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12:01 PM
@ACuriousMind Yeah it is. I hate this binomial coefficients and identity stuff. It's like high school trig where you just trying stuff until it works.
 
Hi, sorry for intruding but I have a really basic, fundamental confusion over something, and put it in a question but still haven't had any responses, and wondered if putting this in chat could help, if not, no worries :^)
 
@YashasSamaga try this: when you add 2 feet and 2 inches you get 2 feet 2 inches.
2' + 2" = 2'2"
 
HAHAH! I love that.
 
@Phase Asking questions in chat is fine, although we prefer you don't just come here to advertise your main site questions.
 
12:05 PM
Askaway
 
Sorry, I can try asking it in new words here:
 
@skillpatrol it is a contradiction, it is both 4 and 14 so math is wrong
LOL
 
I'm just confused because in Lectures they never really went into detail on the Unitary operator, and I feel like I'm misunderstanding it. In my head I can only imagine it as a constant 'rotation', so if it's an orthonormal basis of two basis states, the classical analogue of it in my head would be a constant rate of rotation between two orthogonal basis vectors. And I guess the only real evidence i have of this is that if H is constant, then $\hat U$ is just a function of t
and that if H|psi> is constant then so too would ihbar d/dt |psi>
 
yesterday, by skill patrol
@YashasSamaga you got it pal. Don't let them drag you down to their level.
 
@Phase 1. It's not "the" unitary operator. The time evolution operator $U$ you get from the Hamiltonian is one particular family of unitary operators, but there are many others.
 
12:10 PM
It is really surprising that super religious people have become anti-science/math to an extent that they have problems accepting that 2 + 2 = 4.
This is absolutely insane.
 
2. Indeed, a unitary operator is the complex analogue of a rotation in a real vector space
 
re: 2) So the 'rate of change of state' [I don't know if that's actually something that makes sense] is constant if H is constant?
 
However, in two complex dimensions you have more than just a simple rotation - the two-dimensional unitary group $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ is almost the same as the three-dimensional group of real rotations $\mathrm{SO}(3)$.
 
Ingnorance is infinite @YashasSamaga
 
I wonder how much $ would he pay to the retailer when he buys 2 packs of apples each consisting of 2 apples,
14$ :D
 
12:13 PM
@Phase That...depends on your state. For eigenstates of $H$ that is true, for non-eigenstates the "rate of change" does not really make much sense - the "rate of change" would usually be the time derivative, which is just given by the Hamiltonian applied to the state in that instant (that's what the Schrödinger equation tells us!), and if the state is not an eigenstate that doesn't give you a number but a (non-constant) vector.
 
"US Senate passes new bill, makes it legal to kill hibernating bear families in den"
I thought Republicans were religious people.
 
@YashasSamaga $ goes before the number
 
@ACuriousMind thanks, sorry to keep asking basic questions but would it be possible for you to briefly explain the statement about the non-eigenstates?
 
@Phase Well, the operator is $U(t) = \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i}Ht}$, right? (For activating MathJax in chat, look in the upper right corner of the chatroom) So when $\psi$ is an eigenstate, we get $\psi(t) = \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i}E_\psi t} \psi$, i.e. $\psi$ just get's multiplied by a phase where $E_\psi$ is the eigenvalue, i.e. rotates in a very simply way.
If you don't have an eigenstate, but a superposition like $\psi_1+\psi_2$ where the $\psi_i$ are eigenstates, then you get $\exp(-\mathrm{i}E_1t)\psi_1 + \exp(-\mathrm{i}E_2 t)\psi_2$, that is, the different components of your vector rotate with different speeds, and you can't really speak of an overall speed
 
OH
Thank you very much
Sorry for the delay was doing the ChatJax stuff. It's like magic
 
12:21 PM
You're welcome :)
 
Can I ask a final, different question? I guess this is more of just a newbie question for the site
Is it bad to actually answer homework-style questions on SE?
If it seems they've made an effort to get the answer themselves
 
@Phase We generally consider that bad, yes, because it encourages those questions. Complete answers are also usually deleted if they are caught. This holds for questions that are off-topic as homework-like. If you genuinely think the question is on-topic, i.e. shows effort and asks a conceptual question, go ahead and answer it however you like.
 
