The h Bar

2:30 PM

Not unexpectedly, my question about themes in high school physics got squashed for being opinion based. I saw a recommendation to move it over here then. So, what do ya'll think- what overarching themes should we be teaching high school students?

Jim

Newtonian Mechanics

electrostatics

basically exactly what they currently teach them

ericksonla

Sorry- I put more details into the original question but left them out here. I'm not looking for physics concepts so much as ways to think about physics. I agree that the curriculum is general right. But what big picture stuff should they take away? My #1 so far is "you can explain the universe with numbers and equations"

Jim

"Theoretical physics does not consist of people sitting in a room tossing philosophical ideas back and forth. A few intuitions and some ideas does not a theory make"

ericksonla

Another way to ask would be what life lessons should we teach physics students, whether or not their professions ultimately require them to know physics.

Jim

"always do a sanity check on any results your work produces"

ericksonla

2:38 PM

I like that first one. I think a lot of physics students probably come away having no idea what you actually do as a job using physics

Jim

I marked an exam once and there was a question that said a truck travelling west at 11km/h hit a car travelling east at 7km/h and asked for the speed of the truck after the collision

many, many students gave me 14km/h west

they didn't do a sanity check

@ericksonla I was more hoping it would prevent many from thinking they can just guess at some "intuitive" concepts, call it their own theory that solves everything, and then pester me with it

real physics is about equations and math, not speculating on weird thought experiments

Kyle Kanos

Is there even a big picture to not-HS-level physics?

ericksonla

haha. perhaps they assumed the collision included a gas explosion?

Kyle Kanos

@Jim To some degree. I'd posit that real physics is about rationalizing observations with the help of mathematics when necessary/possible

Jim

@ericksonla I wrote back on each and every exam that did that saying "So hitting something head on makes you go faster forward?"

@KyleKanos The mathematics are always necessary

physics is about describing the universe in a way that allows us to predict the outcome of interactions and physical events. We need math to do so

ericksonla

2:46 PM

@KyleKanos Do you mean post-HS physics? Reviewing papers, I'd say a whole lot of engineering academics need a review on the idea of a conservation law. I've started many a review with "Ok, let's revisit the laws of thermodynamics..."

Kyle Kanos

@Jim Possibly. Either way, I still don't think that physics is "about equations and math" but observations & predictions

Likely the same outcome, just different emphasis

@ericksonla If post-HS physics is not-HS-level-physics, then yes. I guess I am just not quite understanding what you mean by "big picture" here

Jim

I'd be happy though if each and every HS student walked away capable of performing a sanity check. The ability to look at what you've got and say "does this make sense? Am I crazy?". Almost instinctually, physicists and engineers are supposed to do this. But it's necessary in virtually every aspect of life and very few people actually do it. It's literally maddening.

@KyleKanos 6 of one half a dozen of the other

Kyle Kanos

@Jim I concur, and said as much with the line under this back-reference

Well, maybe almost as much

Jim

I know, I was writing before though and felt like using that adage

ericksonla

@KyleKanos I feel like there are lots of high school students who think physics class means memorizing equations. They think thats stupid, and go on to major in art history or work at Walmart. Physics class should include a lot more than memorizing equations though. So what non-memorizing-equations should we teach them? The idea of the scientific method? The idea of sanity checking, as Jim suggested? Demonstrating that physics is intuitively interesting?

Jim

2:55 PM

@ericksonla Physics is 90% boring and 10% interesting and the unfortunate thing is that you have to go through all the boring stuff before getting to the interesting stuff. No way around that

ericksonla

@Jim But then 95% of students never even get to second semester high school physics. Thats a terrible shame, no?

Jim

It's a shame. But at that level, tell them anything you want but the actual physics they do will be mostly memorizing equations

what you could do is make it relatable. Show them how everything they learn teaches them more about the things in everyday life

when you teach circular motion, don't relate it to cars or roller coasters; they don't drive or go to amusement parks every day. Teach them how they can use that to figure out the best way to get ketchup out of the bottle or shake the ink to the tip of their pen. Every lesson can give them intuition about the real world. That is the only thing I can think of to keep them interested despite the equations

John Rennie

90 rep points for an answer to what is basically a school question. Gosh this physics stuff is easy :-)

Jim

I still got that beat with 520 rep for saying "No" with lots of o's

John Rennie

:-)

Link?

