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16:00
Hey, @JohnRennie, thank you very much for that bounty. I'm deeply honoured.
@EmilioPisanty you're welcome :-) I thought it was exactly the sort of answer that this site should be producing. Rigorous, but explained in a way accessible to even learner physicists. Why the OP accepted a vastly inferior answer totally escapes me!
What was the answer @EmilioPisanty?
@JohnRennie I suspect OP is somehow allergic to engaging with anything I write, beyond comments on other people's posts.
43
A: Is there oscillating charge in a hydrogen atom?

Emilio PisantyIn this specific instance you are correct. If you have a hydrogen atom that is completely isolated from the environment, and which has been prepared in a pure quantum state given by a superposition of the $1s$ and $2p$ states, then yes, the charge density of the electron (defined as the electron ...

There's a couple of foundational issues on that one that I think could still be improved.
@EmilioPisanty wow, that must have taken a while =)
not that I understood much of it, to be honest =P
@heather that took about a couple of hours, I think
16:05
@EmilioPisanty, to be absolutely honest, I'm not sure I've ever spent that much time on an answer
It looks jazzy but it's all material I know well and I have it fresh in my mind, so it's just writing it down that takes the time
@heather oh, it was totes worth it.
Writing a good answer is mostly its own reward.
This is probably the answer I've spent the most time on:
4
A: Please explain entropy curve

heatherFor reference, the diagram is below. First, I'm just going to give a quick explanation of entropy. Before Boltzmann, people knew about entropy, they just didn't explain it correctly; namely, they thought of it as a measure of the uselessness of arrangements of gas. As an example, they thought t...

