English Language & Usage: Multi-Layered Discourse Room

MετάEd

3:00 AM

@tchrist The native int type would be 16 bits, yes.

And yes, I know.

tchrist

@Robusto A “masculine bar” sounds like something else than what you probably intended. :)

Robusto

@tchrist Hey, you're the one thinking gay thoughts.

tchrist

Well, I mean, what’s the opposite, a ladies’ bar?

Do those even exist? (ducks)

What is a non-masculine bar? Hm.

MετάEd

I want to know what a "wet bar?" is.

tchrist

I think I know what you mean. I just wonder if there isn’t some other way to say it.

Robusto

3:03 AM

@tchrist Hey, I edited it just for you. Now is it non-gay enough for you?

tchrist

I dunno, I don’t go to many non-gay bars.

MετάEd

Wait I got that wrong. I want to know what "Wet bars?" is. Five letters.

tchrist

Although I probably go to a zillion times more of those than gay bars.

Which tells you how often I go to bars.

But yes, sports bar is suitable.

@MετάEd You want to know what a wet bar is, really?

I am sure it is not that, so I do not understand.

@JSBձոգչ I still don’t know what it means.

"Wet bars?" would appear to have 7 letters, not 5. And 9 characters.

It must be bed time.

MετάEd

@tchrist It's a crossword clue. The question mark is an essential part of it.

tchrist

AHH!

Now I understand.

JSBձոգչ

3:08 AM

hmmmmm

tchrist

The question, that is. Not the answer.

MετάEd

Third letter A.

tchrist

That’s cruel.

$ oedlook --pos=noun '^\w\wa\w\w$' | wc -l
     693

MετάEd

Well, possibly plural from the clue, so xxAxS maybe.

JSBձոգչ

last letter S, presumably

@MετάEd jinx

tchrist

3:11 AM

Maybe then ..A. for four letters.

MετάEd

Yes, maybe.

tchrist

Only 406 of those. Good show!

MετάEd

Fourth letter crosses with "Evan-___" women's clothing brand.

We don't know that either.

JSBձոգչ

@MετάEd SAND ?

no, wrong place

tchrist

Evangeline?

MετάEd

3:14 AM

We think it has to be Picone, so that's xxAPS.

tchrist

No idea.

MετάEd

We noticed that CRAPS fits.

But probably Will Shortz would have vetoed it.

tchrist

Not much of a wet bar.

MετάEd

Well, wet bar-shaped things anyway.

We have cats. We are well aware of the shape of craps.

tchrist

The question mark means something in crosswords. I forget what.

MετάEd

3:15 AM

It means it's a trick question.

"Sign of sensitivity?" is the clue for PISCES.

JSBձոգչ

that's why i thought SANDS was a good guess, but the A is in the wrong place

MετάEd

Yes. SANDS is a good thought.

JSBձոգչ

bar of music is the other direction my mind went, but i couldn't think of how to make it wet

MετάEd

oedlook --pos=noun '^\w\wap$' | wc -l

Bars of gold, bars of music, bars of liquor.

Bars of sinister.

tchrist

Just a sec.

I think you do not need the s at the end, since plurals are not usually int he dict.

MετάEd

3:18 AM

OMG I had no idea you could uparrow.

tchrist

21

MετάEd

I just did it out of habit.

tchrist

alap chap clap crap flap ghap gnap heap kiap knap leap neap reap shap slap snap soap stap swap trap wrap

MετάEd

SOAP!

JSBձոգչ

brillant

tchrist

3:19 AM

chaps craps Elaps shaps snaps traps

But yes, looks like it.

You need to install my program. :)

MετάEd

Apparently yes I do.

But don't I need the OED?

tchrist

No.

Get oedlook and its word list.

That is all you need.

It runs under Cygwin.

JSBձոգչ

jaspax@mini:~/writing/canada$ sudo apt-get install oedlook
Citire liste de pachete... Terminat
Se construiește arborele de dependență
Se citesc informațiile de stare... Terminat
E: Nu s-a putut localiza pachetul oedlook

tchrist

But the -z (--fuzzy) option is not available there unless you install agrep. That is all.

@JSBձոգչ See my instructions above.

BTW, the Linux agrep is about 20x slower than the BSD one.

MετάEd

@JSBձոգչ apt-get I have, but on my colo, not on my Cygwin install.

Let me see if it's an official Cygwin package.

