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12:17 AM
@derobert Heh, yeah, I've had that happen a few times too. not on a self-answered one, those I usually remember. I just searched and found the U&L link, it solved my problem perfectly, went to upvote and "you can't vote on your own posts"
 
 
1 hour later…
1:18 AM
Wow, I think Jaroslav earned ~15 badges with that one Q & A; 600+ votes now too!
 
 
1 hour later…
2:38 AM
can someone tell me what does this do: "cat $1" ?
 
@Trey you seen that probably in a script it means taking the first passed parameter give n to the script and expand it in place of $1
example, you call your ./script parameter1 then the line would actually be cat parameter1
 
3:03 AM
but what really happens when you type that on the shell
I mean it seems that it's wanting for something
 
3:15 AM
$1 is empty and it's ultimately just running cat reading (by default) from standard input, which will echo back what you type.
 
but why does cat keep running after I type ?
shoudn't it just echo the line and then exit
because that's what happen when you do something like "cat file"
 
It reads all the lines you type
Until Ctrl-D
 
3:33 AM
thks
 
and if you use cat together with a 'here document' you can even use it as a simple text editor/input writing to a file.
example:
cat > text.txt << EOF
this yould let you type untill you either press ctrl+d or type EOF in a line
 
 
3 hours later…
6:33 AM
@JeffSchaller Wow. Also the 3rd highest voted question on this site now too
 
 
3 hours later…
9:37 AM
OK, before I post a question and get yelled at in the comments, can someone explain to me why netbsd uses ftp even though it's apparently not secure ? I thought netbsd had one of the goals as security
 
context?
 
i mean, PKG_PATH env variable in the official guide is supposed to be PKG_PATH="http://ftp.netbsd.org/..."
so packages are obtained with pkg_add -v go via ftp basically.
and ftp by consensus isn't secure
Anyway, I'll come back once i had enough sleep. I don't know why im setting up netbsd in vm after full day of setting up voip phones
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy Wait, you get yelled at in the comments?
 
@terdon I'll assume yes because I'm only 5k here not 54k as on AskUbuntu
also hi, how's it going?
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy Can you provide an example of being "yelled at in the comments", please?
SE does have standards of politeness. You can find it on the help page.
 
9:51 AM
@FaheemMitha not on the tired brain, no
thinking back to it, though, Ubuntu apt doesn't seem to be too different than ftp, right? pretty much same idea
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy No, no, no, no!! That should absolutely not happen, and it should most certainly not happen as a function of your rep! Please let me know if it does and I'll slap whoever is complaining.
And Hi Serg, long time little see :)
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy Apt not too different from ftp? Not sure what you mean.
 
Well, they do share two thirds of their letters. That can't be random!
 
@terdon People do tend to be more polite to higher rep people. That comes from the part of the human brain that deals with hierarchy. Hard to control.
@terdon I'm sure a witty response to this is possible, but I'm too sleepy to think of one right now.
I guess that's the difference between an ordinary person and Oscar Wilde. Or Saki.
 
@FaheemMitha True, but it's one thing to simply assume the OP has a certain level of expertise, and quite another to yell at someone.
 
10:06 AM
Eh, I'll try to form a coherent question later and ask on the infosec site. It just kinda bothers me that netbsd claims itself to be secure, yet uses ftp for package management which people agree isn't secure. At least it's the impression I get. But then again, if package is already tampered with on the other end, it doesn't matter if it's ftp or not
Ubuntu,too. It's all http in sources.list, no https, except for a few private packages from launchpad and Skype for linux repo
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy I'm not familiar with exact details on freebsd package management/downloads, but I would expect that they do not require a secure channel any more than any other similar system.
Downloads can (and should) be verified using digital signatures. If the signature is valid, the download is secure in sense it has not been altered.
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy See: wiki.debian.org/SecureApt
 
OK, so to make it simple, if shasum matches what repository claims it's supposed to be, that means it doesn't matter if channel is secure or not
 
@SergiyKolodyazhnyy those checksums are signed (with gpg in case of apt, and gpg in this case uses RSA)
 
10:22 AM
OK, I'll figure this out later. I'm probably overthinking. Bye for now, folks.
 