@heather ... although part of the hope was writing something that someone like you would be able to understand most of, so I guess I still need to do better ;-).
Out of curiosity, which parts do / don't you get?
@heather it's simpler than you think. Equations always look a bit fearsome when you write them down, but the underlying principle is very straightforward.
@EmilioPisanty, I don't know much of anything about quantum mechanics, so I don't even really understand the question =P
16:08
@heather fair enough
and yeah, what @JR said. The equations look fearsome but they're fished straight out of Wikipedia
I know there's a couple quantum numbers, s and p and two others, I think, and then they represent states, though I dunno exactly what 2s means, for instance, and then he's saying a superposition, so some kind of combination of the two, and then I dunno what oscillation means here. so. that's about where I'm at.
and then I don't know what exactly a wavefunction is. =)
I think it represents something about the probability a particle is at a certain position? not sure.
@heather yeah, that's fair enough
The wavefunction can be used to obtain the probability that the particle is at any given position, but it includes some more information too. It'd be nice to have a solid enough QM-for-beginners book to recommend but I'm not sure if it exists.
I read this one when I was sixteen or so
but I haven't looked at it since I became a professional quantum mechanic, so I don't know how well I'll like it nowadays
thanks for the book reference; I'll take a look
16:17
@heather give a shout if you like it ;-)
@EmilioPisanty, will do =)
@heather The next thing up that I'd recommend is Griffiths
but that's probably a bit too much for you at this stage
@EmilioPisanty Thanks for the rep! :)
If you can get a copy (without paying too much) to have a look at, then you can decide if it's intelligible
@MarkMitchison no worries, dude
that's an awesome answer
plus I've got way too much of the stuff
thanks. your bounty seemed to stimulate a lot of extra interest in that question as well, which is nice
16:20
and we need more folks like you on the >10k side
Ah you're talking about QM. So can I sneak in a QM question of my own?
only 915 rep to go until mod privileges :)
@MarkMitchison well, yes and no
@MarkMitchison mod privileges are....
@EmilioPisanty haha, yeah. the other new answer is a good one, though
slightly overestimated
there used to be a 10k flag queue but that's gone
you can vote to delete some stuff, but there isn't enough critical mass for that
you can see deleted posts, which can be quite handy
I think the most helpful ability is auditing the global review queue history
@MarkMitchison yeah, that one is nice
@user3625380 yeah, go ahead
16:24
@koolman you called?
@EmilioPisanty Thanks. I posted this a few hours ago. I'm reading what I can about it, and have talked to some grad students, but we're a bit stumped. physics.stackexchange.com/questions/294349/…
Any insight would be great.
@user3625380 that's a pretty terminology-heavy post
what do you mean by $U$ there, exactly?
Unitary operator
@user3625380 yeah, so say that
Got it. Editing. Any other clarification?
16:27
compare with the Wikipedia explanation: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_state
@user3625380 What's the symmetric and antisymmetric state/subspace etc... The lack of a definition for this is particularly weird since later you seem to imply that a singlet (i.e. totally antisymmetric state) is a symmetric state.
> A Werner state[1] is a d × d-dimensional bipartite quantum state density matrix that is invariant under all unitary operators of the form $U\otimes U$
@user3625380 is this just for two entangled qubits?
or some other system?
either way, you need to clarify
With something that is this involved, you need to be as rigorous and clear defining the framework as you would be in the introduction of a paper
@EmilioPisanty, just found a copy of griffiths on the internet. it looks like I could plow through it once I learn more about classical mechanics (of which I know practically nothing) and multivariable calculus and differential equations (of which, again, I know practically nothing).
@heather yeah, that sounds like a good idea
keep it around and see which bits become accessible as and when your maths oomph increases
@MarkMitchison I'm not sure, actually. I encountered the example with the singlet state somewhere and was as puzzled by it as you are. @EmilioPisanty I don't really have any more insight except what Wikipedia says because everywhere they are just defined like this. Mathematical equations, and the respective UxU vs UxU* invariance.