Jim

3:02 PM

53

A: Is gravity just electromagnetic attraction?

Short answer: No. Long answer: Nooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. Moral of the story: Gravity and EM are two very different things that look similar to some people because they both fall off like $\frac{1}{r^2}$. Be careful what you trust. When someone makes a claim like th...

530 rep, my bad

John Rennie

:-) Excellent!

I have been wondering if we need to rethink our target audience though.

Jim

I rethink it all the time. Then I realize there's no way to change it without crippling ourselves in the process and then I stop worrying about it for a while

wash, rinse, repeat

John Rennie

I wouldn't want to walk the path to irrelevance that the Theoretical Physics SE trod, but I do wonder if we should exclude any question that isn't (in principle) answered by writing an equation.

Jim

no

John Rennie

Well that's a clear answer :-)

Jim

3:07 PM

11

A: How can one get the eccentricity of the orbit of the Sun around center of the Milky Way?

Short answer, no. The Sun's orbit is non-Keplarian; there are many perturbations and a general unevenness in the motion of the Sun around the Galactic centre. This is a result of non-uniform mass distributions, the galaxy not being a point mass, and the impact the relative motions of neighbour st...

^ example

no equation

good question and answer

ACuriousMind

@0celo7 Ew

John Rennie

Well, you are effectively describing a model for the Sun's motion.

So it is sort of an equation.

Jim

55

Q: Why can Hiroshima be inhabited when Chernobyl cannot?

There was an atomic bomb dropped in Hiroshima, but today there are residents in Hiroshima. However, in Chernobyl, where there was a nuclear reactor meltdown, there are no residents living today (or very few). What made the difference?

^ no equation

7

Q: Lorentz's Amsterdam Proceedings 12:986 (1904) paper?

I am looking for this paper by H. A. Lorentz: Amsterdam Proceedings 12 (1904) 986. (See also Arch. Neér. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles 25 (1882) 363.) I have also seen it cited using the journal abbreviation "Verl.": Verl. 1̲2̲, 986 (1904). What paper / journal is this? thanks

specific-reference history

^ definitely no equation

John Rennie

Yes OK, though again your answer expounds clear physical principles.

Kyle Kanos

@ericksonla Well I guess I'm okay with disinterest in physics to not see a point to it.

John Rennie

3:11 PM

Re the Lorentz paper, reference requests are a bit of a special case.

I take your point though. It's virtually impossible to come with a good set of rules for determining which questions are allowed and which aren't.

Jim

exactly

we may be able to become a bit more restrictive, but in order to effectively filter out some of the more inane posts, we'd have to metaphorically cut off a couple limbs

ACuriousMind

::sharpens butcher's knife::

Kyle Kanos

^ seconded

Jim

::backs away slowly::

ACuriousMind

@Jim The problem is, what to give as close reason - "This question is off-topic because it is silly" doesn't sound right

Kyle Kanos

3:16 PM

This question is off-topic because it shows insufficient prior research?

Jim

@ACuriousMind That plus it's a dangerous precedent. Who decides the cutoff of what is too inane to be allowed?

@KyleKanos My long "Noooooo" post had a question that was referring to a specific paper they read. It was clearly researched

Kyle Kanos

@Jim The reviewers, obviously

Jim

^ wise-ass

Kyle Kanos

Of course, it could be that I've recently noticed that my standards have gone up; still not sure if it's a good thing or a bad thing

Jim

both

Kyle Kanos

3:20 PM

But some of these "Identify this for me" type questions are starting to bother me

Jim

I have too. I used to answer any old question. Now there's maybe one a month that I really put effort into. The rest are all like "Wow, this is a bad question"

I've kinda started giving mostly half-assed answers in the comments because I don't have faith in most questions any more

^ bad thing

Kyle Kanos

Better half-assed-answer comment than full-answer comments

John Rennie

If I think the OP is genuinely interested I'm willing to put the effort in, but so many of the questions seem as if the OP hasn't thought about what they're asking.

ACuriousMind

Not answering bad questions would only be viable if there weren't so many users giving bad answers to them. I've written quite a few answers just because the existing answers were blatantly wrong or gave wrong impressions.

