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12:14
@SineoftheTime I've come to this point $3A + 6Bt + 2B = t +1$
Maybe I got the particular solution wrong, I checked the derivatives and they should be correct
why are you stuck?
Sorry for the useless ping
@SineoftheTime I thought I was wrong, but everything is fine :D
12:34
@SineoftheTime But if instead of $(t+1)$ I had for example only $t$ , did the particular solution change?
I came up with the name $\Delta$-Theater for a construction
no it's nothing to do with the Hodge Theater
@SineoftheTime But wouldn't it always be first degree, so $(A+Bx)$?
yes, but you may get different values of $A,B$
Oh yes I meant the particular solution that I write initially
1 hour ago, by Pizza
so $y_p = t \cdot e^{2t} (A+Bx)$?
Was this always like this?
12:40
then yes, you have to search for a polynomial of degree $1$
in general, even if you don't have all the term, you still have to search for a polynomila with the same degree
it does not matter if the coefficient of $x^0$ is $0$
Oh ok, then one last thing, if for example from $ay^2+by+c=0$ , I found two equal solutions (for example the number 2)
So $m = 2$?
yes
do you know what is the multiplicity of a root?
So I can also not use Ruffini's rule
to do what?
@SineoftheTime how many times a particular solution appears in an equation
12:47
that's not fully correct but you got the spirit
we say that $x_0$ is a root of $p(x)$ with multiplicity $m$ if $p(x)=(x-x_0)^m q(x)$ with $q(x_0) \neq 0$
I was reading this
I don't understand
it's clear that $y^2-2y+1=(y-1)^2$
hence $1$ has multiplicity $2$
Is x/sqrt(y^2 + 15 xz) + y/sqrt(z^2 + 15 xy) + z/sqrt(x^2 + 15 zy)>3/4 for all x,y,z>0?
@SineoftheTime I got confused with the text
Sorry
since you're dealing with second order DE, you don't need Ruffini
12:55
hi
Ah ok thanks 👍
coupled linear diff equations where the rhs is of degree 1 can be solved using matrix exponential
how to generalise this process when the rhs is an arbitrary function
@RyderRude when you have a system of DE's ?
like, say dy/da=f(x,y) and dx/da=g(x,y). f and g need not be linear. let's say they r higher degree polynomials in x and y @SineoftheTime
when they r linear, we use matrix exponential here
can matrix exponential be generalised
wait a minute I'm writing an answer :)
13:03
@SineoftheTime I'm just interested in a method..
@SineoftheTime ok :)
so if I undestand, you f and g can be polynomials of degree >1?
Guys, a dumb question: which one should I use: "parametrization" or "parametERization"? I rather use the first one, but it seems it is not grammatically correct? (I'm not a native English speaker)
@Derso i use the first
@Derso I use a different term every time I write that word :D
13:08
@RyderRude Yeah like, the shorter the better
@Derso u can also Google it. it is the correct one
@SineoftheTime lol
@Derso there is a wiki with the first name
@RyderRude I did, but you, I wanted some really good mathematicians opinions :D
it is also inconsistent with the word "parameter". it should've been parameterization for consistency
Also, we create math words all the time, it's kinda expected they don't agree with stiff grammar rules all the time
Yeah, I see that point
there is also "meter" and "metric"
geometer and geometric
this seems like a rule
13:15
@RyderRude yes, it works
the hard part is to compute the exponential of the matrix
there's a general formula
even in the non-homogeneous case
@SineoftheTime but it is polynomial on the rhs. i think matrix only works for linear
@SineoftheTime oh
@RyderRude I'm not following you. The matrix is related to the coefficients of the functions
$y'=Ay+b$
@SineoftheTime yes, but this is linear
I'm looking for methods when the rhs is higher degree polynomial in x and y
like x'=x2+xy, y'=x3
13:19
so the equation becomes non linear. I misunderstood, I thought you meant $b$ to be linear
yes. Sorry. I meant that it's a first order derivative, but it's non linear in the other terms
I don't think there's a general method
but you should ask someone more knowledgeable than me
yeah... probably a method doesn't exist
i was thinking maybe we could generalsie a matrix exponential
in physics, we sometimes generalise it to a time ordered matrix exponential, but that is for somewhat simpler differential equations
like maybe x'=A(t)x + B(t) y
so the coefficients r just time dependent here
I don't know if it's useful
but if you generalize $\exp A$ you need to check if the property you want hold
yeah..but idk the specific generalisation here
13:27
me neither
the exponential of a matrix is cool tho
this post has the time ordered exponential math.stackexchange.com/a/2143963
it is really cool too
but it is still "almost linear" on the rhs
i guess we can only use matrices with linear stuff
non linear eqs are pain
yeah :)
thanks anyway...