Oh ok, well thanks for all the help! Have a great day : )
 
Different sites have differing policies
 
@ACuriousMind the JEE bubble
 
12:32 PM
@skillpatrol What a profound insight :P
 
wat is zis
AMS sent me an email about it
 
in JEE Preparation, yesterday, by Madhuchhanda Mandal
@SirCumference "The engineering test" which is regarded as the toughest entrance examination in the world
 
I know what the JEE is
 
Show some empathy then.
 
12:37 PM
@skillpatrol I am grateful that they moved that trash from this room, that's the extent of my empathy right now.
 
Noun: empathy (countable and uncountable, plural empathies)
  1. Identification with or understanding of the thoughts, feelings, or emotional state of another person.
  2. She had a lot of empathy for her neighbor; she knew what it was like to lose a parent too.
  3. (parapsychology, science fiction) A paranormal ability to psychically read another person's emotions.
 
I don't know what any of those mean.
3. sounds neat.
 
Yeah, TIL.
 
I had a conceptual question about modelling physics on a discretion mesh, but I don't think it warrants an actual question. Say you have some discrete chain of length L. Each site has some onsite energy t, and each site can hop to its neighbour with a hopping energy h. Now, an electron traveling across the chain would be like a semi-free electron.
But what if we now cut the chain into 3 equal parts, in two different ways: either we make the two cuts by setting onsite energies to something like 5*t, creating a potential barrier, or we set the hopping energy across the cut to something like h/5, creating a weak link. How do these scenario's differ, with regions separated by a weak link or by potential barriers?
 
12:51 PM
"Actually string theory is very close to God speaking this universe into existence. And those "laws" where put in place by Him. No matter how you cut it this universe is highly organized and based on our observance of reality we know information cannot be produced randomly."
:o
 
no need to post all of this in the chat
@ACuriousMind why is $P(\alpha)=|(\alpha,\psi)|^2$. Why the $^2$?
 
What kind of question is that? Without the square it would not be a real number!
 
@ACuriousMind $P(\alpha)=|(\alpha,\psi)|$ should be real. Guess not...
4 real tho, that's a real number
 
You're gonna have to ask a better question for me to give a better answer :P
Yes, it's a real number- so what?
 
@ACuriousMind can you give a better reason for the born rule other than (i) it works (ii) analogy with intensities in EM
 
1:07 PM
@0celouvsky 1. I think "it works" is a most excellent reason. 2. If you view states as functionals on operators by their density matrix, then that's what taking the expectation value of the projector onto $\alpha$ with respect to the state given by $\psi$ yields.
That is, one may see the Born rule as a very specific instance of the rule for expectation values
(you still have to postulate that it's the projector that is related to measurement/probability, but you don't have to postulate the mathematical form of the probability anymore)
 
Ah, thanks for reminding me about 2. That's good, assuming I accept density matrices.
 
@DanielSank booya
 
You...couldn't make it 10000? :P
 
@ACuriousMind I forgot I was that close to the line
I'll make it a round thousand for the 11k pass
 
@BernardoMeurer
0
Q: What is the significance of scattering cross section?

A.G96I am trying to calculate the scattering cross section for X-ray generation and how it is affected by material thickness, detector angle and how it differs between AlGaAs and GaAs. To calculate the scattering cross section I will be using the following equation: $$σ=〖𝑋−𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠〗_𝑡𝑜𝑡/(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏�...

mmm that formatting
 
1:11 PM
@EmilioPisanty The people-who-are-needlessly-obsessive-over-round-numbers of the world thank you
 
anyways, I'm still 3k short of my goal
 
Why is 13k your goal, exactly?
 
@ACuriousMind well, it's a moving goal
awarding more rep in bounties than Daniel Sank's total rep
 
The goal is "offer 3k more bounties than I already have"? ;)
@EmilioPisanty Oh, lol
 
Apparently one cannot dualize a non-densely defined operator.
Dualizabiltiy is equivalent to densely defined
 
1:15 PM
0
Q: How physicists can observe events at big scales such as a star birth

mattI read recently multiple articles about physicists observing birth of a star, or a star swallowed into a Black Hole. However I can't manage to understand how these phenomenas are observable at such scale. Common sense would lead to think that, the bigger the object you observe is, the bigger the...

who are these amateur-astronomer medics?
dammit
 
@EmilioPisanty Jerry just edited it :P
 
I was in the course of editing it but I couldn't resist to leave a comment first that physicians would likely observe other types of births, so I was too slow
 
lol
 
> Astronomy turns out to be full of astronomically large numbers.
zinnnggg!
 