7

Jim

That's like saying it's better to beat a man half to death than all the way

John Rennie

3:24 PM

@ACuriousMind Agreed 100%

John Rennie

3:36 PM

@Jim I see you just answered a crap question :-)

Jim

@JohnRennie This discussion inspired me to do it

John Rennie

Not the world's most helpful answer though, was it?

Jim

wasn't it?

I didn't have enough info from the OP to make it more helpful

John Rennie

That's the point. It's exactly that sort of question we should be able to close as you haven't thought this through properly

Jim

I was going to put that answer in as a comment, when I realized it was an answer to the question. I figured I should stop writing answers in the comments

John Rennie

3:39 PM

I guess it's yet another close as unclear vote. Oh well.

Jim

que sera

John Rennie

And the OP now says I will explain it but can't right now

Hmm, yes indeed.

Jim

curious what math they did

could they have discovered ftl travel?

what are the vegas odds on that?

0:10000?

John Rennie

The odds on a Physics SE user with rep 1 claiming to have discovered FTL travel?

Jim

@JohnRennie no, the odds on them actually having discovered ftl travel

I say it's 0:10000. A bet of $0 pays $10000 if they actually have. Still, not a smart bet

Kyle Kanos

3:52 PM

Hmm, well \$0 is not much of a loss, so I'll take it

Jim

4:03 PM

141

Q: How to ask dumb questions

I am having trouble asking questions in seminars, conferences, and public talks. As a graduate math student I often fail to keep up with speaker and more mature members of the audience at events like seminars and conferences. It is very frustrating to lose track of the talk simply because I am n...

conference mathematics reference-request seminars answering-questions

In my experience, dumb questions just flow naturally.

I really liked the one answer that started with "Better to look like a fool than to be one"

John Rennie

It's a good question. PHD students are pretty low in the academic pecking order, and it's a brave PHD student who'll ask a senior academic to explain properly what they mean.

Jim

I can relate. I've been to lots of colloquia and I get lost so often

Everyone says "ask questions" but I go "what am I supposed to ask? What question will help me understand better and how much of this is simply because I'm not familiar with the material?"

that plus physicists really don't know how to give good presentations

Kyle Kanos

Of all the colloquia I've been to, the biophysicists are the worst at giving accessible presentations.

Astronomers & AMO are among the better

Jim

I'll take your word for that. I've never seen one

Engineers are the best I've seen

Kyle Kanos

Jim

4:11 PM

^ pretty colours

Kyle Kanos

They give you images like that and don't ever describe in any way what it is you're looking at

Jim

obviously it's a protein

Kyle Kanos

Correct, but that's not always the case

Jim

I imagine that could get very confusing

Kyle Kanos

And sometimes it's the same image but turned, and apparently it means something entirely different

Jim

4:12 PM

It does mean something different

John Rennie

Proteins don't conserve angular momentum?

Jim

no

Kyle Kanos

IDK...but lunch time

Jim

but more likely it was mirrored, not rotated

ACuriousMind

@KyleKanos Turned or mirrored?

Jim

4:14 PM

a mirror of a molecule is an isomer and can have different properties

John Rennie

@Jim An enantiomer not an isomer

Jim

@JohnRennie enantiomers are technically a type of isomer. The same molecule with a different chemical structure

Secret

to be specific, a molecule which is a mirror image of itself (same composition, opposite spatial arrangement of atoms)

Jim

I was describing isomers, not enantiomers

Secret

ok nvm

FenderLesPaul

4:25 PM

I went to a biophysics talk once

the only part I understood was when the speaker mentioned connections with goldstone bosons

:p

Secret

how are they related to biology? The best example I can find from wikipediaing goldstone bosons exmples that might have something to do with biology is phonons in fluids

otherwise it seems more like high energy stuff or solid states

Jim

Could have been a talk on the effect of prolonged exposure to goldstone bosons for physicists at CERN :-P

FenderLesPaul

the speaker was talking about modeling emergent behavior in biological systems using physics concepts

and one of the topics was how flocks of birds spontaneously break rotational symmetry

and he then took a detour into goldstone modes

Jim

Those would make goldstone birdons

FenderLesPaul

mmm

Secret

4:40 PM

that's a nice metaphor. I like when metaphors linked seemly unrelated concepts together (jotting down into my notebook)

Jim

the notebook of Secret[s]?