14:10
are there any neat ways of constructing an injective but not surjective function $f: \mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ without using some arbitrary piecewise definition?
I wanted to just put it in a simple form $f(x) = ...$ without having to mess with brackets (idk how to do piecewise functions in latex)
suppose we take representations of $SU(2)$ on $S^2$. these do not contain the half integral reps
what happens if we take the reps of SU(2) on $S^3$? Do these contain the half integral reps
I can't imagine $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ or $\frac{1}{1-x}$ or something works, unless we say explicitly that this function is defined only for $f(x) \in \mathbb{N}$?
@Obliv hi. i think f(n)=n+1 is injective but not surjective
@RyderRude facepalm
thank you lol
:)
@Obliv what subject are u learning
sorry, i meant reps of su(2) on $L^2(S^2)$and $L^2(S^3)$ respectively
does the latter contain half integral reps
maybe the latter includes only half integral reps, like the former includes only integral ones?
i am representing $su(2)$ on the latter using left invariant vector fields of SU(2)
since this is faithful representation, does this only include half integral reps
because the integral ones are not faithful, as it is many-to-one
Bml
Bml
15:01
Hi everyone. I was reading an answer on Physics SE where it is said: "$E(2v)=4E(v)$ [...] implies that $E$ is quadratic. Now, it doesn't seem obvious to me. How can we prove that $f(2x)=4f(x)$ doesn't have a non-quadratic solution?
can we have a morsel of context, please? :)
what's $E$
Hi
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan Yes, sorry...
@BenSteffan See the most voted answer:
309
Q: Why does kinetic energy increase quadratically, not linearly, with speed?

Generic ErrorAs Wikipedia says: [...] the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass $m$ traveling at a speed $v$ is $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. Why does this not increase linearly with speed? Why does it take so much more energy to go from $1\ \mathrm{m/s}$ to $2\ \mathrm{m/s}$ than it does to go from $0\ ...

@SineoftheTime hi
but what does it mean for example $0 \leq r \leq \text{min}\{2\cos(\theta) , 1\}$
it's not ambiguous :D
@Bml I can't follow that answer
try to draw the function $\theta \mapsto \min\{2\cos \theta,1\}$
too much physics nonsense for me
what's $E(v)$, for a start
the answerer defines an $E(m, v)$ and then magically an $E(v)$ appears sans definition
I guess it must be $E(v) = E(1, v)$
15:14
@SineoftheTime It means that the radius is 1 if $2\cos(\theta) > 1$
Otherwise the radius is $2\cos(\theta)$ if it is < 1
What is the radius if they are equal
@Bml sorry but you'll have to do some translation work into mathematical language
what's $E$ supposed to be? A function $E\colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$?
15:16
$2\cos(\theta) = 1$?
Does that mean the radius can be both?
what do you mean?
since $E(m,v)=mE(v)$ and $E(\lambda v)=\lambda^2 E(v)$, $E$ have to be quadratic (?)
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan I guess so.
@SineoftheTime Why is it obvious?
@SineoftheTime what does "being quadratic" even mean here?
Is E a polynomial?
also I don't see how you get to $E(\lambda v) = \lambda^2 E(v)$ from $E(2v) = 4 E(v)$
without knowing more about $E$
Bml
Bml
15:25
@SoumikMukherjee Is it relevant?
@Bml what does "being quadratic" mean if $E$ is not a polynomial?
^same question
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan I'm not sure, but I guess "$E(v)$ quadratic" here means "dependent on the velocity squared $v^2$". Or not?
can't you search $E(m,v)$ in the form $f(m)g(v)$?