JSBձոգչ

3:23 AM

that's ok, b/c it doesn't work

tchrist

Huh?

JSBձոգչ

i mean, i couldn't install it with apt-get

tchrist

Just grab the script and its data file I gave you above.

MετάEd

Oh, damn. I haven't updated this machine forever.

tchrist

It’s the only place you will find it.

JSBձոգչ

3:23 AM

that's what the rest of the spew is. apt telling you that it can't find the package. in romanian.

MετάEd

I wonder if I want setup.exe or setup-legacy.exe.

tchrist

Am I talking to the wind?

You do not need any of that crap.

One script. One data file. Finis.

For agrep, you are on your own.

But it isn’t mandatory.

Cunt:

0

A: "Unequivocably" vs. "unequivocally"

if it's so commonly used, should it still be wrong? English is constantly evolving, let's add another change.

JSBձոգչ

@tchrist i understood you from the beginning. i just didn't respond again

tchrist

That is his username.

Tsk.

@JSBձոգչ oh ok

JSBձոգչ

flagged

@RegDwighт @Kit @simchona it's not possible to flag a user, but one named "Cunt" would probably deserve whatever you could do to him/her/it

tchrist

3:31 AM

Hm, now I am truly curious.

Some fascinating locales you folks have here.

KitFox

Evening.

tchrist

Hi.

Like a Ukrainian locale in a Poland-based IP address, earlier today, not just now.

KitFox

@Reg I didn't realize you were awake. How did you do that?

JSBձոգչ

do what?

i was the one who flagged/pinged, if that's what you're talking about

KitFox

No, Reg changed the username.

tchrist

3:35 AM

No, reg changed it to Name.

I flagged it.

KitFox

I know that we can do that, but I don't know where the tool is.

tchrist

Well, there are probably folks alive at the TL.

JSBձոգչ

ah, nice to know

anyway, i think it's my bedtime

tchrist

Very much mine.

It is supercold here.

8" of snow en route, down in the teens.

That isn’t supercold, but it was in the 70s two days ago and 60s yesterday.

KitFox

@tchrist No, there aren't.

tchrist

3:37 AM

So I feel cold.

Oh ok.

JSBձոգչ

g'night everyone

KitFox

Night.

Thanks for the heads up.

tchrist

You’re welcome.

Don’t want it to come up in searches, you know.

cornbread ninja

Did someone say the C word?

tchrist

@cornbreadninja It was the name of a user!

MετάEd

3:40 AM

@cornbreadninja Apparently someone was named the C word until just now.

cornbread ninja

:O

MετάEd

@cornbreadninja Appropriate expression.

user19161

@cornbreadninja C for charity. QED.

MετάEd

I blame the single malt.

cornbread ninja

I have no problem with that word.

I don't understand the contr-ah-versy.

MετάEd

3:42 AM

I don't either. However if someone uses it in not just a provocative way but with the intent to be mean, I do have a problem with that.

user19161

The only word I have a problem with is Caribean. I can never figure out how to spell it right.

MετάEd

I think it's "carobbean".

cornbread ninja

Carnuba.

user19161

Actually I also have a problem with spelling Careras.

cornbread ninja

caribbean queen / now we're sharing the same dream / and our hearts can beat as one / no more love on the run

user19161

3:43 AM

Caribbean/Carribean? Carerras/Carreras? I always need to look it up.

MετάEd

2 hours ago, by MετάEd

http://pastebin.com/ajj92yZV

@tchrist That was for you.

Damned stupid onebox.

@cornbreadninja The wax?

cornbread ninja

@MετάEd yes!

tchrist

@MετάEd Yes, saw that.

cornbread ninja

stardate: 3732!

wait, that's the day JFK was shot

MετάEd

@cornbreadninja Stardate: Well, it could have been, yes. We had a mod to the OS which would report the time as a stardate. But in this case, no.

user19161

3:46 AM

@JSBձոգչ Wow, we share the same first four letters there!

MετάEd

@tchrist Damn. I guess it wasn't so horribly geeky as I thought.

tchrist

Caribe (región)

El Caribe es una región conformada por el mar Caribe, sus islas y las costas que rodean a este mar. La región se localiza al sureste del golfo de México y América del Norte, al este de América Central, y al norte de América del Sur. Islas de las Antillas Mayores * Cuba ** Archipiélago de los Canarreos *** Isla de la Juventud *** Cayo Largo del Sur ** Jardines de la Reina ** Jardines del Rey *** Cayo Coco *** Cayo Guillermo *** Cayo Romano *** Cayo Blanco *** Cayo Sabinal *** Cayo Santa María *** Cayo Guajaba ** Archipiélago de los Colorados * Haití ** Isla de la Gonâve ** Isla...