Secret

lol

speaking about methaphors, I once tried to model Back to The future's time travel stuff (ripple effects) using the concept of quasiparticles in solid states

However ,everythign at this stage sounds really cranky thus I plan to check that the maths works and it makes sense before probing any further

0celo7

@JohnRennie Well Hawking has 1 rep.

Secret

I am also scifi freak enugh that I dreamt of becoming one of those announcment system in e.g. aperture science because I like their authorative tone

0celo7

@FenderLesPaul have Felice & other dude

Secret

4:51 PM

by dreamt I mean desire

0celo7

@ACuriousMind ew is my reaction to your sock situation

Jim

@Secret which announcement systems? Cave Johnson? He was the president

FenderLesPaul

@0celo7 dopesauce

Secret

it's male, so it might be him

Jim

-5

Q: Where does one go with the discovery of obvious yet invisible creatures?

I'm a very frustrated accidental scientist. I have made repeatable discoveries proving far more than just the existence of the invisible creatures seen on my body in my avatar. With thousands of images of these creatures, it is easily proven the same creature can be .50" to 15' and even larger. A...

quantum-mechanics visible-light speed-of-light quantum-optics

my day has been brightened

HDE 226868

4:57 PM

@AcidJazz Regarding this comment: weird. Kind of cool.

0celo7

In linear algebra, I was the only one who raised my hand when the TA asked if we had heard of topology

No one cares about poor TA's thesis

Huy

?

Jim

@0celo7 you have TAs in high school?

0celo7

...

What

Huy

#rekt

HDE 226868

5:00 PM

I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it should be migrated to craigslist — Alfred Centauri 35 secs ago

0celo7

@Jim I'm not in high school

Jim

@HDE226868 brilliant

@0celo7 .... would have been more impressive if you were

HDE 226868

Some snarky commentary removed. — dmckee ♦ 28 secs ago

@dmckee Sorry for my part of the snark. ". . . . What?" was a bit harsh.

Jim

I'd really like an answer to my question. If they are invisible creatures, how does he claim he's been able to see them in pictures all the time?

0celo7

@Jim What?

Reverse vampires

You can only see them in pictures

Jim

5:02 PM

that actually makes a lot of sense

I assume you can see them in mirrors too?

0celo7

Probably!

Jim

do they put more blood into you?

0celo7

I'm confused what that high school thing was about

Jim

I thought you were like 17 or something.

0celo7

They pump you full of blood and bull shark testosterone.

@Jim I started college today.

Jim

5:04 PM

right on

So I used to be right

0celo7

Yes

FenderLesPaul

5:17 PM

@0celo7 how was your first day of classes little guy?

0celo7

@FenderLesPaul 1. I'm pretty big 2. Fine, the profs are really chill (pretty sure the psych guy would hotbox with @Danu) 3. What are the best parts of Felice

Kyle Kanos

@ACuriousMind Wouldn't know because they don't explain shit about what they put up. At least not in an accessible manner so that 1st-year grads could understand it

John Rennie

@0celo7 I can't see Stephen Hawking in our user list. Perhaps he's using an obscure nickname :-)

Jim

@JohnRennie rolling thunder?

0celo7

@JohnRennie have you heard Qmechanic talk...?

@FenderLesPaul shoutout to the QFT guys on page 211 above 7.1.18. Look at the indices of the delta!

John Rennie

5:32 PM

@Jim Many of us used to be 17. For some of us it was a while ago ...

Jim

@JohnRennie Maybe many of you. Jim was never that age

obe

Now that 0celo7 is in university me and HDE are the only hs students here.

John Rennie

Love the reverse vampires idea BTW. There has to be a good fantasy novel in there somewhere.

FenderLesPaul

@0celo7 chapters 2 and 3

and 6

and chapter 8 as well

0celo7

I thought 7 had the stuff on extended objects

FenderLesPaul

5:40 PM

oh I meant 7 not 8

0celo7

Is 8 just HE with less proofs

I'm curious what 9 is about

FenderLesPaul

Actually you can skip most if not all of 2

and in chapter 3 just read the parts on Synge's world function

which is really just the 2-point parallel propagator

8 goes into more detail than HE does but it isn't as "mathematical" thankfully

I haven't tried reading 9

FenderLesPaul

5:56 PM

@0celo7 would you want notes/problem sets from the QFT in curved space-time class I'm taking this semester?

