In Thomistic epistemology having phantasms in the mind is central, out of which the mind extracts a universal, the activity of the active intellect characteristics of rational beings (like us). But people who has been diagnosed with aphantasia can still do this very fundamental mind activity (su...

simply doing it this way results in an unreadable mess, as you can see in the picture following it, I want to know if there's a better way of doing it without changing the pin order of the XNN components. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{circuitikz} \begin{document} \begin{circuitikz} % Defi...

I want to get into emulator development, so I tried to write a CHIP-8 interpreter in C. I implemented it using this guide, and tested it using the test programs provided here (the test cases pass). There are some quirks, so I decided to implement two presets: original, which has the same quirks ...

I have been watching the YouTube series 'Start Learning Mathematics' by The Bright Side of Mathematics. I am currently on episode #3 of the set series and he's just introduced us to 'ordered pairs.' In more detail, the episode is about the Cartesian product, and how it is the set of all ordered p...

Consider the cyclotomic field $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_n)$. We know that the set of primitive roots $\Pi_n=\{\zeta_n^m:(m,n)=1\}$ generates $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_n)$ as a field. However, what happens when we consider what it generates as a vector space?, i.e. the $\mathbb{Q}$-vector space $$\langle\Pi_n\ran...

If I have an array {0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5}, is this a discrete array? Are the values in it discrete values? (I have this doubt because many materials show that discrete values are usually integers) Like:if one divided dice-face values by 10, is the sample space of possible values {0.1, 0.2, 0.3...

Suppose that I have 2 collection $A$ and $B$ of unlabeled animals that are either dogs or cats. The dogs in $A$ and the dogs in $B$ are not necessarily identical, other than the fact that they are both dogs. Same for the cats. I know for a fact that dogs are much rarer I have a variable $Y$, say...

The rotation of the Earth deflects ocean currents and winds. The sun rotates but does the rotation deflect moving plasma and affect the suns magnetic field?

I have been experimenting with harmonics lately on my cello and found that the harmonic still sounds when you release your finger. Why is that? I know how to not let it sound (by plucking it) but why does it sound?

Is it considered bad style to write: x^2, 2^\frac{1}{2} and 2^\sqrt{2} (without curly brackets around the superscript) instead of: x^{2}, 2^{\frac{1}{2}} and 2^{\sqrt{2}}? The same for subscripts.

When a man is a Jew by birth and has minhag avot, his wife must follow his minhag avot. When a man is converted or baal teshuvah, he must follow his wife's minhag. And if both the man and the woman are converted, but each converted to a different community, who should move to whose minhag?

My wife and I filed jointly for the first time and were planning to contribute that maximum for our Roth IRA’s for tax year 2023. However, the deadline has passed. Is there any possible way to still contribute for last year or has that opportunity passed?

I have a 1967 Ford Mustang with a 289 small block V8. It had been sitting in the garage for a while (years, actually), so I did a fluid refresh, changed the fuel, changed the oil, and changed the coolant. After fixing an air pocket in the fuel line I was able to get it running and driving and e...

Background - I'm a British National currently in Australia on a working holiday visa. In November I'm planning on travelling to Argentina picking up a rental car, crossing the border into Brazil and driving to Rio. After a some time in Rio I will drive back to Buenos Aires. The UK government stat...

I'm getting married and would like to apply for a visa to enter Sri Lanka on my honeymoon. We're leaving for the airport straight after the wedding and so have to fill out applications for the visa in advance. When we arrive our passports will still state our original names and that we are not ma...

NASA is considering a proposal to build a levitating train system on the Moon. The Moon surface is often flat and smooth. May be it’s possible to build a mobile train colony similar to a movie Snowpiercer on the Moon by creating a complete loop of Maglev track around it. Moon’s gravity of 1/5 G i...

I keep seeing talk here of how simplicity isn’t that important when deciding between theories but after looking at the different kinds of virtues behind theory choice, I fail to see how the rest can be any more important. Please let me know if I’m missing something here. Here is the link at which...

When planning or strategizing in everyday life, it's useful to distinguish between goals ("ends") and the tools or techniques one will apply to try to achieve them ("means"). For example, if one's end is to eat hamburgers for dinner tonight, then one's means will likely involve walking to the su...