1:25 PM
I would really like to write an intro topology/analysis book
 
@0celouvsky I want to transcribe my analysis I & II notes
 
why?
 
Just because
 
learn latex
 
I know LaTeX
 
1:27 PM
then what's the issue?
 
Lazyness
 
the usual fare for human folly
...who calls the Euclidean norm the $\ell^2$ norm
that's just showing off
 
@0celouvsky that's pretty standard fare
 
@EmilioPisanty oh please
you don't have to disagree with everything I say you know
 
@0celouvsky I mean, depending on context
@0celouvsky I don't
oh the irony
 
1:30 PM
what's ironic?
 
@0celouvsky that that comment was itself a disagreement
mild irony if you will
 
oh i see
 
@EmilioPisanty the context is: "Let $X$ and $Y$ be $n$-dimensional euclidean spaces normed by the $(l^2)$-norm."
 
@0celouvsky that's a bit pompous, yes
 
1:33 PM
thank you
 
but if you're in $\mathbb R^\mathbb N$, though
 
Oh, sure
there's lots of norms on that space, I agree
but on $\Bbb R^n$ you should just say "the usual norm"
lol I bet some Portugese analysis prof (@BernardoMeurer ) only uses the downtown metric on $\Bbb R^n$
 
The hell's that?
 
$||x||=\sum_{i=1}^n |x_i|$.
It's honestly the best norm for proving things.
Actually $||x||=\max_{i=1,\dotsc, n}|x_i|$ is the best norm
 
"Since when is "synthetic life" considered life? And did they start from nothing? And doesn't it still entail intelligent design? And didn't they actually do a transplant and label it "life?""
they ran out of arguments
after I sent a link showing artificial life created in the lab
:D victory
 
1:49 PM
they have a point though
JC died for your sins you know
you're being kinda disrespectful to the son of god
 
I need to watch JC superstar again
 
DYED :O
 
do they even have Jesus in India?
 
JESUS IS EVERYWHERE
 
1:51 PM
Minority
 
HE SAW WHAT YOU DID THIS MORNING
 
@AccidentalFourierTransform you are kidding, right?
 
@YashasSamaga He might be kidding but I'm not
Be good or you won't get into heaven
 
I'm good. I save insects. Feed around 20 cats daily. Sugar for my ants. Water for birds.
 
very good
20 cats tho?
 
1:54 PM
All life is sacred.
 
^ Not true
 
What does it mean that I can only write good code listening to this:
 
Richard Hendricks codes to dubstep
 
2:00 PM
where do you even find 20 cats
@YashasSamaga so skinny :(
 
aw are you spying on me?
 
what?
 
you are checking other pictures in my profile? :P
 
what?
I clicked on the link
it's a bunch of cats
 
@AccidentalFourierTransform Very good series :)
 
2:02 PM
How do you know I am skinny?
 
the cats are skinny
 
I have some pics from IISc in my profile too
I thought you were seeing those
 
I missed that ping @0celouvsky
 
2:03 PM
I don't know/care how to get to your profile
@skillpatrol I didn't ping you, my browser was acting on its own
idk what happened
 
I weigh just 42kg and I am nearly 180cms tall
 
eat more
 
@YashasSamaga you don't have math subject in 12th? Why don't you answer on math site?
 
you're gonna get blown away in the wind
 
@YashasSamaga Impossible
 
2:07 PM
@Fawad I had Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, Data Entry, Economics, English + some more
I can't remember
@BernardoMeurer I am not joking. I am serious. My BMI was around 11.4 last month.
 
@YashasSamaga That's silly, eat more
 
Yea, I am severely underweight. I was 37 few months ago.
 
Skinny people live longer.
 
@skillpatrol Not true, slightly overweight people live longer
 
2:08 PM
I am incredibly skinny. Even girls have more muscles than me.
 
^ Sexist
 
I'd probably lose a fight with a girl :d
@BernardoMeurer Nope. Girls don't have testosterone.
Testosterone causes muscle growth.
 
@BernardoMeurer prove it.
 
> I'm a nurse who also believes that having a few extra pounds on is better than being too thin. In my experience extremely thin people were just as likely to die as obese people were. I'm aiming for the low overweight range. Healthy but with enough meat on to withstand a catastrophic illness should it come.
 
@BalarkaSen Can you fathom how an application of the Seifert-van Kampen theorem to a gluing $X_1\cup_f X_2$ might result in $\pi_1(X_1\cup_f X_2) = \pi_1(X_1)\times \pi_1(X_2)$?
 
