In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Greek word (phloos) meaning "bark". The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This is called translocation. Structure [[Image:Stem-cross-section2.jpg|thumb|Multiple cross-sections of a stem showing phloem and companion cells]] Phloem tissue consists of: cond...

Euungulata ("true ungulates") is a proposed clade of mammals within Laurasiatheria, consisting of the following orders and their common ancestors: * Perissodactyla * Cetacea * Artiodactyla It is based on evidence from molecular phylogenetics. Within Euungulata, Cetacea and Artiodactyla form the clade Cetartiodactyla. }} }} }} There is still uncertainty regarding the placement of Perissodactyla within the overall Laurasiatheria tree; an alternate grouping of Perissodactyla with Ferae has been proposed as the clade Zooamata. References

Epitherians comprise all the placental mammals except the Xenarthra. They are primarily characterized by having a stirrup-shaped stapes in the middle ear, which allows for passage of a blood vessel. This is in contrast to the column-shaped stapes found in marsupials, monotremes, and xenarthrans. They are also characterized by having a shorter fibula relative to the tibia. Epitheria — like Xenarthra and Afrotheria — originated after the K-Pg boundary , with the placental diversification occurring within the first hundred thousand years after the K-Pg event and the first modern pl...