For the material, I would like to create the concrete material and the stains that seem to be caused by water leaks. Particularly, I'd like to know how to create the stain patches for the material.

Let $A$ be the 2×2 integral matrix \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1\\ -4 & 5 \end{pmatrix} Determine for which positive integers $n,$ there is a complex matrix B such that $B^n = A$. Here are my approaches. Assume the matrix $B$ has the following form. \begin{pmatrix} Z_1 & Z_2\\ Z_3 & Z_4...

Let $\lbrace R_i \rbrace_{i\in I}$ be a family of rings with unity, where $J_i$ is the Jacobson radical of $R_i$. Can we conclude that $$ J\left(\prod_{i \in I} R_i \right) = \prod_{i \in I} J(R_i) = \prod_{i \in I} J_i \ ? $$ When $I$ is a finite index set, the above equation holds. What about a...

I want to create a function that takes up as the first argument the name of a data set, and as a second argument, part of a column's name from the dataframe. I then want to use glue to dynamically construct the column name, in the function, and use that column in a mutate call, like so: library(t...

I'm following along Alfred's basic adult piano course book. They've introduced a harmonic minor scale, but I'm confused about what happens to the bass staff. In the book it says "The 7th tone (G) is raised 1 half step, ASCENDING & DESCENDING". I did this for the treble staff as in the picture bel...

In Beyond Thunderdome Max faces justice from The Wheel. The wheel lands on Gulag and Max is cast out on a horse. The most common understanding of Gulag in English is the Soviet era labour camps so my question is how does the story get from "labour camp" to "exile" without skipping a beat? I can o...

This needs some explanation. I have a Cannondale CAAD13 road bike, which has only 2000 km on it. Unfortunately, the freehub already developed a lot of play and noise. The bike came with a Formula freehub, which isn't really serviceable. I replaced it a few days ago. To access the inside hex nut o...

I've been reading an article on the BBC Website about the 21/May/2024 incident on Singapore Airlines. According to this article: "The rapid changes in G over the 4.6 seconds duration resulted in an altitude drop of 178ft (54m), from 37,362ft to 37,184ft," the TSIB report said. and The Transpor...

I am trying to run a batch script to assemble sequences using the spades.py command on HPC. I tested the script with one sequence (1 forward and 1 reverse read) and this worked. I have 100 sequences in total (200 files) and am trying to assemble all of them without having to resubmit the script e...

I have a model that is log-log and I would like to make raw predictions of Y with it: $\ln(Y) = B_0 + B_1\ln(X)$ All answers and articles I have found concerning back transforming for prediction only deal with semi-log models: either $Y \sim B_0 + B_1 \ln(X)$ or $\ln(Y) \sim B_0 + B_1X $ I have s...

Another post on this site, when critiquing a pcb design, referred to "Arduino optocoupler disease" spreading across the internet. What type of design mistake does this refer to?

My situation is fairly rare from what I can gather (at least in the U.S), so I just wanted to see if I could get some input from people who know much more than I do. I just finished my Bachelor's in Pure Mathematics, but will first be completing a Master's in math before moving onto my PhD. I had...

Did "or" meaning gold and "or" meaning "yet/but" come from completely different etymological sources to become the same word, or did they have different roots? I've always found this word a bit difficult to conceptualize as a conjunction partly because I come from English where or has a prominent...

I had to give an important talk about my field. Then during the talk a professor asked a question, he wanted me to give an example in a different situation. I tried to remember and told him the equations I recalled (I didn’t work with that for quite some time now), but then I realized after the t...

In the mid-90s, there was an ISA expansion card called “Datel Action Replay” that could be inserted into almost any PC-compatible machine (e.g. 80286). By pressing a button on a device (plugged into the port at the back) user would enter a menu and use cheat codes (usually shared in magazines) or...

The min-max theory for minimal surface is developed for the area functional on the space of cycle $Z_n(M)$, producing an unstable minimal surface with area equal to the width. Of course, this is powerful when we are in a manifold with trivial homology (most of the papers on the subject considered...

In the movie Man of the West the attack of the train involves four men of Dock Tobin's (Lee J. Cobb) gang. Three wait for the train hidden under a small bridge, Coaley (Jack Lord), Trout (Royal Dano) and Ponch (Robert J. Wilke). But there is a fourth accomplice in the train, who is hit by a bull...

