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12:23 AM
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Q: How should we handle "multidisciplinary" questions with subparts that are appropriate for different SE networks?

tparkerThis question was closed as "not suitable for" Physics SE. Based on the comments, the voters seemed to think that it belongs to Biology SE instead. I don't understand this reasoning. Answering this question requires answering two sub-questions: What would be the flux of radiation at the Earth's ...

 
 
2 hours later…
2:48 AM
I am struggling to understand why the tensor product of two states is represented, say in position space, as the usual product of the two state’s wave functions
Is this definitional?
Also, what is the meaning in QM of the tensor product of two operators? How is this represented in matrix representations of the operator
 
 
5 hours later…
7:22 AM
@JohnRennie yeah, I just figure it depends on how much I like my PhD. Anyways, if I am not going for a graduate degree now, I am going to a research job for the next few years. So, scientist or no scientist, my personality, I guess, suits those analytical jobs (also mentioned by my recruiter).
 
@SillyGoose that's also valid considering countable basis.
It comes from the definition of tensor product
 
Good spinor morning
 
@DIRAC1930 ^ is pretty clear, at least those $\eta_A = 0$ are arising from it with little effort
You can motivate this approach with creation operators directly from Lie theory and classifying Lie algebras, and the Clifford stuff, and why you'd write a spinor this way, so it's not bad, note isotropy is nowhere until the very last line which is interesting
 
@SillyGoose The tensor product of $A:\mathcal{H}_1\rightarrow{H}_1$ and $B:\mathcal{H}_2\rightarrow{H}_2$ is unique operator $A\otimes B:\mathcal{H}_1\otimes\mathcal{H}_2\rightarrow{H}_1\otimes\mathcal{H}_2$ such that $(A\otimes B)\lvert\Psi_1\rangle\otimes\lvert\Psi_2\rangle=A\lvert\Psi_1\rangle\otimes B\lvert\Psi_2\rangle$
 
8:15 AM
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Q: Doubt regarding cancellation of internal torque for a rigid body (Kleppner and Kolenkov)

nickbros123In chapter "Dynamics of fixed axis rotation", the book says newton's laws are not enough to show that the internal torques of a rigid body cancel out. But section 1.2 in Goldstein says that (using strong law of action and reaction), that the internal torques cancel because they form the exact sa...

 
@bolbteppa Hmm I'm not too convinced by this. It seems like we just have another rep of the Clifford algebra just written in terms of creation/annihilation operators. The $|0>$ and $|1>$ have always implicitly been there as the basis vectors of the spinor i.e. $\xi = \xi^i \mathbf{e}_i$.
 
8:45 AM
If you do it for $D = 5$ you have $|\xi> = \xi_0 |0> + \xi_1 |1> + \xi_2 |2> + \xi_{12} |12>$, have it working up to some signs as of now
It's a general way to derive these $\eta_A = 0$ equations, but it means you have to assume the existence of this $|\xi>$ vector with all those crazy components (which is the whole issue, we're trying to arrive at it from $F = 0$, you can get $|\xi>$ from Lie theory and $X = x^a \gamma_a$ from Dirac's trick and combine the approaches, but still)
 
9:12 AM
@DIRAC1930 What about this:
(Where $x_5 = x^5 = x^0$, $x^{1+1} = x^{1'}$ and $x^{2+1} = x^{2'}$ in the old notation)
This looks way better than what he's doing
 
9:35 AM
There is a big link to 'lines on a cone' i.e. linear spaces on a quadric
In mathematics, a quadric or quadric hypersurface is the subspace of N-dimensional space defined by a polynomial equation of degree 2 over a field. Quadrics are fundamental examples in algebraic geometry. The theory is simplified by working in projective space rather than affine space. An example is the quadric surface x y = z w {\displaystyle xy=zw} in projective space P 3 ...
This is the link, that even talks about spinors...
 
10:36 AM
@bolbteppa Ted Shiffrin in the Math chat is rather fond of the hyperboloid of one sheet, see his avatar. We briefly discussed it the other day. chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/message/62839880#62839880 And I posted this interactive version:
 
 
1 hour later…
11:50 AM
@SillyGoose The meaning of $A\otimes B$ is simply that this is the operator that acts on the "left" part of a state as $A$ and on the "right" part of a state as $B$. In matrix form, the tensor product is the Kronecker product
@SillyGoose You can show that functions of the form $f(x)g(y)$ are a basis for $L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ (see e.g. this math.SE question). And functions of the form $f(x)\otimes g(y)$ are a basis for the tensor product $L^2(\mathbb{R})\otimes L^2(\mathbb{R})$. Therefore, the map $f(x)\otimes g(y)\mapsto f(x)g(y)$ is an isomorphism between $L^2(\mathbb{R})\otimes L^2(\mathbb{R})$ and $L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)$
 
 
4 hours later…
3:47 PM
when i log onto stack exchange and check the notifications, there is a reply to a message sometimes. when i click it, it goes to chat history. from here, i can join the chat room, but i need to scroll up all the way to access and reply to the message in discussion. is there a way around this?
 