16:32
@EmilioPisanty, okay, thank you
@heather also: multivariable calculus and (O/P)DEs are nice for QM, but the real essential is linear algebra
@user3625380 If you don't know what sort of Hilbert space your states live in, then it seems to me that you've got a fair bit of reading to do before you can produce a well-posed question.
I need some physical insight intot he construction of each, why they're called the way they are. I picked up Werner's original paper too, but it just reiterates the math.
@koolman is there any particular reason you invited me here?
@EmilioPisanty, I'd like to think I know enough linear algebra to tackle QM
@user3625380 If you don't even know what the symbols mean here, you need to go back a step or two. What is the actual problem you are interested in?
16:34
@user3625380 ^ that
@heather from what you described earlier you probably do. But you can never really know too much linear algebra
:33690311 this is the physics chat room? or did I click into the wrong one today? :-P
@EmilioPisanty, okay =) I do have a linear algebra textbook. Perhaps I'll investigate vector spaces a bit (when I first read about them I was more than a little confused).
@MarkMitchison No, I understand the symbols. You didn't ask about the symbols except for what U is, which I've added. @EmilioPisanty I understand the Linear Algebra. I don't understand the physical interpretation, and why they're different.
@heather what LA textbook have you got, that neglects to mention vector spaces?
@user3625380 If you understand the linear algebra, then you can answer my earlier question - is this for qubits or something more sophisticated?
@heather I really loved this one in undergrad
@EmilioPisanty any bipartite system. They can be qudits as well. There are certain constraints on the parameters that classify them as separable states, bound entangled, or disstillable.
@EmilioPisanty, no, it does mention vector spaces, I mean that when I read about them it didn't make sense. I'll look at that book
16:37
@user3625380 I asked what is the symmetric and antisymmetric subspace, and you said you don't know...?
@heather just don't tell Daniel you're reading Griffiths. He hates that book :-)
@JohnRennie, seriously? Why?
@MarkMitchison Not physically, no. Physical interpretation is what I want.
@heather from a certain perspective it often feels like QM for kids
(::starts to question Griffiths::)
@EmilioPisanty, oh, I am a kid =P That's perfect then =)
16:39
and it does tend to oversimplify some things
well teenager
but whatever
If you do pick it up, then keep in mind that it's an intentionally simplified picture of QM, and that there's plenty of subtleties that he doesn't go into.
@JohnRennie yeah, but when he says things like
Sep 16 at 19:28, by DanielSank
@AdityaDev My first book was Griffiths. It is bad. Then I read Shankar and actually understood things.
I can't really recommend Shankar to heather
@user3625380 OK, well I suggest that you provide at least the mathematical definition of these symbols
I would be interested in what @DanielSank would recommend at, or slightly below, the level of Griffiths
16:42
@JohnRennie, lol
@EmilioPisanty, huh, I've been recommended Shankar by a lot of people
which again I was saving for after classical mechanics and more math
Shankar is really good, but it may be a little advanced for a first timer.
It shouldn't scare you away. But it's awesome.
@heather Oh, it's a plenty solid textbook. I just don't think you've got enough maths to digest it yet, and having a go at that one before it's time will leave you a bad taste for no good reason.
I know this is unrelated to physics, but the math chat seems to be really focused on a complex problem that they don't have time to look at mine, so I'll go ahead and ask mine: Compute $$\sum_{k=2}^{+\infty} (k-2){8\over 6^k}$$ I am not sure how to approach this =/
You can try Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser
@EmilioPisanty, oh, I see. I know I don't have enough math for anything formal in QM just yet =)
or at least, that's what it seems like.
16:45
@user3625380 I was going to say - I was given Beiser in my intro course and I found it pretty harmful
@heather Arthur Beiser or even the Feynman Lectures.
@EmilioPisanty Shankar in the intro course? Haha, I can imagine!
but then there's two Beiser books so I'm trying to see which one it was
modern physics, okay
my dad has a copy of the feynman lectures, I've been starting to read through those
@MarkMitchison hello, sir.
16:49
@DanielSank, hello =)
@MarkMitchison updated the question, btw.
0
Q: How hot was the jet fuel at WTC?

