Solved it! I just needed to install the `linux-headers-4.16.0-2-amd64` package, providing the kernel headers. I got there by looking up my kernel version number into the `aptitude` search.
Description-en: Header files for Linux 4.16.0-2-amd64
This package provides the architecture-specific kernel header files for
Linux kernel 4.16.0-2-amd64, generally used for building out-of-tree
kernel modules. These files are going to be installed into
/usr/src/linux-headers-4.16.0-2-amd64, and can be used for building