I tried to create an stored procedure in a remote server using this way EXECUTE (N'USE [master]; EXEC sp_executesql N'+ @sqlCommand) AT [LinkedServer] However I received this error Msg 111, Level 15, State 1, Procedure StoredProcedure, Line 5 [Batch Start Line 0] 'CREATE/ALTER PROCEDURE' must b...

I wonder why Mathematica does not act on the powers inside square roots. See the following example: Sqrt[a^4 b^4 c^4 d^4] does not give a^2 b^2 c^2 d^2] rather it returns back Sqrt[a^4 b^4 c^4 d^4] as the output. Can someone comment on this?

I’m trying to understand how serveo.net establishes everyone’s reverse proxy. From my understanding of ssh one port can only manage one connection yet you can create a reverse proxy on serveo via ssh -R 80:localhost:3000 serveo.net. Wondering how this might work theoretically and how it handles i...

Consider the code: \documentclass[12pt]{book} \begin{document} \thispagestyle{empty} \LARGE This is a sentence.\footnote{I would like to be able to move this footnote and the footnoterule line farther up the page---this one time. The rest of pages (if there were any) would display footnotes in ...

We may approximate a bounded nonnegative function $f$ by simple functions $\phi$. Then the standard way of defining the Lebesgue integral of $f$ is $$ \int f d\mu := \sup \Bigg\{ \int \phi : \phi \leq f, \phi \textrm{ is simple}\Bigg\}.$$ I am very comfortable with this definition but it was not...

I was reading about the Sagliains train station in eastern Switzerland. It is an interchange between two routes on the RhB network. It seems that the platform used by foot passengers does not have any entrance or exit passageway; the only way to get there and leave the place is on a train. I am s...

In plain GR geodesic are defined by: $$ \nabla_{u} u^{\,\mu} = 0 $$ where $u^{\,\mu}$ is the four-velocity of the particle. Now, I don't understand if this holds true also in the electromagnetic case, or if in this case the geodesics equation should be $$ \nabla_{u} u^{\,\mu} = \frac{q}{m} F^{\mu...

So I would like help on that please, my teacher was looking for answers and she found this 参加女童子军 (can jia nv tong zi jun) Which when put in Google translate is, Join the Girl Scouts (Yes I am aware that Google translate is not 100% correct) And IF that translation is correct, is there a way to g...

I was informed that 钟头 and 小时 mean hour. Is there any difference between the two? (situational, more common in different places). Or does it both just mean hour.

I've had the phrase "you swore on a dead cat?" bouncing around in my head for years, and I think I can trace it back to a short scary story anthology book I read in the third grade, around 2010. I think the book was fairly old at the time, so I'm not sure how much information the year I read it p...

Luke 21:33 says the heavens and the earth “will” pass away not “can”, implying that it will one day be gone. Can someone explain this? The heaven and the earth will pass away, but My words will never pass away.

I always put numbers for multi-line equations as follows (e.g., using equation and gathered): My co-author wants to do (e.g., using gather and nonumber). Is there a commonly accepted convention for such instances?

I just thought of this idea: if we have NaN ("not a number") for floats, how about NaC ("not a character") for a single unknown character in a string? Your input should be two strings. Both strings are assumed to contain only uppercase letters in A-Z and an NaC character (which can possibly be an...

In a heat island effect control project, I start from two point layers with the values of daytime and nighttime temperatures in degrees C: 'POINTS_DAY' 'POINTS_NIGHT' These layers contain the "TEMP" field with the temperature values. I add an example screenshot: I would like to calculate the tem...

My approach is in this way. \documentclass[12pt,reqno,a4paper]{amsart} \usepackage{tikz-cd} \tikzcdset{row sep/normal=50pt, column sep/normal=50pt} \begin{document} \begin{tikzcd} A \arrow[r, "\phi"] \arrow[d, red]\arrow[dr] & B \arrow[d, "\psi"] \arrow[l] \arrow[dl,crossing over]\\ ...

If we have some random data (with length a multiple of block size to avoid padding) and encrypt it with a block cipher with a weak key (maybe it's derived from a four digit number for example), would it be possible to break the encryption? If there is no MAC and we are not using authenticated enc...