Fhrbebehttp://911research.wtc7.net/mirrors/guardian2/wtc/how-hot.htm Excerpt: That is, we need to calculate the energy needed to raise: 39,857 kilograms of water vapor to the temperature T° C, 97,429 kilograms of carbon dioxide to the temperature T° C, 349,680 kilograms of nitrogen to the temp...

@user3625380, thanks for the beiser recommendation - it looks very interesting!
@heather Enjoy :)
@EmilioPisanty wow. I guess I'm consistent.
@heather hi
16:54
@Hiro Rearrange it into: $$\frac{8}{6^2}\sum nx^n$$ where $x = 1/6$
darn
^ and use the fact that $\left[x\frac{d}{dx}\right]x^n=nx^n$
I got recommended a good starter classical physics book by Mew, but the company's in australia and I can't figure out how much shipping is
and it's probably way too much
@heather I dislike it because it teaches a very specific, mathematically difficult part of quantum mechanics.
For the first two(?) chapters, the book focuses on solving the Schrödinger equation in the position basis. This requires partial differential equations.
@user3625380 You also need to clarify what you mean by $U^*$. From your question it reads like the hermitian conjugate, but quantiki puts it as the complex conjugate quantiki.org/wiki/isotropic-state
the difference between the two is huge
starting with the fact that the complex conjugate is not basis invariant
... so, if your question does not refer to some specific basis as canonical, ...
17:07
@EmilioPisanty It IS the complex conjugate. * is always used to denote complex conjugate. the dagger is used for Hermitian.
I don't know why you think I meant Hermitian...?
@user3625380 No. Plenty of mathematicians use $^*$ for hermitian conjugate. You need to be specific.
Particularly because the complex conjugate is not a natural structure
They only use it for Hermitian operators, when the two are interchangeable. :)
(in the sense that there isn't one unique complex conjugate, or one unique transpose, and on different bases the operations will differ)
@user3625380 that's not true. The only thing that happens is that for hermitian operators in a given basis the complex conjugate and the transpose coincide
@user3625380 As a trivial example, consider the matrix $\begin{pmatrix}0&1 \\ 1& 0\end{pmatrix}$ on a given basis $\{e_1,e_2\}$ (equal to its transpose and to its complex conjugate), and the matrix for the same map in the basis $\{e_1',e_2'\} = \{e_1,ie_2\}$.
you get $\begin{pmatrix}0&i \\ -i& 0\end{pmatrix}$, which is equal to its hermitian conjugate, but gets a sign flip under the transpose and complex conjugation.
See the sort of fragile structure that you're assuming is rock-solid?
Obviously it's in a given basis. :p Anyway, respectfully, I think that only someone in theoretical QI who already works with these states and already knows the definition would be able to answer since I guess they'd know the physical interpretation rather than just the math like you and me. I'll leave now, getting late, but thanks a ton for the suggestions, I've made edits accordingly. Have a good night, guys (well, it's night here). Cheers. :)
@user3625380 It is up to you what sort of audience you want to reach. If you're looking for someone that's directly steeped in exactly the notation you're using, then go ahead. However, the criterion of the site is that the questions need to be useful for future visitors, whom an ill-posed and ill-explained question (like the current form of yours) won't help very much.
17:21
@DanielSank Well done, you, then!
@heather kleppner and kolenkow is a very good first classical mechanics book.
@ACuriousMind Yes. It's aging now. I expect good things.
@ACuriousMind: assuming your presence in the chat room means you have some free time, please will you cast your eye over this proposed answer
and say if you you think it's worth posting or whether the physics world is better off without it
Let me catch up with comments and flags first, then I'll have a look
@ACuriousMind no urgency, any time in the next 60 seconds will be fine :-)
@JohnRennie If you emphasize the point in your last paragraph about this not being special to the number operator a bit more (i.e. this happens whenever the vacuum is not an eigenstate of the observable measured) then it's good to go, I'd say.
17:30
@DanielSank Hey :)
@JohnRennie I
@DanielSank I left the answer deleted so I could make sure it made sense before anyone saw it. I'll undelete it now if you want a look.
I think Daniel can see deleted posts
"I" means he either didn't finish typing or it's a very cryptic message ;)
I thought you had to have 20k rep?
nope, 10k for seeing deleted posts
20k gives...access to a better analytics page and slightly expanded deletion rights, I think
17:35
OK, so Daniel is adopting the Zen approach to chatting :-)
@JohnRennie I can see deleted things.
@JohnRennie no, my phone is being annoying.
I cited one of your favourite papers in my answer!
@JohnRennie eh?
@DanielSank Observation of Zero-Point Fluctuations in a Resistively Shunted Josephson Tunnel Junction
Oh, Koch's paper!
Yay
17:40
Indeed. You suggested I read it when I first started asking about vacuum fluctuations, and very interesting it was too.
Hlw everyone...
@ACuriousMind @JohnRennie I think it would be good to point out that a single mode in the ground state has vacuum fluctuations in e.g. X, and then go on to fluctuations in n.
Vacuum fluctuations in particle number is the "advanced" case.
I think John's answer is very good.
Probably the best one we have on vacuum fluctuations.
@DanielSank it's your and ACM's answer really. I just edited it :-)
I had a question in my school xm... if t=0 and u apply 15 N force on an object having 10 kg, will there be any acceleration though the object is at rest.... ?
@JohnRennie eh?
In any case, I think that last paragraph is important.
17:46
@DanielSank I've discussed vacuum fluctuations with the two of you several times over the last couple of months, and I just pulled everything from those discussions together to make that answer.
@JohnRennie. @DanielSank... or anyone else... pls help me...
Could help to even draw a ground state wave function is something. ::Shrugs::
@ffahim please don't randomly ping people
Anonymous
@ffahim Yes, it starts accelerating. F=ma ....
Acceleration is given by Newton's second law $F = ma$ rearranged as $a = F/m$. You are given $F$ and $m$ so you can calculate $a$.
Whoa, I just got a serial downvote!!
17:50
@JohnRennie Uh, looks to me as if it's 8 hours old
That's not "just" :P
@JohnRennie a serial downvote?
Eight of my answers have been downvoted, and apparently randomly since the answers span a range of subjects.
I wonder if I was rude to someone 8 hours ago ...
Anonymous
@JohnRennie Maybe, someone is angry at you. It once happened to me on Math SE :-P.
17:53
Pfff, n00bs.
Anonymous
I lost 200 reps in 1 hour
I was accused of being a psychopathic monster for trying to explain signal processing to someone.
@JohnRennie Just wait for the script to catch that, seems pretty blatant. I think it runs at 3 am UTC each day.
@S007 I'm sometimes less polite than I should be when criticising someone's posts. This isn't deliberate, it tends to be if I'm reviewing first thing in the morning (at 5 a.m.!) and I'm a bit tired and emotional.
@DanielSank Heh, "fun" times :P
17:55
But in this case the only comment I made around that time was (I hope) a helpful one.
Anonymous
@JohnRennie I understand :) Anyway the reputation gets restored within a day. Mostly new users who aren't aware of the suspicious voting pattern detecting script do it :-P
Anonymous
Happens even if someone upvotes too many of your answers in a day
Anonymous
:-D
@S007 it's irrelevant anyway. I decided when my rep passed 200k that I'd start using it up on bounties, e.g. on this thoroughly awesome answer.
So the -16 rep loss in serial downvotes is inconsequential.
@JohnRennie You and @EmilioPisanty are the bounty-barons.
You are the rich, giving to the deserving poor.
18:01
I should do more bounty awarding. However I don't see that many really great answers.
My definition of a really great answer is when I think I wish I could have written that answer.
@JohnRennie Clearly you haven't perused my answers list.
Well. How ?.. t=0 means no displacement... so how there can be acceleration ? @S007
@DanielSank What modesty! (But most of your answers really are great, I'll grant that :) )
I really like:
90
A: Which is more fundamental, Fields or Particles?