MετάEd

We used to turn on stardates on April 1.

tchrist

Easy peasy. A Spanish word with a single r isn’t going to gain one in English.

Although Monterrey lost one.

MετάEd

Just think "carobbean" and change the vowel.

tchrist

3:48 AM

The mar is the Caribe, not the *Carribe.

Oh I see.

Didn’t see it as two words.

user19161

Oh I would like to do a survey here. Has any of you heard the term "purple shirt guy" being used to refer to a gay?

user19161

I can't find it in the dictionary, but someone once asked me about this.

tchrist

never

I have heard that Asian cultures perceive purple as a gay color.

It isn’t so here.

user19161

Anyway, I think it is hard to look nice in a purple shirt. The colours would need to match very well for one to pull it off.

tchrist

Huh?

You aren’t one of those nutjobs who refused to wear anything but primary colors, are you?

Green and red and blue get boring after a while.

user19161

3:55 AM

Nah, I just think that purple shirts don't look good.

tchrist

I cannot imagine that a color would make a shirt look bad.

All colors are good, provided they do not experience infelicitous metameric failure under variant lighting conditions.

For example, there is nothing remarkable about the color of my avatar. It would make a fine shirt.

MετάEd

@tchrist That's my new word for the day, apparently.

user19161

@MετάEd I see part of you in tchrist's sentence.

tchrist

@MετάEd So sorry about your failure.

Or was it variant that gotcha?

We all have difference experiences and conditions.

RegDwighт

4:43 AM

@KitFox you just go to the user profile and click the "edit" link, like you would on your own.

user19161

5:21 AM

@mah Boo!

Mahnax

@WillHunting Hello.

Noah

Hi

Hello Mr. Hunting

Mahnax

Hi Noah.

Noah

Hi Mahnax

user19161

@Mahnax Could you help this guy in registering? I can't figure out what is wrong. Also, you can upvote the answer if you want! english.stackexchange.com/questions/90854/…

Noah

5:24 AM

@WillHunting This is more like asking someone to upvote your answer :)

user19161

@Noah Yes, I am. =)

Noah

@WillHunting election is over. won't do any good

Mahnax

@WillHunting Hmm, I have no idea why he can't register.

user19161

@Noah Anyway, do you know why that guy can't register?

user19161

@Mahnax I am going to bed now. Good night!

Noah

5:29 AM

@WillHunting I dont know. But he seems to have posted many questions. Ask him to visit this link meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/81171/…

Mahnax

@WillHunting Bonne nuit!

user19161

Ouvert et haut !

TemporaryNickName

8:40 AM

hey

hello guys, is anyone still there?

Cerberus

9:04 AM

Yo.

Cerberus

9:30 AM

So what happened in Indianapolis last night?

Two houses levelled is quite an explosion.

Surely that couldn't be gas?

user19161

11:23 AM

Kris has made a number of very good comments recently especially on my posts.

tchrist

12:07 PM

Good comments are hard to come by.

I wonder where Kris found them? It seems unlike him.

KitFox

12:29 PM

@RegDwighт Huh.

I never noticed that.

Bwahahahaha.

Alenanno

12:46 PM

Hullo!

Robusto

hiyaz

Alenanno

We should found an elitist club where only those with transparent/red avatars can join.

Robusto

Foxes are red. Sort of.

Anyway, we should encourage everyone to join the Individuals Club.

Alenanno

What sort of club is it?

Robusto

Hmm, looks like I got a down vote for giving a sensible answer. What else is new?

@Alenanno A club for people who go their own way.

Alenanno

12:59 PM

@Robusto Link?

Robusto

-1

A: Results Were Released Of A Study

This is a case where the active voice might ride to the rescue: It wasn't until 1994 that [University X] released the results of a study by Andrew Greening and his colleagues from the University of Edinburgh.

Ah, I see that I fucked up with University X and Edinburgh. Makes sense now. Edited.

Whaddya want before I've had my coffee?

Alenanno

How much do you have? I suppose you don't get Espresso.

user19161

@Robusto Maybe try tea instead.