@Bml this is physics' land, you tell me :)
Bml
Bml
15:29
@SineoftheTime Sorry, I don't understand, can you expand on this?
@SineoftheTime is the $m$ argument even relevant to this at all?
...I think your chances may be better if you take this over to Physics ME @Bml
1
Q: How is the integral of a simple function well-defined in Folland?

psieI am reading Folland's real analysis text, section 2.2 on integration of nonnegative functions. I am stuck at the definition of the integral of a simple function and how to show it is well-defined. There are related questions/answers to mine which I've included at the end together with a short co...

I posted a question on main. In Folland's text, he defines the integral of a simple function in terms of the unique standard representation. Then proves linearity, which is a bit involved. In Stein and Shakarchi's book, however, using basically the same definitions as in Folland, they first show the integral is well-defined and linearity follows easily from this.
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan Yes, I did, but I didn't receive any reply.
I wonder, does the independence of representation follow from linearity? I don't see otherwise how to show it is well-defined given Folland's exposition.
oh no :')
15:33
I think the problem can be formulated that way: if $f(x,y)$ is a function such that $f(x,y)=xf(1,y)$ and $f(1,a y)=a^2f(1,y)$, prove that [...]
where [...] one should explain what is the meaning of "quadratic"
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime I think "quadratic" means "dependent on the argument (velocity) squared".
@SineoftheTime Sorry, I don't understand. Why does the answerer say $E(m,v) = m E(v)$, and why it is corresponding to $E(m,v) = m E(1, v)$? Why does the answerer say $E(a v) = a^2 E(v)$, and why it is corresponding to $E(1, a v) = a^2 E(1, v)$?
@Bml What's $E(v)$?
The answer doesn't say
but $E(m, v) = mE(1, v)$ implies that $E(v)$ has to be $E(1, v)$
this is a definition
well "has to" is rather strong, but it's the only way to make sense of it in the context of the answer
$E(m,v)=mE(v)$, if you let $m=1$ you have $E(v)=E(1,v)$
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime OK, but why $E(m,v)=mE(v)$?
15:48
@Bml that is explained in the answer
so we may assume $E(m,v)=mg(v)$ for some $g$, can we?
in particular, $g(0)=0$
@Bml hi. this notation is confusing. E can't simultaneously be a function of two variables on the left and of just one variable on the right. Use $g$ on the right like @SineoftheTime says
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime Why?
all we are left to prove is that $g(v)=cv^2$
@Bml $E(m,v)=mE(1,v)$ and $E(1,v)$ depends only on $v$
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime So we equal $E(1,v)$ to some $g(v)$, right?
15:54
yes
so the new question is: if a function is such that $g(av)=a^2g(v)$ and $g(0)=0$, can we say $g=cv^2$ ?
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime Yes... How to do that?
anyone has an idea?
is it even true?
if we assume that this function is analytic, then it has a power series
and then we can rule out the other terms
but without assuming analytic...
everything in physics is analytic :D
lol
But have u got any counter example functions which may be non analytic
maybe a general proof is possible
15:59
if $g(1) = c$ then $g(v) = g(v \cdot 1) = v^2 g(1) = c v^2$, assuming that $v$ is a scalar
maybe we can exploit quadratic forms from geometry
@BenSteffan niceee
$g(0) = 0$ you also get for free: $g(0) = g(0 \cdot 0) = 0^2 g(0) = 0$
if $v$ isn't a scalar then this won't do, of course
which, the question says that $v$ is a velocity
but then it also looks like it treats it as a scalar to me
also this shouldn't depend on the direction of force, no?
i feel g(0)=0 was already used in the proof of $g(2v)=4g(v)$ @BenSteffan
because they assumed the object at rest had zero kinetic energy
either way,
16:03
so, at the end $E=cmv^2$ (?)
yes.. the result has to be consistent with the assumption :P
@BenSteffan they r doing it for one dimensional motion
is it clear @bml ?
I think the coliding objects have to be collinear
@BenSteffan my world is being shattered right now
one can get the general formula for vector v by assuming rotational invariance
16:05
it seems "simply connected" is a translation error
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime Actually no, could you resume from the principle?