Should your download have different checksum (for any reason), the package manager would reject it. If the gpg signature verification (for Release file) fails, apt won't install anything from the repository.
It is quite well explained on the linked debian wiki page.
 
10:44 AM
On Ask Ubuntu we have How to use https with apt-get? and Are repository lists secure? Is there an HTTPS version?, which are related. (And sebasth is correct.) But this is still a good question. If a Unix & Linux or Information Security question is posted that touches on this topic, I'll be interested to see it.
 
11:19 AM
@terdon Agreed. Yelling is not acceptable.
 
11:36 AM
there is a question I posted answers since there is more than one way to solve the problem. There was a 3rd perfectly good answer (not by me) now deleted by answer :\. Should I write an answer covering the 3rd alternative, or should mod un-delete the deleted answer?
poke @terdon
 
link?
 
0
Q: allowing specific sets of IPs to enter into my RHEL server

Ranjan KumarHow do we allow certain set of Private IPs to enter through SSH login(RSA key pair) into Linux Server?

 
I don't really see why you posted two answers in the first place, but anyway, yes adding the 3rd approach sounds great.
But don't post yet another answer for it, just incorporate it into one of the existing ones.
 
the sshd_config answer is kind of "you can but probably should either two instead" imo
 
I only wonder why i was the first one to upvote the question itself ... :)
 
11:43 AM
@sebasth There's no clear consensus on this. Plenty of support on both sides of the debate:
13
Q: When should I post multiple answers to a question?

terdonAnother user asked me in the comments section to my answer here why I combined so many approaches in a single answer. This made me realize we don't seem to have a clear consensus on if and when it is proper to post multiple answers. I found this thread on the main meta:What is the official etiq...

 
yeah, I've read those before and knew I could post two answers without getting yelled at
 
Personally, I find a single comprehensive answer to be better but that's just me and not my modly persona. So nothing wrong with posting many if you prefer. Just make sure you only do so when the approaches are significantly different.
 
I see Colin has removed the ABBA EE. Boo.
Long Live ABBA!
 
If I ever find myself learning zsh, all I'll have to do is search U&L for "best in ~/.zshrc"
 
12:30 PM
@terdon well, now that I wrote them all I am not anymore sure about what the OP was asking about. Guess no point of making a close vote since answers cover the possibilities I can think of
 
 
3 hours later…
3:28 PM
If running Alpine, what's a good way to get notification of messages? I suppose this could be generally asked for similar clients like Mutt.
And is this a reasonable question to ask on the site? Google doesn't show any hits, but my choice of search terms may be poor.
Oh, and I've been using terminal activity in Konsole as a sort of poor man substitute, but it's obviously a very poor substitute.
I distantly recall a sort of popup thing I used to use many aeons ago.
 
4:05 PM
@sebasth s/3rd/2nd/
 
indeed, now only matter of waiting a few hours until it is #1?
 
also contains the #1 answer, if I'm searching correctly
 
impressive, considering its all within <48 hours
 
day 1: 57 votes, day 2: 567 votes, day 3: 251 votes; only needs 64 for the #1 spot, so -- it's possible
it's still the hottest HNQ, so that'll help
 
 
4 hours later…
8:09 PM
Wow, that's nuts. People really do love ABBA.
 
Yes, and why not? ;) Most of their songs are great even if disco is not my favorite music choice.
 
1334 votes now. Is that now the highest voted answer on the site?
@Videonauth Preaching to the choir. I'm an ABBA fan from way back. Since I was so high.
 
Just got a bunch of upvotes to that cow answer. That cow just keeps giving milk.
I think that's called the Harry Potter effect or something.
@Videonauth Yes, I saw that above. So that's a yes then?
 
yep
 
8:14 PM
Maybe the question should be changed to "gimme gimme gimme" lots of upvotes.
 
well its a waste of reputation which really causing me physical pain to see :D
 
@Videonauth If those votes were sufficiently spread out, he's have like 13K now.
 