DanielSankThis is a tricky question because it asks about the meaning of words. People use the word "particle" to refer to various, not always well defined, notions in physics. In the end, I think the simplest and more correct single way to categorize the terms is to interpret "particle" as "excitation of...

@ffahim It's unclear what you mean by "t=0 means no displacement". The acceleration is the second derivative of displacement. The derivative of a function can be non-zero at a point even if the function is zero.
18:08
But what have you answered for me lately? ;-)
@ffahim suppose you're in a car that is stationary, i.e. v=0, and when your stopwatch reads t=0 you press the accelerator. Is the car going to accelerate?
@ACuriousMind It was an obvious joke... :\
@JohnRennie Good point.
I think this site is at its finest when an answer takes a complicated subject and explains it in a way that is (to quote Albert) as simple as possible but no simpler.
Sometimes an answer will see past the confusing detail to the real core of the matter and explain that basic principle elegantly and clearly. it's those answers that really make this site the great place it is.
Anyway, I have to finish my book about werewolves and drink a beer or two in the process. See you all tomorrow.
18:33
@JohnRennie yes
Anonymous
@ffahim Why does t=0 mean no acceleration ? :-O Suppose you push any object at rest ( apply force ) even if it has no velocity it will start moving (neglecting friction). How does t=0 matter ?
Anonymous
@JohnRennie Well, you do have tooooooooooooooooooo many rep points to actually worry about down-votes :-P BTW you wake up so early! Who wakes up at 5 in the morning! :-P I guess you sleep very early :)
19:07
@DanielSank I'm not sure anyone over 10k rep gets to describe themselves as rep-poor
It's not quite enough rep to give any amount away and not feel it
but you're essentially made
@EmilioPisanty Hahaha true
@EmilioPisanty Made like a mafia member?
@JohnRennie Hmmm ... I think the script will reverse those. And then I'll check some tools we have. Others have been treated to this approach lately.
19:49
hello
20:03
In my opinion, although the dupe candidate is essentially the same question, it is clear only for the majority of the reviewers and not for the googlers of the future. A layman-focused answer here would be from their viewpoint much more understable and very useful, thus I vote this question to "leave open". — peterh 27 mins ago
Isn't that kinda defeating the purpose of closing questions as a duplicate?
@KyleKanos it is also not taking into account that it should be the actual question which is under review and not the possible answers that someone could think about - but that's just my opinion of course
20:19
@KyleKanos Yes, the point is that people finding the closed question will be led to the dupe target and get their answer there. Alas, some people will never understand the way this site works :P
@ACuriousMind That was my impression and, hence, my response back to peter
could anyone remind me how to access the bookmarked conversations for the hbar?
@Sanya Go to the page with all the chat rooms.
See that little link "info" up near the top right?
@DanielSank found it; thank you a lot
20:46
so, kleppner and kolenkow doesn't appear to have langrangian/hamiltonian mechanics; do I need to read something like goldstein or landau to get that?
21:03
@heather well, it's not a bad idea to learn basics first.
I don't know of any good books that treat Lagrangian/Hamiltonian mechanics.
@DanielSank, I know; I just kind of wanted to have a list of books to go through so I can have them all ready, so to speak. =)
Do degenerate gases fall into the realm of "condensed matter physics"?
21:20
21:36
10
Q: Any good resources for Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics?