Riemann originally wrote "einfach" as in "onefold"
what is not clear?
@Thorgott ?
@RyderRude sweet, so that should be q.e.d.
@Thorgott today I learned
that makes a lot of sense
yeah, except his notion of connectivity has nothing to do with what we've come to know as connectivity in homotopy theory
16:08
also not too surprising
Riemann lived too early
it's only the notion of simply/onefold connected that coincide
Bml
Bml
@RyderRude Can you show me this?
yeah, he called a surface $(n+1)$-fold connected if $n$ was the maximal number of pairwise transverse neat arcs/loops that do not disconnect it
this $n$ turns out to be the dimension of $H_1(M,\partial M;\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})$
ah, I saw that question too
16:09
@Bml prove the formula for 1D motion, then rotate the experiment and collide the clay ball on a wall. Assume the same amount of heat is generated
oh you answered it actually
so the KE of the rotated experiment must be the same
yeah, that's how I got here lol
Bml
Bml
@RyderRude I'm confused. What formula do I have to prove?
16:11
okay suppose abody is moving at velocity is a vector (a,b,c)
chat is busy today :)
u can rotate ur frame of reference to make this a vector of the form (root(a2+ b2+c2), 0,0)
and now apply the usual argument for 1D motion KE as given in the answer
so the KE is 1/2m(a2+ b2+c2)
this assumes that the KE of an object is the same as the KE of the rotated object
which may be justified using collision temperature thought experiments
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime 1) Why should it be $g(av)=a^2g(v)$? 2) Why should it be $g(1) = c$?
the first one follows from $E(av)=a^2E(v)$
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime Yes, but I don't understand why...
16:22
$ma^2g(v)=ma^2E(v)=mE(av)=E(m,av)=mE(av)=mg(av)$ hence the equality
@SineoftheTime the question only gives the case $a = 2$
maybe you could say how to pass from that to general $a$?
I thought it was mention in question for general case
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime OK, but why $ma^2E(v)=mE(av)$?
as Ben pointed out, I thought it holds for general $a$. Maybe you can prove it from a physics point of view
@Ben turns out I was having a bit of an ESL moment, apparently "simple" and "onefold" are also synonyms in English, just less commonly used
you can find "singly/doubly connected" in the older literature, too, the former completely synonymous to "simply connected"
the antonym always being "multiply connected"
16:36
@Thorgott yeah, but it feels weaker in english
at least to me
same, I also was always under the impression it was supposed to be the other meaning of simple/einfach
yeah, I agree
but then it was pointed out to me that we also speak of simple poles/zeros and then I had to cave
ah, that's a good point
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime OK. From m a^2g(v) = m g(av)$, what are all the steps leading to $E(v) = mc v^2$?
16:42
@Bml why should $E(v) = m c v^2$ hold?
$E(m, v) = m c v^2$ holds
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan Yes, sorry. I intended to write this.
I think it would be good at this point to derive this on your own
all the identities you need are in the chat history, most multiple times
@BenSteffan is it possible to prove the prove the property for general a assuming it holds for a=2?
@RyderRude maybe
I haven't thought about it
it feels like an interesting problem... i am dividing the domain into equivalence classes : x ~y if x/y = 2^z for some $z\in Z$
16:50
@RyderRude is it possible to derive it for $a\in \mathbb N$ from a physics point of view?
@RyderRude if it is true then by some approximation argument and continuity, I bet
then for each equivalence class, we can define $E(x)$ for some arbitrary element of the class, and this fixes the value of $E(x)$ at all the other elements of the class
@BenSteffan yes..
@SineoftheTime from a physics point of view, u can assume an analytic function...and then only the quadratic term survives
Bml
Bml
17:15
@BenSteffan @SineoftheTime @RyderRude I went through the physics of this problem. Assuming $E(m,v) = m E(v)$, the most general case is $m E(v+u) + m E (v-u) = 2m E(\sqrt{v^2+u^2})$, i.e. $E(v+u) + E (v-u) = 2 E(\sqrt{v^2+u^2})$. What we examined is the case in which $u=v$, which reduces to $E(2v) = 2E(v \sqrt 2)$. I don't know how the answerer got $E(2v)=4E(v)$.
