In the exited one helium has two the possible states. Symmetric and antisymmetric wavefunctions with arbitrary coefficients
But why in the ground state only symmetric state occurs
 
5:28 PM
@dmckee I had to force myself to tone down my drinking rate here, it's too cheap
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer That is quite a lot! Why is water so costly there? Any particular reason?
 
Anonymous
Less water bodies or something?
 
Because beer is really cheap
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer How cheap?
 
I pay 1.7€ for 1L of beer
It's the same as water pretty much
 
5:30 PM
@Student404Mus This statement seems to imply that you are not asking about the symmeterization of the wavefunction, because the ground state of Helium (indeed every state of Helium) is anti-symmetric on particle exchange.
 
Anonymous
I pay 10 Rs. for 1 litre of mineral water @BernardoMeurer That is 10 times less than beer
 
Are you asking about parity (that is $\psi(\vec{x}) = \pm \psi(-\vec{x})$)?
That's quite a different thing.
 
Anonymous
1 litre water costs 0.15 € here
 
Anonymous
Something is fishy about Portugal =P
 
Damn, that's dirt cheap
 
Anonymous
5:31 PM
Indeed!
 
Beer made me pretty fat
Now I'm back in shape
 
Anonymous
Maybe we have too much groundwater =)
 
Anonymous
Oh, btw I never drank/tasted beer =P
 
It says the following
No let's stay on the symmeterization concept
According to what I red in my lecture
 
@blue It's a good beverage, I recommend it
India has a nice beer, the name escapes me now, something like Tiger
 
Anonymous
5:35 PM
@BernardoMeurer Won't I get fat like you =D ?
 
The repulsion between electrons leads to the wavefunctions (symmetric) and ( antisymmetric) in the exited states of helium atom.
...
 
Oh, Cobra is the name
Cobra is good
@blue Only if you go for 1L of beer almost daily
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer hehe, okay then...will try this year =D
 
Anonymous
Cobra Beer is an Indian beer brand manufactured in the United Kingdom and China. The group's primary product is an extra-smooth premium beer with an alcohol strength of 4.8% volume. The beer was founded in 1989 by Karan Bilimoria, and Arjun Reddy – who thought that Britain needed a smoother, less gassy lager, which would appeal to both ale drinkers and lager drinkers alike. A blend of water, malted barley, yeast, rice, maize wheat and four varieties of hops is used to produce the required characteristics. In June 2011 Molson Coors bought a controlling interest in Cobra. As of 2014, Cobra Beer is...
 
Anonymous
Ah!
 
5:36 PM
And I really recommend you don't try and do that. It fucks you up
yeah! Cobra is good!
Good as in normal-good beer, not as in craft-expensive-very-good beer
 
The ground state is a special case where both electrons have the same spatial wavefunction
So only a symmetric solution exists. End
 
I have it when I go to the Indian restaurant near here
I love that place
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer There are Indian restaurants in Portugal? Wow! Is it run by Indians?
 
Yes! Quite a few actually
The one I go to is run by Indians, yes
And the store in front of my house used to be ran by Indians as well, but they sold it to some Vietnamese guys now
 
Anonymous
So the population explosion is true =P Every country seems to have Indian and Chinese restaurants
 
Anonymous
5:42 PM
Well, American cuisine is also present in almost all countries
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer Good to know :-)
 
Oh, yes, and my tailor is also Indian I believe
 
Your tailor?
Excuse me milord
:D
 
@ACuriousMind Elven lord: "Octonians are sort of like the end of the universe"
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer What is the official language in Portugal ? (Too lazy to Google...)
 
5:49 PM
Portuguese
 
Anonymous
So you know Portugese, Bernardo?
 
Anonymous
Or English suffices?
 
@blue I'm Brazilian, we also speak Portuguese, so yes, it's my mother tongue
@JaimeGallego Yes, he fixes my pants when I inevitably rip them. I pay 7€ or so
He does more fancy stuff, but that's the only service I need :P
 
Anonymous
@BernardoMeurer Whew! Even Brazil's official language is Portugese!
 
Anonymous
Didn't know that
 
5:54 PM
Yep, we speak a dialect of Portuguese (Brazilian Portuguese)
 
@blue There was that Pope that divided up the world between Spain and Portugal, right?
 
The differences are akin to British vs. US English
@dmckee yes, Treaty of Tordesillas
 
The pointy bit on the east coast of South America was on the Portuguese side of the line.
 
Portuguese got the best part :^)
 
Anonymous
The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas [tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ], Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas]), signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León...
 
Anonymous
5:56 PM
Interesting!
 
Anonymous
Amazing that Portugal and Brazil share a common language although they are separated by an ocean.
 
Not a coincidence
Portuguese settlers and all of that, you know
 
America and England share a language
 
Portuguese people stole our gold
 
5:58 PM
Why isn't that amazing?
 
Just like Spain stole gold from the rest of South America
 
Anonymous
@JaimeGallego I see :-)
 
@JaimeGallego Sure. Formalizing the state on the ground in hopes of preventing the shedding of (European) blood.
 
Anonymous
@0celouvsky Well, English is too widespread to be amazed about anymore...
 
The Popes of the time combined piety with realpolitique.
 

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