2:11 PM
There was another study by UCSB who agreed with the results IIRC
 
@ACuriousMind Maybe you're killing the commutators while gluing by $f$?
 
@YashasSamaga I don't know what point you're trying to make
you're not impressing anyone, not getting sympathy
 
@BalarkaSen Argh, I'm silly. $\mathbb{Z}_p\to \mathbb{Z}$ must be trivial, not the other way around! Sorry to summon you :/
 
@0celouvsky I was sad becaz slightly obese people are going to live longer and I'm skinny.
 
2:15 PM
that's on average, dude
slighly overweight people can still die early
and you might be hit by a car in a month, who knows
I wouldn't worry about death quite yet if I were you
@ACuriousMind so that's not generally true for gluing maps?
 
@0celouvsky Hmm, what?
 
@ACuriousMind this is generally not true?
 
No.
 
I didn't think so
So what is that question supposed to mean
 
$\pi_1(S^1 \vee S^1)$
 
2:18 PM
@0celouvsky No - if you glue "trivially" you get $\pi_1(X_1)*\pi_1(X_2)$.
 
I asked few people to stop equating anti-athism with anti-science and this is what I got in reply: "Accepting the theory of evolution reflects a deep need to evade the overwhelming evidence of logic that proves the existence of God. Atheism is not based ont he notion of evolution. Evolution is based on the folly of atheism."
 
@0celouvsky I was about to give details on the situation and explain why I thought it couldn't work when I realized the problem I thought there was wasn't there
 
@BalarkaSen yes, of course
@ACuriousMind ok
never mind them
 
2:29 PM
Hello
 
Hi pal
 
Hawking-Ellis totally has the fancy definition of singularities
Although in less details than the Ellis paper
 
What does Penrose say?
 
I think Penrose is still the old definition of singularities?
Geodesic incompleteness
 
2:52 PM
Daily reminder that penrose is insane.
So I need to show that $P^2\#P^2\# P^2\approx K\#P^2$
damn gluings
 
@0celouvsky one of my favorite surface theory results, that
 
The hell is $K$
 
Klein bottle
 
Klein bottle
 
Oh
 
2:55 PM
@BalarkaSen I know that $K\approx P^2\#P^2$, but it's not working out with the gluings once I concatenate another $P^2$
 
Can you prove that via fundamental polygons?
 
@0celouvsky Oh, wait a second, that's not what I thought my favorite result was. Well, that's obvious.
 
What's obvious?
 
K # P^2 = (P^2 # P^2) # P^2
 
I know that it's true, but I can't figure out the gluings
 
2:56 PM
You want to show that via polygons?
 
I don't want to, that's the assignment.
 
Isn't there an identity $A \approx B \to f(A) \approx f(B)$ for homeomorphisms?
 
@Slereah what?
 
Well it's true for equality
So I dunno, might also be true for equivalence relations with some conditions
 
Well, so you'd essentially want to show K = P^2 # P^2 via gluings right?
 
2:58 PM
No, that's easy
I can't figure out the moves when there's another thing attached.
 
If you know that then concatenating a P^2 is super-easy
 
Super easy for you I guess
I've been here for three hours
 
You don't know that the connected sum is associaive?
 
associative
 
You just have to show K minus a disk is P^2 # P^2 minus a disk, @0celo7
 
2:59 PM
what?
 
Well, you have to, otherwise there should be brackets up there, but then I don't get what there is to show
 
Via polygons
 
@ACuriousMind I do not know how to get a gluing from $abab^{-1}cc$ to $aabbcc$
I can get one from $abab^{-1}$ to $aabb$
 
@0celouvsky You don't need to, the associativity of the connected sum follows much more generally. Or is the assignment for some reason forbidding you to use that?
 
Cut out the $cc$, get $abab^{-1}$ to $aabb$ and glue back the $cc$
@ACuriousMind Apparently he is assigned to do it by polygons of the surfaces.
Essentially, what you have to do is get $abab^{-1}d$ to $aabbd$ where $d$ is an open edge.
 
3:02 PM
I know that
maybe it does work out
I think I needed to reflect this piece and didn't
 
I am not sure exactly where you are having troubling mimicking the moves of $abab^{-1} \to aabb$ for that.
Ah ok
Anyway, my favorite result is that T^2 # P^2 = K # P^2.
 