JackReacherI'm taking a course on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics, and I would like to find a good book/resource with lots of practice questions and answers on either or both topics. So far at my university library, I have found many books on both subjects, but not ones with good practice questions and...

@heather: see above
I've heard good things about Taylor's book, but never used or read it
I've skimmed Marion's text and thought it good
But I was taught from Goldstein in my MS program & Saletan in PhD program (though it wasn't actually used in the course)
I liked the former (Goldstein) and not Saletan (mostly because we were not required to read it nor assigned any problems for it, so it was barely ever opened before selling it off)
@KyleKanos thanks for quoting that thread, the list is actually insteresting. Sometimes I'd like to just take a sabbatical year (or two, or three, or ...) to read books ...
Hey @Sanya
one quick reference
290
Q: How does deleting work? What can cause a post to be deleted, and what does that actually mean? What are the criteria for deletion?

jjnguyWhat circumstances can cause a question or answer to be deleted, and what does that actually mean? How can a post be deleted? When can't I delete my own post? Can I see a list of my deleted posts? How can I undelete one of my posts? What does deletion mean for a post? How do votes to delete wo...

you were worried that closed h/w questions might get deleted before you got to them
> The system will automatically delete closed (not as a duplicate), unlocked questions with zero or negative score having no positively scored or accepted answers or pending reopen votes, that were closed 9 or more days ago and haven't been edited in the past 9 days.
@EmilioPisanty I was not worried, I saw it in my flagging history
@Sanya how do you mean?
because some people actually delete their questions by themselves
21:45
@Sanya ah
it should be a reasonably small number though
That requires a bit more rep
the 10k tools have a Recently Deleted tab
and thanks for reading all that :)
well yeah, I'm not too close to that yet ... :D
@Sanya oh, I'm about halfway through
@Sanya Haha, I hear ya
21:47
Just to check - you're aware of the Stack Exchange Data Explorer?
if not, it's a useful way to get data
if you are, then I'm just a pompous mansplainer =P
@EmilioPisanty I am aware that it exists, I'm not really able to use it
@EmilioPisanty you most definitely are not
@Sanya ok, fair enough
I've managed to dreg up some vaguely competent sql from what I learned in highschool
lemme know if there's SEDE-accessible data you'd like help having a go at
@EmilioPisanty thanks for the offer - I'm not quite sure what I'd like to get out of it, but I might come back to the offer
@EmilioPisanty my mum convinced me to do latin instead of IT in highschool - I'm still unsure of whether that might not have been a mistake :D
@Sanya it's a reasonably good way to look at all (non-deleted) closed questions
but honestly, you did sql in highschool? I'm impressed
21:50
btw I just had a look at the Recently Deleted 10k tab
it shows me 45 deleted questions
oldest timestamp is 2016-11-21 13:32
2 days ago
that's quite a number
@Sanya yeah, it is
well, let's just hope I didn't miss too much then
and goodness, there's a heck of a lot of cruft there
If you want to repeat the experiment and keep an eye on that channel, I'm happy to help
if it's just checking in every day or two and taking note of h/w questions deleted by OP
then that's not a problem at all
this one is fun
@KyleKanos might enjoy it
that's a great offer - I'd just like to postpone it a little bit, the time until christmas will be a bit hectic
21:55
@Sanya fair enough

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