As commonly known, the James Webb Space Telescope (JSWT) has been sent to Lagrange point 2 (L2) to receive reports from the past of the universe, and it does this by measuring several factors such as distant star light and other information as light is finite in speed. I wanted to learn how the J...

I think the answer is yes. My reasoning is this: Imagine for argument's sake, we could have a charged negative source that has its field blocked by a Faraday cage. We can transport a positive charge outside the cage away from the source at low cost, energetically speaking. We now remove the cage ...

In my native language, we have a word for people performing some kind of assignment, including contractors, expert consultants, external reviewers, (student) representatives,board members and so on and so forth. Now I need a similar word in English. I've considered a gazillion different words, an...

I am studying Dawson's function : $\displaystyle F : x \mapsto e^{-x^2}\int_0^x e^{t^2} dt$. I would like to prove that $F$ attains a maximum at a certain value $x_0 \in (0,1)$, and is increasing over $[0,x_0]$ and decreasing over $[x_0, +\infty)$. The only thing I managed to prove about this fun...

I attempt to do the series expansion for the following function Simplify[Series[((-5)^(1/ 6) (2 + (-2 + ξ3) ξ3 + (-2 + ξ4) ξ4) a[ 1])/((-1 + ξ3)^2 ξ3^4 (-6 + 5 ξ3)^(4/ 5) (-1 + ξ4)^2 ξ4 (-6 + 5 ξ4)^(1/5)), {ξ3, 0, 1}], Im[ξ3] == 0] Note that this function is expected to...

I am trying to solve this solution Sin[2 x + Pi/12] == Cos[3 x - Pi/5], -2 Pi <= x <= Pi I tried FullSimplify@ DeleteDuplicates[ x /. Solve[{Sin[2 x + Pi/12] == Cos[3 x - Pi/5], -2 Pi <= x <= Pi}, {x}]] I got I work around Clear["Global`*"] a = 2 x + Pi/12; b = Pi/2 - (3 x - Pi/5); f[k_] = ...

Right: 1: A direction. (4) 7: Beverages. (4) Down: 3: Elder sisters. (4) 4: To satisfy. (4) Up: 2: Greek letters. (4) 5: A stiff structure. (4) 6: For suppressing someone. (4)

The usual form of a Latin indicative sentence predicated on a condition is "Si V-ind, V-ind." The "Si V-ind" is the protasis and the "V-ind" is the apodosis. There is also a variant in "Si V-subj." My question is whether you can omit the "si" and shorten it to "V-subj, V-ind." I haven't found any...

I am looking to merge two different JSON files into one file - file 1 [ { "namespace": "lerjr-rb26-sandbox-keycloak", "name": "keycloak", "url": "REMOVED" }, { "namespace": "prometheus-brr1-sandbox", "name": "abacus", "url": "REMOVED" }, { "namespace": "prome...

I read this at least 20 years ago. I read it in a rather slim paperback in French, a novel but rather short, and probably a translation. I only remember the beginning. In a spaceport in a polity where slavery is allowed, there is a slave auction. Strong men who can do hard work, on the one hand, ...

We're planning to take a cruise from Kiel, Germany (returns to the same port) for 14 days. However, all the ports we'd be visiting are in Norway. We're Indian passport holders, applying for a Schengen visa. However, we are unsure whether to apply for it through the German Consulate or the Norway ...

I used this answer to add gridlines to a pdf. Unlike in that question, I need the gridlines to go all the way to the edges of the page. The code below achieves that goal, with the second line below uncommented (and 3rd line commented). However for other reasons I have to have the third line below...

I want to compare the speed of two algorithms. However I'm having troubles interpreting the results. Is my approach correct? Null hypothesis: The algorithms have same speed Alternative hypothesis: Algorithm Y is faster. my data: algorithm_x = np.array( [1014, 1007, 998, 1040, 999, 1030, 980, ...

I see there are 20 tabs on my firefox browser but 31 firefox processes in the Firefox process group in the task manager. I think one firefox process corresponds to one tab, so why are there so many firefox processes? How can I find the correspondence between a tab and a firefox process?

I need to increment value by 1 in K1 each time I print-Sheet No. 1, 2, etc. I used to have a code that was saved and was working fine. Lost it when I formatted the PC. Used to ask me the no. of pages needed to print and from which number to start. When i use the below code, it works fine; but eve...