@BalarkaSen that's what I have to prove via gluings
well, that $abca^{-1}b^{-1}c$ is $\#^3 P^2$
but your result is an intermediate step, at least with the scheme I'm using
@BalarkaSen ok it works out now
this is turrble
 
Ahh. Yeah, it's actually not so obvious. Downright surprising when I encountered it actually (twists in K get cancelled after you connected sum with a P^2? Why?!)
@0celouvsky Cool.
 
@BalarkaSen yeah these things are strange. $abca^{-1}b^{-1}c^{-1}$ is just $T^2$
 
There's a complex analogue of that result btdubs. $(\Bbb{CP}^1 \times \Bbb{CP}^1) \# \overline{\Bbb{CP}^2} \cong \Bbb{CP}^2 \# 2\overline{\Bbb{CP}^2}$.
 
3:09 PM
@ACuriousMind this one might've benefited from the canned from-review message of 'ask it separately'
 
@0celouvsky Yeah, agreed.
 
more importantly what is this
 
@EmilioPisanty You're right, I've added a comment
@Slereah that's at least a manifold you can write down easily
 
3:16 PM
@BalarkaSen I still don't get this overline business for complex manifolds
 
@0celouvsky It's pretty nice actually. $\Bbb{CP}^2 \# \overline{\Bbb{CP}^2}$ and $\Bbb{CP}^2 \# \Bbb{CP}^2$ are not even homotopy equivalent, let alone homeo/diffeomorphic.
(Also: the former is boundary of a 5-manifold, the latter is not)
 
Whoa! I am fighting against a bunch of people who are defending rape. Religious people defending rape. WTH?
 
The longer I stare at that picture, the less I know if it actually helps understanding what is going on.
 
@YashasSamaga I really don't want to hear about this
 
I'm sorry.
This makes me hate the world. I just can't believe what kind of people exist. I won't bother fighting with them again. They are not sane.
pi = 3 and 2 + 2 =5; ignorance taken to the next level.
 
3:23 PM
@YashasSamaga Interesting reply tho
 
When they have no answer, they write some rubbish such as 2 + 2 is not 4.
 
Lighten up, people :P
2
 
^
I warned you.
 
@ACuriousMind In the Scarecrow sense?
 
3:24 PM
@BalarkaSen I don't know which one that is, but I'm gonna guess that's not what I meant ;)
 
@YashasSamaga remember this is the internet.
 
"Now, you cannot even construct approximate solutions to the initial value problem reliably using numerical methods, since ultrahyperbolic equations do not have finite-speed of propagation, so you cannot "localise" the problem, and small changes around a point x may almost instantaneously affect the solution at a far-away point y."
Fairly bad
 
Always remember that @YashasSamaga
 
@Slereah Why are you looking at ultrahyperbolic equations?
 
3:27 PM
why not
(They are used for spacetimes of signature $(p,q)$)
 
why don't you Wick rotate? that fixes everything
 
@Slereah I know. Why do you need more time? Is one time not enough for you?!
 
Is wick rotation well defined in that case?
@ACuriousMind I need all the time in the world!
 
I guess we have Cauchy for $\mathbb C^n$, right?
 
Wick rotation is not actually a geometric operation but a statement about Euclidean QFT results being amenable to analytic continuation to obtain Minkowskian results.
 
3:29 PM
$\oint f(z)\mathrm d^nz=0?$
 
I've talked about that and OS reconstruction here before but it escapes my memory with whom
 
@AccidentalFourierTransform ...and all you got was not even a lousy T-shirt?
 
I got a MAGA hat
 
^me
10
Q: Stokes' theorem etc., for non-Hausdorff manifolds

AnweshiThis question is prompted by another one. I want to motivate the definition of a scheme for people who know about manifolds(smooth, or complex analytic). So I define a manifold in the following way. Defn: A smooth $n$-manifold is a pair $(X, \mathcal{O}_X)$, where $X$ is a topological space an...

 
3:54 PM
@EmilioPisanty -_-
 
@ACuriousMind that's random
 
@Slereah Eh.
 
@ACuriousMind me
 
@DanielSank ::grin::
 
@BalarkaSen So my strategy for $abca^{-1}b^{-1}c$ is to use a few "obvious" cuts to go to $P^2\#T^2$. Then I go to $P^2\# K$, which is pretty nonobvious using just cutting and pasting, and finally to $\#^3P^2$, which is again easy.
I think this is 7-ish cuts in total
Way better than my original 20!
 

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