Robusto

Maybe bong hits would help.

tchrist

Welcome to Colorado!

cu͡͏́il

user19161

1:07 PM

Non Sequitur strikes again.

tchrist

Hardly.

Robusto

Hasn't this one been answered like a million times:

2

Q: 'Comes in' instead of 'is coming in' or 'came in'

Yesterday I watched a basketball game. There was a substitution, and a commentator said “Vince Carter comes in”. I've always thought that in this situation it is better to say “Vince Carter is coming in”, because the action is happening at this moment, or “Vince Carter came in” if he already o...

present-tense

Here:

4

Q: Why is the historical present tense used so often by sports broadcasters?

When discussing a pivotal event that happened in the past, whether 5 minutes ago or 50 years ago, sportscasters often use the historical present tense. For example, after an error we might hear, "If he catches that ball, the inning is over." Or, "if Babe Ruth stays with Boston, the Yankees don't...

tense

@tchrist I have Chrome set to use UTF-8 and I'm still seeing boxes. Maybe too many bong hits. I'll have to dial it back.

tchrist

I’m using combining characters.

In particular, a weird sequence of them, including something that has a CANONICAL_COMBINING_CLASS=DOUBLE_ABOVE, as well as a trick to then stack atop that one something that doesn’t stretch over two base characters.

macbook# perl -le "print 'k', map (chr hex, split(' ', '0075 0361 034F 0301 0069')), 'l'"
ku͡͏́il
macbook# perl -le "print 'k', map (chr hex, split(' ', '0075 0361 034F 0301 0069')), 'l'" | uniquote -v
ku\N{COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE}\N{COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}il

I can’t get anything to behave quite right.

I was hoping someone with a current Mac, of whom I am not one, might be on.

Well, that doesn’t look too bad here in Safari.

Alenanno

@tchrist I have one.

tchrist

But both iTerm and Terminal hate it. That may be a font issue — maybe. I find the iTerm just isn’t very good with combining characters that are not of the simple sort.

Alenanno

1:16 PM

I can see the chars although I don't make any sense out of them lol

tchrist

Well, they are silly, yes.

Notice how the Safari output looks better than the Terminal output.

If you punch in the first Perl line above into a Terminal window, does your output look better than mine?

Don’t bother if that is too much trouble.

Robusto

There needs to be a typographical equivalent for the term circumlocution. Circumscription doesn't work.

tchrist

You mean things like the COMBINING ENCLOSING code points, that surround stuff?

Alenanno

@tchrist Wait, what should I do? lol I didn't understand your question.

tchrist

Open a Terminal window, then paste this line into it:

perl -le "print 'k', map (chr hex, split(' ', '0075 0361 034F 0301 0069')), 'l'"

Alenanno

1:21 PM

I got this:

but here it comes out like ku͡͏́il

tchrist

YAY! Much better!!

Apple fixed Terminal.

But apparently not Safari.

Usually it is the other way around.

Alenanno

Not even Chrome lol I see it as a mess on here.

tchrist

Curious.

Can you do "no panda"?

macbook# perl -le 'print "\x{1F43C}\x{20E0}"'
🐼⃠

That looks ok in Safari, less so in Terminal.

Alenanno

ROFL:

tchrist

Whoops.

Alenanno

1:24 PM

What is this Panda lol

tchrist

Panda is code point U+1F43C.

It was introduced in Unicode v6.0.

Alenanno

Oh! I don't see the panda in your post.

tchrist

It’s what they call emoji.

Look at my picture.

Alenanno

Yes I mean, on my browser I don't see it.

tchrist

I thought recent Macs had colored emoji. Odd.

Maybe it is only colored if it is an emoticon, not an emoji.

Alenanno

1:26 PM

Wait, aren't the emoji the ones like:

(￣▽￣;)

lol

tchrist

‭ 😇 1F607 SMILING FACE WITH HALO
‭ 😈 1F608 SMILING FACE WITH HORNS
‭ 😉 1F609 WINKING FACE
‭ 😱 1F631 FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR
‭ 😷 1F637 FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK
‭ 😸 1F638 GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES
‭ 😹 1F639 CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY
‭ 😺 1F63A SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH
‭ 😻 1F63B SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES

Can you see those?

And if so, are they black&white or in color?

Alenanno

None.

tchrist

Well, then that I can fix.