I have already wasted 100 reputation too on Ask Ubuntu
 
@Videonauth Wasted?
 
hit the daily limit at about noon my time
with 260
 
8:18 PM
@Videonauth Ah, bummer.
I never make enough rep to cross the cap. I think it's never ever happened to me on any site.
 
i did that three time in the past 30 days
2 times on Ask Ubuntu and once on Unix & Linux
 
@Videonauth Wow. Impressive.
 
Its easy, i tend to answer even the noobishest question and sometimes they tend to get into HNQ and then the show begins
 
You have a lot more rep on AU. Are you planning to spend more time here now?
@Videonauth Hmm. I suppose I don't do that. Though I do have that one question on AU which is ridiculously upvoted.
 
Im stil mainly on AU because thats the system i use and know the best, but im as well running debian on my PI and arch in a VM
 
8:21 PM
As I recall, I got so irritated by the existing answers I wrote one to explain how they were all wrong.
Now at 399 upvotes, which is just silly.
But I'm not really active on AU.
 
what i have seen so far the most times i got ridiculous amounts of upvotes its always been a simple question with a simple answer
 
@Videonauth Yes, that is usually the case.
 
@Videonauth Hence the rep cap thing.
 
35 just today
on the other side my todays answer on Unix & Linux was not recieved well
 
8:26 PM
@Videonauth That's an odd thing to do. Traditionally F7 is X.
 
17.10 uses wayland and gdm3
and even if you switch to Xorg it stays at those ttys
 
@Videonauth I see. Does wayland do the F1 as X thing?
Oh, sorry, you said it doesn't.
 
no gdm3 keeps the login screen at tty1 and the user session at tty2
rest is unused
 
@Videonauth pretty sure more graphical/tty sessions are spawned on default on systemd systems
 
yes they are there but lead to normal consoles
up to tty7
 
8:29 PM
@Videonauth What, only one login terminal? That's crazy.
@Videonauth "normal" consoles?
 
nah you can have still 5 login terminals
well the usual what you get if you hit ctrl+alt+f1 on previous ubuntus
 
@Videonauth I'm confused. You said the rest were unused.
Traditionally, F1 to F6 are consoles, and F7 is X.
 
uninitalized might be a better word, they are possible but only initialize if you switch to them
 
@Videonauth I'm not sure what you mean. Do you see a login prompt?
 
yes after about 2-5 seconds waiting time
or in VM even 10-15 seconds waiting time
 
8:32 PM
@Videonauth Oh. Odd.
 
untill it comes up you only see a blinking _
 
@Videonauth Huh.
 
and journal and system log indicate they are getting initialized in that moment
 
@Videonauth I see. That sounds new.
 
so youre able to use them, but they are from startup on till you call into them unused
or at least this is how it looks to me, im happy if someone points out where im wrong
 
8:37 PM
@Videonauth I wonder why it is set up like that. Would be a reasonable question, actually. If you feel like asking it. I haven't observed this behavior personally.
 
@FaheemMitha saves you a few kilobytes of ram not spawning another getty if it is not used </joke>
 
If I'm able to word it properly I mostly will be at the point where i could answer it i think
 
@sebasth Do you know the reason?
@Videonauth Ok, so what's the reason?
 
Think i have to break a few VMs over the weekend oto get deeper into this
not knowing the reason
 
Lennart Poettering explaining it
 
8:42 PM
> In a systemd world we made this more dynamic: in order to make things more efficient login prompts are now started on demand only. As you switch to the VTs the getty service is instantiated to getty@tty2.service,
yep explains it
 
@sebasth Looks like a systemd thing. But I'm not seeing that here.
@Videonauth Marginally more efficient.
> This behaviour is mostly transparent to the user: if the user activates a VT the getty is started right-away, so that the user will hardly notice that it wasn't running all the time.
Hmm, maybe it's happening and I'm not noticing it.
 
the "because we can" reason I think
 
@sebasth Hmm. Probably adding more complexity to the system though. Largely unnecessarily, imo.
But I gather Poettering doesn't have a problem with changing stuff.
 