How to solve $E(v+u) + E (v-u) = 2 E(\sqrt{v^2+u^2})$
@Bml u r probably using a different argument from the one in the answer. The one in the answer is perfectly fine imo
u don't have to work with the most general case
the answer switches to a frame in which one of the objects comes to rest
It is not the most general thing to do but it doesnt need to be
Bml
Bml
@RyderRude Yes, you are right. I realized that after writing my reply. Good catch.
@RyderRude OK, but can we solve $E(v+u) + E (v-u) = 2 E(\sqrt{v^2+u^2})$ to see what is the solution?
@Bml like, see what kind of E satisfies this?
did you switch to a frame which is moving at speed u?
$E(2v)=4E(v)$ is due to the conservation of energy
Bml
Bml
@RyderRude Yes. It sounds like a functional equation.
17:29
@Bml idk how to solve these... maybe someone else can help
that looks like the sort of problem you can take to the main site
@Bml I'm getting E(v+u)+E(v-u)=E(v)+E(u)
the problem is not solving it, since $x\mapsto x^2$ satisfy the functional equation. The problem it to show that is unique, and I'm not sure this is even correct without further hp
@SoumikMukherjee are you watching the final?
no
who is leading?
17:36
Magnus
5.5-2.5
oh
I did not expect that
I did not expect that you did not expect that
I thought the match to be more close
maybe Reza is stronger in 1+1
I think Magnus is slightly better in every format, because he is Magnus
Do you like topology? @SineoftheTime
yes
general topology
17:41
cool
I had only a taste of algebraic topology so I can't judge
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan I don't get why $g(1) = c$.
if i represent su(2) algebra on L^2(S^3), do the spinorial reps show up
Do all the irreps show up
@SineoftheTime Firo tilted a bit after the first loss, but I think there is still hope if he converts the ongoing game
@Bml it is short for : assume g(1)=c, becuz it must be some $c$
17:45
@AlessandroCodenotti If Magnus starts to lose 2/3 games in a row in faster time control, Firo has a chance because Magnus is nervous
Regardless of how it ends I'm happy Firo is playing the KID
@Bml there's no why to get, this is a definition
Bml
Bml
@RyderRude Can't $g(2)$ or $g(...)$ be equal to some $c$?
Although I'm not at all familiar with this modern 7... h6 in the classical KID that he's been playing every game
17:47
@Bml yes, but....
every value of $g$ is equal to some $c$
I'm out of shape and I don't remember the openings
by, y'know, the definition of function
maybe it's a new line? sometimes lately GMs are playing slightly inferior lines tho
@SineoftheTime I'm no opening expert either, the KID is the only one I've spent a serious amount of time learning
17:49
there's a 500+ pages book with the openings
The games in the database in this line seem to be mostly recent. Every time I see a classical line but with an early h6/a6/h3/a3 thrown (or even h5 etc) in I assume it's an engine influenced idea
but it's not updated
yep! that's the new trend. using engine to study openings, but imo it's not a good idea
anyone want to play chess?
Because I know people really care about this: if I keep paying my mortgage the way I have been so far, it will be completely paid off in 2048, almost 3 years early! (yay?)
Bml
Bml
@BenSteffan Ok, let's try. $g(v) = g(v \cdot 1)$, and $g(v \cdot 1)$ is of the form $g(a \cdot k)$, with $k=1$ and $a=v$. So, since $g(av) = a^2 g(v)$, then $g(ak) = a^2 g(k)$, and setting $k=1$ and $a=v$ we have $g(v) = v^2 g(1)$. Setting $g(1) = c$ by definition, we have $g(v) = cv^2$. Are there other assumptions I'm missing?
17:56
@AlessandroCodenotti even h5!
iirc Ding started this h3 trend in his match against Nepo
Bml
Bml
@SineoftheTime I can only say $E$ is differentiable, then continuous.
gg :)
@SineoftheTime
Did you like Rxf2 :)
ggs to you, you're a good player

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