@ACuriousMind I was talking about a different idea from POVM. POVM would be when we measure a projection operator corresponding to subset of the eigenvalues of the total energy operator. I was saying that we only measure a partial energy operator $\int _{S} d^3x H$ where the integration is done over the local region of the energy measurement device.
is this not true? I think it would be true in the classical theory as we can only access the local electromagnetic field amplitudes using our measurement devices.
 
@Relativisticcucumber you can reply to chat messages directly from the transcript in the same way you reply to them after joining the room
when you click "reply" this will still join the room and scroll down, but your chat box will already contain the :<number> part that identifies your message as a reply
@RyderRude it's true for something like the electromagnetic field, but note that the electromagnetic field is very special in that it does not really have a non-relativistic particle version
photons are intrinsically relativistic
 
yes, but we can talk about my idea in the relativistic QFT too. I made my other post about it. ConnorBehan said that it was possible to do it.
it is in his answer
besides, don't you think it's weird in itself that our devices can somehow measure the energy operator integrated over the entire 3d space?
 
there are several things to say here
indeed, the idea that all observables should be "tied" to particular regions of space is one approach to quantum field theory - it's called a local net (or algebra) of observables that associates to each spacetime region an algebra of observables that relate to things you can measure "inside" of that region
for e.g. the position operator, this is again just the assignment of the projector into the eigenstates for that region
 
so fractional energy measurements are a more accurate description of the universe, right?
unlike the total energy measurement we're taught in introductory QM. I think it should fail for highly delocalised wavefunctions
 
3:57 PM
for energy, it would be the operator you get by first restricting to the space of wavefunctions with support inside that region, then measuring energy, i.e. it is essentially just the same idea again
 
yeah, in that case, the fourier modes become discretized, and we can just sum over a subset of indices like you said. But what if we don't require the field to drop off outside the box?
 
@RyderRude it's not that it "fails", it's just that it is not the correct model of what a realistic energy measurement apparatus does if you can only have part of the state inside of it
@RyderRude what field?
I'm just talking about wavefunctions
 
oh yeah. We can then plot the expected value of the energy density of the wavefunctional. It could be something that is highly delocalised
in that case, all of our measurement devices would only measure fractional energy, i think
do you agree
 
and I wouldn't say this is a more accurate description of the universe, but yes it is a more accurate description of how realistic measurements work. Then again, in every case I can think of in QM where we model experiments we effectively have the state confined inside the apparatus
 
yeah, that's what i was thinking too. We are always dealing with more or less localised wavefunctionals
 
4:01 PM
the "fraction" of an electron orbital wavefunction that extends beyond the practical size of an atom is so tiny as to not matter in practice at all
 
this is why the theory that we're taught seems to work
this is a very cool idea, i think. this solidifies fields as more fundamental, as a particle loses its discrete status when you can measure a fraction
do you agree
 
@RyderRude I don't see how it does because again you can do all these arguments in the first-quantized picture with just wavefunctions as well
when the wavefunction has non-neglegible support outside of the region you have access to with your apparatus, you won't be able to measure the "global" observables on it in any meaningful sense
 
yeah, but this idea intuitively works in the field picture. That is what allows us to imagine the measurement device as occupying only a local region
in the other approach, measurement devorices are like gods who can measure any conceivable operat
 
I think you are conflating the "particle vs. fields" distinction with an "idealized vs. non-idealized measurement" distinction here
you think QM measurements are "like gods" because that's the simplified picture usual textbooks present, and they present it because in practice that's the picture that will work 99% of the time for anything you might be required to measure
 
yeah, but thats not the fundamental nature of the universe
 
4:06 PM
there's a large body of literature about various ways in which "real" QM measurements - completely unrelated to field theory as such - are distinct from this simplified picture
 
i am thinking that fields make the fundamental nature more apparent
 
oh no not another platonist :P
 
:P
like examples of such measurements?
 
physical theories, in general, are not about the "fundamental nature of the universe". They are about useful models to observe and predict reality
 
thats too human centric tbh :P
i think our experiments are a way for us to put together the pieces of the ontological status of reality
what do you think :)
 
4:08 PM
But...we are human. The theories are human-made, written by human hands and human minds, made to explain observations made with human eyes.
 
i just don't agree with "made to explain observations made with human eyes"
that's a partial goal
we also want to understand the ontological status of reality
 
@RyderRude I disagree, and I think the ontological status of reality is fundamentally unknowable (which is why people fruitlessly have debated it for millenia).
 