First, let me show you what you are missing, then I will tell you how to fix it.

Robusto

By the way, when we were talking about apostrophes the other day, in Japanese the character most frequently transliterated as an apostrophe is っ, a tiny version of tsu　(つ) which is used to indicate a dropped but held syllable, usually before a te (て)。I couldn't write that at work because my laptop doesn't have the JLK.

tchrist

The fix is to install the Symbola font, by George Douros.

@Robusto Those are not the sound marks, right?

Alenanno

1:31 PM

@Robusto What do you mean by dropped but held syllable? I knew it was used to make the following consonant sound stronger.

tchrist

U+03099 ‭ ○゙ GC=Mn SC=Inherited COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK
U+0309A ‭ ○゚ GC=Mn SC=Inherited COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK

Alenanno

As in "いって" = itte

Robusto

@Alenanno Nope. It indicates a hiatus.

@Alenanno That is three syllables.

i _ te

Even duration.

Alenanno

@Robusto I never saw it being used to indicate a hiatus, honestly.

Robusto

@Alenanno Did you ever study Japanese? I mean speaking it?

Alenanno

1:33 PM

@Robusto I'm currently studying it.

Robusto

I can still remember my teacher correcting me by tapping out time on the desk while I pronounced the syllables in even duration, even the missing one.

Now, what you may perceive as pronouncing the final syllable more forcefully is just the pent up explosion from having held the middle syllable.

Alenanno

@Robusto Do you have an example with the little つ indicating a hiatus?

tchrist

@Robusto Isochronyism at its worst.

Gigili

Hello. Suppose we have linearly separable data. Why the other kind is not called non-linearly separable data but linearly non-separable data?

Robusto

@Alenanno がんばってください。That is ~~ten~~ nine syllables. (Sorry, can't count.)

tchrist

1:37 PM

> Finnish, Icelandic, Cantonese Chinese, French, Italian, and Spanish are commonly quoted as examples of syllable-timed languages. Some languages such as Japanese, Gilbertese, or Ganda also have regular pacing but are mora-timed rather than syllable-timed. English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, Dutch, and Portuguese are typical stress-timed languages, as are some southern dialects of Italian.

Alenanno

@Robusto Ok but there isn't a hiatus there. Or better, it's in the end.

さい would be a hiatus, no?

tchrist

@Gigili I gave up on that one and learned to embrace my inner programmer: a non-(word boundary) is how I write that sort of thing, since non-word boundary means altogether the wrong thing.

Alenanno

At best.

Robusto

@Alenanno No.

さい is pronounced sah-ee, not sye.

Alenanno

@Robusto Exactly.

Robusto

1:39 PM

You really need to listen more closely. The Japanese speak very quickly, but they don't blend syllables the way we do.

tchrist

@Gigili So me, I would write non-(linearly separable) data, but perhaps not in an academic journal. It is a Problem.

@Robusto Hence my citation above.

Alenanno

@Robusto Do you agree that hiatus means, two vowels next to each other but being on different syllables?

Gigili

@tchrist Right, I think I should give up as well and start leaning about linearly non-separable data.

Alenanno

So they can't form a diphthong?

Gigili

@tchrist Yeah, that makes more sense to me.

Robusto

1:41 PM

@Alenanno No, I mean they actually don't make a sound for a beat.

Gigili

Thank you.

Alenanno

@Robusto But that's what a hiatus is.

Robusto

@Gigili Well, they can form diphthongs, but only to express certain sounds that don't fall naturally into the syllabary.

tchrist

@Alenanno Yes, that is how I do it, but do not talk to the Brits. They are really screwy about what they think a diphthong is. Americans perceive what Brits claim are diphthongs as vowels in hiatus.

> In Japanese, a V or CV syllable takes up one timing unit. Japanese does not have long vowels or diphthongs but double vowels, so that CVV takes twice the time as CV. A final /N/ also takes as much time as a CV syllable, and, at least in poetry, so does the extra length of a geminate consonant. However, colloquial language is less settled than poetic language, and the rhythm may vary from one region to another or with time.

It does not work the way it works in Italian or English.

Apparently.

Robusto

九　(きゅう) is pronounced like our letter Q but is two syllables.

tchrist

1:43 PM

Things time out differently.

So to speak.

Alenanno

@Robusto I agree with the timing thing you said, by the way.

But I don't understand why you're mixing the concept of hiatus here.