@FaheemMitha the mechanism is in place already and used by other software too, and the configuration is rather slim too iirc
 
@sebasth oh
 
8:51 PM
I've got a bit annoyed of systemd being a bit too eager on re-spawning failed gdm3: what do you do if there is a configuration error in xorg
 
hehehe systemctl gdm3 stop :p
or drop directly to a root shell at startup
 
except the instant re-spawning makes your terminal unusable
 
@sebasth Time for a bug report?
 
yeah, probably a configuration detail for gdm3
in the end reboot using some kernel command line options to systemd masking gdm3 did not work for reason I never cared to investigate
eventually just booted init=/bin/bash and corrected the configuration
eventually when I hit the issue again and went to make some relaxing coffee instead I learned that re spawning does stop eventually, (some minutes)
some heuristics would be in place, should the service file X times in a second or two, it probably won't make a difference in many situations if the restart is tried 10 or 1000 times
@FaheemMitha also wondered why umask doesn't seem to work on gnome3, turned out since gnome uses systemd as user session manager it also means systemd overwrites the umask by its own hardcoded value. Made a bug report back then, I am not holding my breath on it being resolved anytime soon.
 
@sebasth Sometimes I wonder if systemd's detractors have a point. Does this happen on KDE too? I haven't noticed.
 
9:01 PM
Also think that topic brought me here and my first answer on that specific question
@FaheemMitha dunno, I started investigating because noticed umask was not correctly applied, but only on gnome and there even not on all applications
 
@sebasth Still a good idea to file a bug report. What are your thoughts on systemd?
 
@FaheemMitha As I said, already did it a while ago github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/6077
 
It does seem to be doing a land grab sort of thing. Though I suppose it's reversible.
@sebasth No, I meant it was good you filed a bug report.
 
ah, my misunderstanding
 
Sorry, I was trying to type less words, but just made my sentence ambiguous.
@sebasth No, my fault.
 
9:05 PM
in general I kinda do like some stuff systemd can do, such as managing all the processes and sub-processes spawned by a daemon (convenient should you want to get rid all of them and the daemon itself lost account)
 
Debian has mostly gone along with the systemd thing. I don't think they would do that if they thought it was harmful. But I wonder if it is a good thing that it is taking over more and more functionality. Unix was designed as modular for a reason. Thoughts?
 
and processed ending up in correctly built environments (environmental variables, security contexts, cgroups, namespaces and so on), which on some (older) systems seemed to be a bit wild
 
@sebasth Its cron replacement also seems more featureful.
 
I'm happy debian ships openrc too, I'm using it on some non-graphical systems
 
@sebasth Is it easy to switch from one to the other?
But systemd is now the default?
 
9:08 PM
I actually think the system booted right away after installing the package and configuring boot
 
@sebasth Impressive.
What are the current alternatives to systemd in Debian?
 
yup. I imagine debian alsho shipping kfreebsd requires thorough testing for non-systemd inits too
debian repository on my system includes openrc, sysvinit and systemd
you might also be able to use daemontools as init too, not sure how supported it is
 
@sebasth That's a fairly limited set of alternatives. Didn't Canonical have a contender too?
 
oh yeah, upstart. Anyone using it anymore? Ubuntu is systemd too iirc
 
another kali question de-ubuntu-ized ...
 
9:15 PM
@sebasth Yes, upstart. Seems to have disappeared.
 
9:28 PM
now I got wondering does any environment initialization/sanitation take place with openrc when a daemon is started directly from initscript or is there some additional openrc commands I am not aware of
 
9:39 PM
@sebasth Are there ways in which openrc is preferable to systemd?
 
more of sysv init style operation, less bells and whistles.
 
