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7:16 PM
@Mitch It is a bit unfortunate that people only, ever, and always think of none by Chaucer whenever the topic of Middle English arises, for there are many other works in “Middle English”, many rather different from Chaucer.
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eBird is an example of crowdsourcing, and has been hailed as an example of democratizing science, treating citizens as scientists, allowing the public...
@Cerberus Look at how “gender” works in the Nordic tongues, where you have a distinction between common and neuter. There’s good reason linguists prefer to think of grammatical “gender” not as some sex-based marker of boys and girls, but rather of a type-system instead, something more generic and less about the nads.
> Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number. Nouns belong to one of two genders—common for the en form or neuter for the ett form[48]—which also determine the declension of adjectives. For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender (en fisk) and can have the following forms:
> Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides the two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders den and det, usually termed common and neuter. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form.
> Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and that it still retained the original Germanic three-gender system. The gender system resembled that of modern German, having masculine, feminine, and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into a common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den, in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det.
7:42 PM
Basque still has an animate–inanimate gender system. Asturian has the normal modern Romance of masculine and feminine, each occurring in singular and plural forms, but it also has a special 5th (or 3rd) gender used for abstract nouns, mass nouns of substance. We would use the zero-article here in English, like saying that “rice is cheap”. They’d use the mass-noun/neuter for the abstract rice, but as soon as you need to make a noun definite, you must choose between masculine and feminine.
7:51 PM
Siþen þe sege and þe assaut watz sesed at Troye, Þe bor3 brittened and brent to bronde3 and askez, Þe tulk þat þe trammes of tresoun þer wro3t Watz tried for his tricherie, þe trewest on erþe: Hit watz Ennias þe athel, and his highe kynde, Þat siþen depreced prouinces, and patrounes bicome Welne3e of al þe wele in þe west iles. Fro riche Romulus to Rome ricchis hym swyþe, With gret bobbaunce þat bur3e he biges vpon fyrst,
When the siege and the assault had ceased at Troy, and the fortress fell in flame to firebrands and ashes, the traitor who the contrivance of treason there fashioned was tried for his treachery, the most true upon earth-- it was Æneas the noble and his renowned kindred who then laid under them lands, and lords became of well-nigh all the wealth in the Western Isles. When royal Romulus to Rome his road had taken, in great pomp and pride. he peopled it first, and named it with his own name that yet now it bears;
Bob is the link that connects the head-rhyme part at the top to the (head-and-)tail–rhyme part at the bottom, which is the Wheel.
Ande quen þis Bretayn watz bigged bi þis burn rych, Bolde bredden þerinne, baret þat lofden, In mony turned tyme tene þat wroȝten. Mo ferlyes on þis folde han fallen here oft Þen in any oþer þat I wot, syn þat ilk tyme. Bot of alle þat here bult, of Bretaygne kynges, Ay watz Arthur þe hendest, as I haf herde telle. Forþi an aunter in erde I attle to schawe, Þat a selly in siȝt summe men hit holden, And an outtrage awenture of Arthurez wonderez. If ȝe wyl lysten þis laye bot on littel quile,
Chaucer could only manage tail-rhyme. He was too influenced by Boccaccio’s Decameron. But the Rebirth began in the Home Counties of Rome, whence its meter and light spread outwards in waves.
> Perle, pleasaunte to prynces paye
To clanly clos in golde so clere,
Oute of oryent, I hardyly saye,
Ne proued I neuer her precios pere.
So rounde, so reken in vche araye,
So smal, so smoÞe her syde were,
Quere-so-euer I jugged gemmeȝ gaye,
I sette hyr sengeley in synglere.
Allas! I leste hyr in on erbere;
Þurȝ gresse to grounde hit fro me yot.
I dewyne, fordolked of luf-daungere
Of Þat pryuy perle wythouten spot.
SyÞen in Þat spote hit fro me sprange,
Ofte haf I wayted, wyschande Þat wele,
Þat wont watȝ whyle deuoyde my wrange
To clanly clos in golde so clere,
Oute of oryent, I hardyly saye,
Ne proued I neuer her precios pere.
So rounde, so reken in vche araye,
So smal, so smoÞe her syde were,
Quere-so-euer I jugged gemmeȝ gaye,
I sette hyr sengeley in synglere.
Allas! I leste hyr in on erbere;
Þurȝ gresse to grounde hit fro me yot.
I dewyne, fordolked of luf-daungere
Of Þat pryuy perle wythouten spot.
SyÞen in Þat spote hit fro me sprange,
Ofte haf I wayted, wyschande Þat wele,
Þat wont watȝ whyle deuoyde my wrange
Wherefore a marvel among men I mean to recall, A sight strange to see some men have held it, One of the wildest adventures of the wonders of Arthur. If you will listen to this lay but a little while now, I will tell it at once as in town I have heard BOB: it told, WHEEL: As it is fixed and fettered In story brave and bold, thus linked and truly lettered, as was loved in this land of old.
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English Language & Usage: Multi-Layer…
Not for the faint of heart or those easily triggered by Englis...