0celo7

6:11 PM

@FenderLesPaul cool, yeah

problem sets I can live without ;)

got my USB hub

now I know I can get mail

0celo7

6:35 PM

> majoring in Microbiology and Hispanic Studies

how

Jim

@0celo7 everyone knows bacteria speak Spanish

0celo7

you really did not know I was starting college?

Jim

contrary to popular belief, I'm not stalking you

0celo7

> I am currently doing research with Giant Viruses in the Tennessee River.

giant viruses?

Jim

wouldn't a giant virus be less effective than a smaller one?

and what does the Tennessee River have to do with Hispanic culture?

0celo7

6:42 PM

different person

Jim

unless the giant virus is the size of a Volkswagon or something

0celo7

trying to find an honors mentor

Jim

that'd be effective

For all those that are thinking of visiting Baltimore in the near future. Let me suggest a place to visit; something that at one point was considered one of the natural wonders of the world. The link is to a paper published about it.

2

Kyle Kanos

Man, I've forgotten about how nice of a query I made about answers & scores posted per month

Jim

wow, earlier this year was great for me

0celo7

6:48 PM

those pictures are tiny

Jim

I love this query

Kyle Kanos

Dec 2014 was apparently a great month for me: 39 answers for ~1820 rep

Jim

wow, I never got that much in one month. Not even close

wait, nvm

I just realized your score count is votes, not rep

Kyle Kanos

Correct, it is vote count not rep

Jim

My best month was September 2014 with 16 answers and 1680 rep

wait, do the dates signify the month it looks at or the month previous?

0celo7

6:55 PM

that spider stuff is crazy

are the spiders still there?

Jim

I'm pretty sure I had more than 1 answer last month, so I'd guess it's for this month

Kyle Kanos

@Jim It is for that month.

And my internet is being wonky right now :/

Jim

@0celo7 I don't think there's nearly as many anymore, but the official recommendation for the workers was to leave them alone and consider it a natural wonder. It's still one of the highest concentrations I think

at over 42000 spiders per square meter or I think 70000 spiders per cubic meter in 3D webs, it was the most densely populated area on Earth by a wide margin for a long time

0celo7

that's a lot of spiders

Kyle Kanos

Hmm. I think the ScorePerAnswer column might be wrong

Jim

6:59 PM

@KyleKanos numbers worked out for me

@0celo7 yeah, lower bounded estimate of over 100 million spiders in one building? That's definitely a lot

can you imagine being the workers who walked in to see that?

0celo7

@JohnRennie the reverse vampires are caught and used as cattle for their blood making abilities

Kyle Kanos

Maybe it is right. I'm just thinking about it backwards

0celo7

@Jim did one of them try to clear a path with a molotov? that's what I would have done

Jim

@0celo7 not me, I'd be too afraid that it'd piss off the rest of 'em. To get a population that size, I expect no less than Shelob to have been at the heart of the building

0celo7

Shelob is hardly the best spider

Kyle Kanos

7:04 PM

Aragog?

0celo7

@Jim imagine the butthurt if you took a fire hose and just wiped out everything

@KyleKanos that's what I was thinking

Kyle Kanos

Or do you mean Ungoliant?

Jim

nah, Aragog is nothing by comparison.

@KyleKanos Same spider

That's why they called her nest Cirith Ungol

NeuroFuzzy

Should I post problem solutions to a book, or not?

(obviously not on here, just in general)

Kyle Kanos

No. Shelob was the greatest of Ungoliant's offspring

Jim

7:06 PM

@KyleKanos ..... hang on..... crap she was

It's been years since I read the Silmarillion. Give me a break

0celo7

LoTR nerds...

Jim

fine, Ungoliant would be at the heart of it all

Kyle Kanos

@NeuroFuzzy If it's copy-righted, no. If it's to provide a resource for a HW question, no.

Jim

find a more badass spider than that

Kyle Kanos

Fan image of Ungoliant

Way bigger & more bad-asser than Aragog.

Jim

7:08 PM

^ that

NeuroFuzzy

@KyleKanos I don't mean posting the author's solution manual

Jim

Anything that's technically related to the gods and can eat the light of the world deserves some respect

@NeuroFuzzy what do you mean?

