An open university is a university with an open-door academic policy, with minimal or no entry requirements. Open universities may employ specific teaching methods, such as open supported learning or distance education. However, not all open universities focus on distance education, nor do distance-education universities necessarily have open admission policies. == History == A precursor to the open university was the University of London External study system established in 1858; the university was a degree-awarding examination board and welcomed anyone who could meet its entry requirements and...

This is a list of schools worldwide that identify as open universities, either as part of their titles or as an explicit tenet of their educational philosophy and methods. Open education is a core value for these institutions; they are not just secondary offshoots from more traditional universities. The information shown for each school is deliberately limited. Each university listed here is linked to an existing article, where more information and verifiable references can be found. (Column headings: 'DL' = distance learning, 'PC' = physical campus) == Africa == == Asia == == Oceania == ��2...

Common integrals in quantum field theory are all variations and generalizations of Gaussian integrals to the complex plane and to multiple dimensions. Other integrals can be approximated by versions of the Gaussian integral. Fourier integrals are also considered. == Variations on a simple Gaussian integral == === Gaussian integral === The first integral, with broad application outside of quantum field theory, is the Gaussian integral. In physics the factor of 1/2 in the argument of the exponential is common. Note: Thus we obtain === Slight generalization of the Gaussian integral ===...