yeah, maybe its an infinite puzzle. but we're still piecing it together
i just find an objective reality much satisfying to visualize
maybe the puzzle can never be completed
 
I'm a rather firm believer in Popper's conception of the scientific method as being based in falsification - the worth of a scientific theory is in the predictions it makes, and we cannot ever affirm any such theory to be true (in the sense that yes, this is how reality really fundamentally works), we can only say which ones are false when their predictions fail to materialize
in particular, it is possible for two theories with completely different ontological assumptions to make the same predictions
 
i agree that predictions are the most important. In the cases where different mathematical structures give the same predictions, i just think of them as different languages to describe the same ontological status
 
4:13 PM
quantum interpretations are the prime modern examples of this, as Bohmian mechanics and standard QM do not differ in their predictions (at least in cases where it is clear how the Bohmian treatment should proceed)
 
oh yeah, bohmian does differ wildly in the ontology
 
but Bohmian mechanics and e.g. the many-worlds interpretation are fundamentally different in the ontologies they claim
 
you are right
in that case, i just choose my favorite ontological description :P
but it's a very important aspect of physics to me
coming up with ontologies
 
you are free to do so! but this means that the scientific theory itself - the machine that takes experimental input and products predictions - is not itself tied to ontology
 
predictions are the most important ofc
right. a theory is just the set of predictions
i agree
 
4:15 PM
ontology is, in the literal sense, metaphysics - something you think about after you have figured out the physics themselves
(the Greek meta means "after")
 
yeah, i was talking about metaphysics i guess
i love the many worlds ontology rn
many worlds combined with fields being fundamental
as they're more apparently tied to fractional energy measurements
but i still dont get the position operator. does it have a formula in terms of local field densities?
 
as I wrote, the measurement of "position at $x$" is just $\psi^\dagger(x)\psi(x)$
so the position operator is just $\int x\psi^\dagger(x)\psi(x)$
 
oh
this measures the number of particles at position x?
 
$\psi^\dagger(x)\psi(x)$ is the number of particles at $x$
 
i think this is somewhat like a^{dagger} a, which measures number of particles in momentum mode p
got it
 
4:19 PM
this is just again the general concept of writing an operator as the integral of its spectral measure $A = \int a_i\lvert a_i\rangle\langle a_i\rvert$
 
right
so a position measurement can also be thought of as a measurement device measuring a operator made out of field densities
i love the field picture now :)
 
 
2 hours later…
6:03 PM
@ACuriousMind I now understand your point about locality of states vs locality of operators. It's like how two commuting operators A and B can have a superposition state $|a_1 b_1\rangle + $!a_2 b_2 \rangle $. So a measurement of A affects the expected value of B upon a successive measurement. Just entanglement 101.
Similarly, a measurement of the number position operator at x_1 affects the expected values of other number position operators.
much thanks for this. I had been thinking that position measurements are freaky lol
 
I post this on the off chance that tastes in reading matter aren't atypical of the room members: I have just read the graphic novel Logicomix, and while a graphic novel about Bertrand Russell and the philosophy of mathematics may seem an odd beast I thoroughly enjoyed it.
 
6:50 PM
@ACuriousMind In case you remember, a day or two ago, I asked you about the case of a matter wave propagating in a triple potential barrier. And understandably one can have T_is and R_is for any region
Is there a way to combing these, so in the end I do: $T+R=1$. Or this eq. should be done for every region?
 
 
3 hours later…
9:38 PM
i like this sentence: "The only obvious way to stop the solar wind is turn off the Sun, in which case worries about changes in cosmic ray radiation doses would not be our biggest concern." physics.stackexchange.com/a/748683/55641
 
10:24 PM
Im not a physicist, but i was curios. so i thought to ask here. i saw the 2nd video of minutephysics about moving portals and it made me wonder, if something effects spacetime, can the content of that spacetime effect this object, for example, let's say there is a really strong square grid and we bring it near a blackhole, will the black hole get repelled by it as the space in that area can't contain a straight grid.
am i allowed to put here a link to the youtube video?
 
any else ever misspell arxiv.org as archive.org or vice versa
i guess i could attribute it to tiredness
 
 
1 hour later…
11:40 PM
@bolbteppa This is my current understanding of what is going on. The above gives a reason behind the $F=0$ and $\eta_0=X^i \xi_i$ comment in Cartan (note that my $X^i$ in the above is however the regular coordinates i.e. $X,Y,Z,\dots$ which enter the fundamental form through $F=X^2+Y^2+\dots$ however the argument still holds.
If you play around with this mathinsight.org/applet/linear_transformation_2d you can see what a det A =0 transformation means geometrically
 
11:57 PM
The determinant isn't an inner product, it's not even linear let alone bilinear, I don't think it holds in higher dimensions, it would be nice if that explained things but this determinant thing is never really used
 

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