Kyle Kanos

@NeuroFuzzy If someone is terribly interested in finding the solutions manual, I'm sure they'd Google it. I just don't think it'd be useful as a resource somewhere on this site.

NeuroFuzzy

@Jim well, this site has a ton of solutions for (the 3rd, not 4th edition of) griffiths electrodynamics physicspages.com

Jim

and you want to post solutions for the 4th edition to that site?

NeuroFuzzy

7:13 PM

and I want at least paper copies of nice solutions to problems I do during indep. study. So why not type them up as well. But I'm doubting whether I'd be doing the world a service or not.

Kyle Kanos

@NeuroFuzzy If someone is terribly interested in finding the solutions manual, I'm sure they'd Google it. I just don't think it'd be useful as a resource somewhere on this site.

Jim

^ he said, not redundantly

skull patrol

7:36 PM

@NeuroFuzzy I think you would be doing a service to all the future indep. studiers

0celo7

derp

there should totally be some parenthesis there

skull patrol

Where

0celo7

$\nabla_{\dot\gamma}\dot\gamma^{[k}\dot\gamma^{i]}=0$ should be $(\nabla_{\dot\gamma}\dot\gamma^{[k})\dot\gamma^{i]}=0$

or $$\dot\gamma^{[i}\nabla_{\dot\gamma}\dot\gamma^{k]}=0$$

FenderLesPaul

@KyleKanos did you see that imgur post about the biggest villains in LoTR?

it was so fucking good let me find it

David Z

@Qmechanic as far as I know, the image uploader built into the SE post editor is the only way to get an image uploaded to i.se.imgur.com. (Or anything else that reproduces the same HTTP traffic)

FenderLesPaul

7:44 PM

@KyleKanos imgur.com/gallery/l6kjE

0celo7

@FenderLesPaul the notation in this book is kinda strange

FenderLesPaul

Ancalagon's scale comparison is insaaane

0celo7

like what is up with the stars being all over the place

FenderLesPaul

What stars?

0celo7

*

asterisks

also using $o$ for $0$?

or is that like his notation for "zero tensor"

Kyle Kanos

7:45 PM

@FenderLesPaul I did see that one

FenderLesPaul

@0celo7 page?

0celo7

65 bottom

84 bottom

FenderLesPaul

oh yea

that's weird

seems to be his zero tensor

0celo7

chapter 2 is familiar to me

I think

chapter 3 less so because that's super detailed

FenderLesPaul

wtf is the star

0celo7

7:50 PM

he writes the cotangent space $T^*$ with the star directly over the $T$

I wish this were Springer

seems like a cool book actually

FenderLesPaul

oh

I like sharps and flats better

0celo7

oh he puts stars for raising/lowering?

FenderLesPaul

He doesn't

oh

you mean De Felice

Yeah I think so

because he uses stars above tensors too

when the indices are suppressed

0celo7

who else would I be talking about lol

FenderLesPaul

For some reason I had Straumann in mind

0celo7

7:57 PM

do you know how to get 6.1.4?

I can't into fluids

FenderLesPaul

Take the derivative of 6.1.1. wrt time

adiabatic means $\partial_t \mathcal{E} = 0$

so that gives you a relationship between time derivatives of $\epsilon$ and $p, \rho_0$

not $p$ rather I meant $\vec{v}$

no wait that's wrong sorry

FenderLesPaul

8:15 PM

ok got it

@0celo7 since the flow is adiabatic, $dS = 0$ so from 1st law we have $dE = -pdV = -pd(m/\rho_0) = m\frac{p}{\rho_0^2}d\rho_0$

so $d\epsilon = dE/m = \frac{p}{\rho_0^2}d\rho_0$ which gives what he has

since $d\epsilon = \frac{D \epsilon}{Dt}dt$

0celo7

$\mathrm{d}S=0$? yeah I can't into fluids

FenderLesPaul

an adiabatic flow is defined has having no change in entropy

0celo7

seriously

FenderLesPaul

he doesn't seem to state that though

0celo7

nor does Wiki...

FenderLesPaul

8:20 PM

Wiki: "An adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a system and its surroundings; energy is transferred only as work."

i.e. $dS = 0$

0celo7

oh lol

pdV is work :D

FenderLesPaul

yeah