@sebasth So, simpler?
 
yes, especially if one is already familiar with traditional init
 
@sebasth Ok. Do you share others concern that systemd is trying to do too much?
 
haven't followed that closely, kinda understand it everyone hates it if new stuff breaks old systems (like the umask not being applied on gnome anymore)
it seems to have rather tight coupling between the components it provides to different tasks
 
9:50 PM
@sebasth Is that good or bad?
 
all the systemd components and dbus, I don't think there are that many pieces from the systemd group you can take apart and use standalone
and on debian it seems the functionality is degraded if you use systemd without dbus
 
@sebasth Yes. So contrary to the traditional Unix approach.
Of having loosely coupled pieces that work together.
 
overall I think in software engineering it is desirable to favor loose coupling over tight coupling
easier to modify and replace loosely coupled components
 
@sebasth I agree. Unfortunately it seems that Poettering doesn't.
 
and module based over monolithic
 
9:52 PM
debian packaging modularizes systemd to some extent
 
Though ironically the Linux kernel itself, and traditional Unix kernels in general, are quite monolithic.
I think microkernel architecture tries to be more modular.
 
there are multiple levels of modularity, kernel does support loadable modules, even that they do run in kernel space after being loaded (vs microkernel and userspace)
 
@sebasth Yes, the Linux kernel has loadable modules.
Supposedly being able to run more stuff in user space is better, though. From a security pov.
@sebasth You are in Germany too, right? Like @Videonauth.
 
nope, some 1000km norther I'm afraid
not running everything in ring0 gives better (memory) isolation between components,
 
so norway or sweden?
 
10:04 PM
there isn't a risk a memory read/write to invalid address would return memory contents of some other process or crash the machine or another process
 
@sebasth ring0 is kernel level, right?
Though apparently there are rings with minus numbers.
 
yes, I think that is just an intel terminology
 
Inside the processor or something.
 
@Videonauth across the Baltic sea
wohoo, first tag badge
 
well north of germany are only three countries and across the baltic sea would mean norteast so finnland :)
 
10:10 PM
@Videonauth You should know that sebasth is very coy about his location.
Even more so than Gilles. At least we know Gilles lives in France.
Actually, maybe we know he lives in Paris. I'm not sure.
 
10:22 PM
@Videonauth So, how are things in Germany? Better than most places, I suppose.
 
depends on you point ov view, all is realit better somewhere else or relatively worse somewhere else :)
 
@Videonauth Wow, that's what Sheldon Cooper would call a "semantically null sentence".
 
As long you have a towel and a guide all is fine :D
 
@Videonauth Apparently a Hitchhikers fan too.
 
at least its warm there in tropical central europe
 
10:26 PM
@sebasth Where?
 
in germany
 
My impression on talking to Germans online is that they mostly complain about how expensive everything is.
 
one can develop a bit more lax sense on what is tropical when the weather annoys long enough
 
@sebasth Since when is Germany "tropical"?
@sebasth I think you are probably in Finland then?
 
yup
 
10:28 PM
Only a Finn would think Germany was "tropical". You'd probably not enjoy India then. Or maybe you would.
 
@FaheemMitha well sure wages a high here but in turn you pay in many cases more as people on other countries, but then those people earn less in return too so its equal i guess
 
@Videonauth You've still got a social support net there. Something that is increasingly uncommon these days.
 
and why complaining about things i cant change anyways
 
Though Finland does too, of course.
@Videonauth What happened to your typing?
 
@Videonauth workers in factories in far east might disagree
 
10:30 PM
@sebasth I was reading a book called "Bad Samaritans" about how Finland bucks conventional economic models/expectations.
 
and I think I can say by local standards tropical starts when people start wearing shorts and t-shirts, which is more or less around 15C
 
Then again, I don't think economists understand much, anyway.
@sebasth That's not the usual definition of tropical.
 
last summer was not that many times the temperatures got much above 20C
I recall in total it was two or three days when the temperature reached around 24C
I wouldn't have minded a at all bit warmer summer
 
Finland is a pretty good place to be by international standards. Even if it not as warm as you would like. Have you done much international travelling?
 
a bit
 
10:45 PM
@sebasth Have you travelled in Asia, for example?
 
Not really, mostly in Europe
Possible with student budget
 

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