Cosmological natural selection, also called the fecund universes, is a hypothesis proposed by Lee Smolin intended as a scientific alternative to the anthropic principle. It addresses why our universe has the particular properties that allow for complexity and life. The hypothesis suggests that a process analogous to biological natural selection applies at the grandest of scales. Smolin first proposed the idea in 1992 and summarized it in a book aimed at a lay audience called The Life of the Cosmos, published in 1997.
== Hypothesis ==
Black holes have a role in natural selection. In fecund theory...
In analytical mechanics and quantum field theory, minimal coupling refers to a coupling between fields which involves only the charge distribution and not higher multipole moments of the charge distribution. This minimal coupling is in contrast to, for example, Pauli coupling, which includes the magnetic moment of an electron directly in the Lagrangian.
== Electrodynamics ==
In electrodynamics, minimal coupling is adequate to account for all electromagnetic interactions. Higher moments of particles are consequences of minimal coupling and non-zero spin.
=== Non-relativistic charged part...
Minimale Kopplung, minimale Substitution oder auch Prinzip der minimalen elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkung beschreibt ein Prinzip der Quantenmechanik zur Einführung der elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkung in die Gleichungen freier Teilchen. Das Prinzip legt die durchzuführende Ersetzung im Hamiltonoperator eines freien Teilchens fest, um seine Wechselwirkung mit einem elektromagnetischen Feld zu erreichen. Die Berechtigung dieses Prinzips rührt daraus, dass eine Ankopplung freier Teilchen an Wechselwirkungsfelder nach diesem Prinzip zu Eichinvarianz der betreffenden Gleichungen führt.
== Das… ==