Among the more popular scholastic axioms is the following: What is supreme in a genus is cause of everything in the genus. But what is the justification for this principle? Aquinas tends to justify it using examples of heat and light: That thing will be the cause of all in a certain genus, to ...

solidity types data structure is like this: enum RequestType { SpecificReq, ArbitraryReq } enum ChannelType { InterestBearingOpen, InterestBearingMutual, } struct ChannelPayload { string channelAddress; ChannelType channelType; ...

The problem: Prove that a group of order 20 has a subgroup of order 5. Background: This problem arises from a discrete mathematics homework assignment. Our course materials cover cosets, Lagrange's theorem, the order of group elements, and cyclic groups but not Cauchy's theorem or Sylow's theorem...

Suppose I have a custom table and some fields like entity_id, code, title, description and image_path. And I require that I want to show a drop-down (key=>value) on the custom page where some options will be shown and based on that selected option I want to show the records using knockout. whenev...

There's always an outlook for liquid propellant and solid propellant rocket engines along with detonation engines and so on. But I hear very little about hybrid engines, have they simply been abandoned or do they still provide significance?

The argument from illusion against direct realism is almost always phrased in terms of something like a stick in a puddle appearing bent. I find this very unconvincing given that the misleading part of it is in the world, that is, refraction. Something like the Müller-Lyer illusion on the other h...

Throughout the episode, the figure of the old woman is looping a series of movements. Is this some sort of sign language, or have any other standard meaning, or has been explained by the production team?

I have encountered doubts when using qiskit to calculate T-depth. I am not sure whether it is a problem with the way the code is written, or I am still a little vague about T-depth, so I would like to ask everyone for advice. I use this code to get T_depth containing T and T* T_depth= ​​circ.dept...

Would it be possible as a human to use some combination of soap, lotion, perfume/cologne, etc to deter most predators from eating you by virtue of your smell and taste? After all plenty of other species protect themselves by smelling and tasting bad, so why can't it work for humans? Assume that t...

I’m doing some research about early Christianity, specifically looking into the circumstances of the divergence between Judaism and Christianity as two very distinct religions as we know them today. It seems Paul had a very remarkable role in shifting the Christian faith into a more Gentile and i...

as you can see the horizontal line goes beyond where I want it to go instead of going straight down, I want it to go in the green path I've marked, how do I do it? and why in the first place I have this problem. (the code and picture are the cut-down versions of bigger things but only that single...

I am trying to make a 2x4 tabular containing images, with horizontal captions at the top and vertical captions on the left. Taking inspiration from this thread, I painfully managed to do this: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{graphicx} \newlength{\tempdima} \newlength{\tempdimb} \newcommand{...

Since the moon is tidally locked with earth, we always see its same face. How then did we realize that the moon may also be rotating about its own axis?

I am trying to figure out how to solve recurrence relations of type $$f(n) = af(n-1) + (bn + c)f(n-2)$$ I will be grateful for any tips or books.

I am currently working on a bioinformatics problem where I need to lookup and count the location and count of occurences of 4000-ish 5 character long patterns in each sequence of a fasta file of 700GB. This fasta file has aligned sequences of one virus. To start with, I want to just look up 6 pat...

I Ordered a 26 by 1.95 Tube for My BIKE TIRE, Come to find out it says 26 by 2.10 on My Tire? Will it still Work? Please Help!

In the Rutherford experiment (where he found the diameter of the nucleus of an Au atom by estimating the probability of an $\alpha$-particle to bounce back on a gold foil), how did Rutherford estimate the number of Au atoms in the foil ? It seems to be needed in the calculus, since we have: $$\fr...

I was wondering whether (standard model) neutrinos could form clumped structures (like halos perhaps). The problem with this is that neutrinos have a very light mass, have a great speed and do not really have a way to radiate excess energy. However, I found these works (https://academic.oup.com/m...

In Atlas (2024), Harlan Why did he need to wait for this event

We say a non-constant function $f$ on $[0, 1]$ is singular if it is continuous, and in addition differentiable almost everywhere with $f' = 0$ a.e. For every positive $\alpha < 1$, is the set of singular functions dense in the space of Holder continuous functions of order $\alpha$? Where we equip...