Robusto

OK, maybe I'm misusing the term hiatus. I'm using it in the general sense, not the linguistic sense. Sorry.

tchrist

Rob, are you saying hiatus to indicate a pair of adjacent vowels that take up two morae?

Alenanno

@Robusto Ah got it. :D

tchrist

Hiatus is supposed to be oppositional to diphthongization.

Alenanno

1:45 PM

@tchrist Exactly.

Robusto

OK, I'm not a linguist so forgive me.

tchrist

@Robusto But you can count syllables in poetry, I am sure.

Alenanno

By the way, I never fully understood the concept of morae. But I guess it has to do with this timing thing?

Robusto

Call it an unvoiced gap or pause. I thought the meaning was clear from my explanation.

@tchrist What does that have to do with the different definitions of hiatus?

tchrist

That sounds hiatial, but I don’t know about the unvoiced gap thing.

Alenanno

1:47 PM

For example, is 車 (くるま - kuruma - car) 3 morae?

tchrist

@Robusto Hiatus leads to changes in syllable count.

Due to hiatus, naïve has two syllables. Due to the diphthong, waive has but one.

Mora (linguistics)

Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit in phonology that determines syllable weight, which in some languages determines stress or timing. As with many technical linguistic terms, the definition of a mora varies. Perhaps the most succinct working definition was provided by the American linguist James D. McCawley in 1968: a mora is “Something of which a long syllable consists of two and a short syllable consists of one.” The term comes from the Latin word for “linger, delay”, which was also used to translate the Greek word chronos (time) in its metrical sense. A syllable containing one mora...

> A syllable containing one mora is said to be monomoraic; a syllable with two moras is said to be bimoraic. Also, in rarer cases, a syllable with three moras is said to be trimoraic.

Robusto

@Alenanno 貰った。

tchrist

How you can have one syllable that has two moras seems to be what is being discussed. Is that so?

Robusto

Don't ask me. I was taught that these were called syllables, and that you speak each one with the same duration.

Alenanno

@Robusto Mine was a question, not a statement. :P

Robusto

1:51 PM

@Alenanno Mine was a joke.

Alenanno

@Robusto Didn't get it eheh

Robusto

kanjidict.stc.cx/4C63

Alenanno

@Robusto I mean, I didn't get the joke, I did get the meaning somehow.

Robusto

Get it? Mora.u?

Alenanno

Yes, in a way. :D

Robusto

1:52 PM

Which I rendered as mora'ta.

Alenanno

Yes, but to me you wrote "moratta".

Robusto

Same difference.

Alenanno

Did you mean he stress by using the '?

Robusto

The first t in your transliteration is a space.

mo + ra + ' + ta

Alenanno

I never saw it being transliterated like that in grammar books or guides... :P

Robusto

1:54 PM

An America, seeing moratta, would pronounce it as three syllables, not four.

tchrist

Um, where is the 4th to come from?

Mo-Ra-Ta, with "tt" being a single sound in English.

Robusto

The apostrophe represents the third syllable, which is an unvoiced duration.

tchrist

An Italian might be talked into gemination.

Robusto

1 min ago, by Robusto

An America, seeing moratta, would pronounce it as three syllables, not four.

tchrist

But even geminated, it is still 3 syllables.

Robusto

1:56 PM

In Japanese it is four syllables.

tchrist

In Italian or English, because we can tolerate closed syllables.

Japanese are syllabically challenged, as is well known.

Robusto

貰った。　もらった。

も + ら + っ[unvoiced] + た。

Alenanno

Uhm...

tchrist

I smell epenthesis.

> Japanese generally uses /u/ except following /t/ and /d/, when it uses [o], and after /h/, when it uses an echo vowel. For example, the English word street becomes ストリート /sutoɾiːto/ in Japanese; the Dutch name Gogh becomes ゴッホ /ɡohho/, and the German name Bach, バッハ /bahha/.

> Brazilian Portuguese uses /i/, which in most dialects triggers palatalization of a preceding /t/ or /d/, e.g. "bullying" > [ˈbuʎĩgi ~ bulẽj]; "nerd" > /nɛʁdʒi/; "stress" > /stɾɛsi/ (which became estresse); "McDonald's" > /makidonaudʒi/ ~ [mɛkˈdonɐwdʒis] with normal vocalization of /l/ to /u/.

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English Language & Usage: Multi-Layer…