I just re-read the book The Martian, and a question came to mind: Why did the Ares missions use a 1 atm nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere instead of a lower pressure pure oxygen one? AFAIK, pure oxygen is harmful to humans only when the partial pressure is higher than that on Earth. In fact, many real w...

I found in this page in the first answer a way to write beautiful base conversions. But, I had a compile error if Y try to use the last example, the ConverToBase command. I searched, but I don't find where was the mistake. Can you help me ? The code : \documentclass{article} \usepackage{geometry}...

Why the numbers of the label of two consecutive subequations is even? This event happen the first times for me. \documentclass[12pt]{book} \usepackage{newtxtext,newtxmath} \usepackage{amsmath} \setcounter{chapter}{12} \setcounter{equation}{40} \begin{document} \begin{equation} \begin{subequatio...

Does somebody know how I can always align text on top of the subsection to avoid situations like those in the picture? Code example \documentclass{article} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{lipsum} \usepackage{multicol} \title{Test} \date{May 2024} \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Intro...

Isaiah 14:12 How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! The only time in the OT there is one. And how do they get that from halel הֵילֵ֣ל H1966?

This is related, but I believe not a duplicate, of "Why cannot I set the date of my GNU/Linux machines to the Epoch?". I've discovered that one of my Linux kernels rejects attempts to set the clock to a time during the first six minutes past the epoch: root@beaglebone:/# date 010100061970 date: c...

I have the following data: ticker company sector industryGroup industry subindustry currency 1999-07-31 1999-10-31 2000-01-31 ... CompA Health Health Health Health Health USD 12.3 23.33 33.1 ... CompB Machine Machine Machine Machine ...

According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk#8-inch_and_5%C2%BC-inch_disks A small notch on the side of the disk identifies whether it is writable, as detected by a mechanical switch or photoelectric sensor. In the 8-inch disk, the notch being covered or not present enables writing, wh...

I’m writing some decently-hard science fiction which revolves heavily around an alien species on another planet, far away from our Solar System. Rather than live on a rocky planet, this species originates on the moon of a gas giant, superficially similar to Titan. All that worldbuilding has been ...

SO in my book so far, I have tried to limit my plot twists, with the neighbor being the antagonist, and as well as a friend, would it be too much to reveal that the neighbor and his friend that is now evil, are siblings? I'm scared/confused because I don't want to be like that show where its like "...

This is an urban fantasy setting in which all manner of fantastical species of humanoid, called monsters, exist under humanity's nose, and in this setting there is a system of magical bloodlines called arcana. The higher a monster's arcana, the more of their species' powers they have access to, a...

Quoting "The Volatility Smile" of EMANUEL DERMAN MICHAEL B. MILLER, pag.95-96: The hedged portfolio at any time $t$ is given by $\Pi(I,R)=V_{I}-\Delta_{R}X $, where $\sigma_{R}$ is the computed realized volatility, $V_{I}$ is the value of the option computed with the implied volatility $\sigma_{...

Somewhere in an alternate universe... Dear Puzzling, This is a word division puzzle which uses cryptic clues. If you're unfamiliar with either or both of those, you can click the associated link. In order to solve the alphametic, you'll first need to fill in the dividend, divisor, and quotient ...

I am confused. Why we always say that the gain of OPAMP should be as large as we can? Supposing that an opamp has a power supply of 1.8V, the voltage gain is 1000V/V. If we give a small signal 5mV of sine wave, it is easy to swing to the triode region of MOSFET. However, it is useful that if sma...

I have the following plot obtained using ParametricPlot3D: obtained via the following code: eq=r^4 \[Delta] U[r]+((-12.+1. r^2) (U')[r])/r+(12. -1. r^2) (U'')[r]+r (0.217447 r^3+(-9.+2. r^2) Derivative[3][U][r]+(5. r+1. r^3) Derivative[4][U][r]+3.75 Derivative[5][U][r]-3.875 r^2 Derivative[5][U]...

...while Mr. Data acts like a bewildered, autistic geek (similar to myself). But computer generated behavior of holodeck characters is so smooth and subtle and perfect that it fools everybody. Data, on the other hand, could barely pass Alan Turing's original test on a model 33 teletype. How come...