« first day (1125 days earlier)      last day (3813 days later) » 

12:42 AM
@Transmissionfrom I'm also quite frustrated with it. I would dearly love to be able to click Scholar on the black top bar and get a scholar search instead of a regular web search, the same way Images works. Customization of that black bar has come up a number of times on google forums and they seem to me to be flat out not interested in that.
The best I can come up with is typing in scholar and then tabbing twice to get a direct search from the chrome 'omnibox', a la
But I'm also very frustrated that typing in something as unambiguous as "phys rev lett 111, 235502 (2013)" does nothing like what it should do (i.e. turn up the damn paper!)
 
@EmilioPisanty I do that too. I've started to do it more and more often, maybe it's time for a Chrome extension :>
 
Well, there's chrome extensions that will let you fiddle with the top bar
but none of them will let you switch between different types of google searches
something to do with extensions not being able to mess with what goes in the omnibox except via codewords, or something
 
1:14 AM
0
Q: The gamma^5 question

Emilio PisantyThe question How do you show that ${\gamma^5}^\dagger = \gamma^5$? was recently closed as homework-like. I agree that this is in somewhat of a grey area as far as ontopicness here goes, but I think this is because the core of this question is a maths question: is it possible to prove such-and...

 
None interested in Mpemba? Duh...
So, I did the experiment (somewhat okay-ish) on Sunday
At first, I took readings once every 10-15 mins or so...
Both cups are wholly identical, made of silver. I placed a thermocol below, in order to prevent non-uniform heating because the hot water may transfer the heat to the frost faster and may eventually get colder soon.
 
@CrazyBuddy Which experiment?
 
@BrandonEnright Mpemba effect - I've been speaking about this for a long time..!!! :D
... Then, I placed a container (not lid) above the cups. So, heating takes place only by conduction via the metal. Whenever I take the readings, I take both cups out, measure the temperature and put both back in, at the same time.
 
Interesting.
I've only seen you talk about the wing size / speed thing recently.
 
@BrandonEnright But, umm... it's home experiment. It didn't come out to be right. Hot water didn't freeze fast (I can't speculate a thing) :/
@BrandonEnright Yeah... Now, this one :P
 
1:29 AM
@CrazyBuddy Reading wikipedia, it sounds like you should try to reproduce some of the describe circumstances
 
@CrazyBuddy I have prettier plots!
 
@ManishEarth I love gnuplot :-)
 
(band structure of graphene along an arbitrary circuit, just made it to test a procedure I wrote)
@BrandonEnright yeah!
 
@ManishEarth What the???!!!! O_O
Awesome anyway... (though I dunno what that is...) :D
(continuing)...The next day, I had a guilt-feeling whether I had disturbed the system often by taking measurements every 10 mins. So, I did the experiment again, with water which was once boiled then cooled. Now, I measured every 30 mins and got more or less the same plot. o_O
 
@CrazyBuddy do you have a infrared (laser) thermometer?
 
1:33 AM
@BrandonEnright Nope... O_O
 
Also, do you have glassware?
 
@BrandonEnright Like what? Spectacles? or lenses?
 
@CrazyBuddy beakers / conicals
@CrazyBuddy do you have some Amazon-like service easily available to you in India? Something that would sell laser thermometers and glassware?
 
@BrandonEnright Nah... But, umm... won't beakers (after closing the lid) take too long to freeze?
 
@CrazyBuddy The listed explanations of the effect suggest it could have to do with convection / evaporation which means you shouldn't seal the container
 
1:35 AM
@BrandonEnright Even if we had, I'm not really in a nice condition to buy it :/
 
@CrazyBuddy I asked because I'd buy them for you if you did.
 
@BrandonEnright Yeah, I read those... But, Physics FAQ looks nice ;-)
@BrandonEnright For that, I placed a tupperware container above, so that water wouldn't evaporate
 
@CrazyBuddy But it seems to me you should actually encourage evaporation
By, for example, adding acetone to the water
 
@BrandonEnright OIC, so I should allow hot water to evaporate?
Then, it's obvious that the experiment would work... Right?
 
The suggestion that extensive evaporation of the hot water to reduce the volume is one way the effect works sounds very reasonable
@CrazyBuddy It still seems pretty non-obvious to me. One could totally imagine a case where anything you do to increase evaporation also delays freezing enough that it always loses
I think if I were to try to demonstrate the effect I'd heat one container of water to above the evaporation point of acetone and another to just below it and then add equal parts acetone to both
and then pop both in the freezer. I bet the hotter one will win
 
1:43 AM
@BrandonEnright Wait. Letting the hot water to evaporate (by not using any tupperwares above), the temperature can be easily reduced... Isn't that so?
@BrandonEnright That's cool..!!! Maybe, I'll try getting some acetone here :D
 
@CrazyBuddy Indeed it definitely reduces the temperature but at a cost of making it hotter. Which wins? The Mpemba effect claims suggest you can make the benefit of evaporation outweigh the drawback of the heat
@CrazyBuddy Very high proof alcohol could be almost as good a choice
Alright I need to go but it sounds like a fun experiment so you should keep posting about it as you try stuff :-)
 
@BrandonEnright I will... Better I'll bookmark the conversation :D
For now, (till I do my next) the confusion is this...
Hot water, initially having a difference of more than twice that of cold water, at the final stage differs only by a degree...
How can both freeze at the same time? o_O
(... is exactly where my confusion lies)
@BrandonEnright BTW, regarding the IR laser thermometer, is it fast?
(reply when you come back)
For instance, my thermometer takes about 15-20 seconds to reach equilibrium :/
@ManishEarth: You have any suggestions?
 
2:36 AM
@CrazyBuddy Instantaneous.
@CrazyBuddy You can see me use one in this video: youtube.com/watch?v=OVq1Phi2bTA
 
3:36 AM
Is anybody there?
 
@Anonymous Yep
 
I have a quantum mechanics question, can you help?
Intro
 
@Anonymous To be honest, probably not but go ahead.
 
I'm just a little confused with singlet and triplet states, my professor said they related to the s and p orbitals in chemistry, but I'm not quite sure how-I thought p orbitals held 6, not 3 electrons...
 
@Anonymous Manishearth may be able to answer but you'd do better in the chemistry chat
 
3:45 AM
Away I go~ Gracias
Wait the chem stack exchange is not nearly as lively
 
3:56 AM
@BrandonEnright I asked that because my thermometer is based on conduction (probably thermocouple I guess)
@BrandonEnright Hmm... I've subscribed to your channel somewhere in the past (but, haven't seen your videos) :D
 
@CrazyBuddy I don't actually fully understand how laser thermometers work and it's a question I've been meaning to ask on the main site
 
Well, what do you do there?
@BrandonEnright Ask it away :D
 
@CrazyBuddy In the video I linked I get nylon very very hot with mineral oil
 
@BrandonEnright No, not that... Generally, what do you do?
 
@CrazyBuddy Oh my official title is "Information Security Investigator" but what that really means is that I'm an information security professional and I specialize in incident response and forensics
Basically I'm on the defense side of hacking although I do spend a lot of time maintaining my offensive skills too.
 
4:05 AM
Oh... nice :)
 
I personally focus mostly on "big data" analysis, machine learning, and a bunch of math and statistics for sifting through large quantities of data
It's a pretty good job which allows me to pursue almost anything I want (within reason) for hobbies
 
@BrandonEnright like what? NSA? :P
 
@CrazyBuddy No I work for a (very) big technology company and I focus on corporate security.
What the NSA does, doesn't surprise me but really pisses me off.
 
Hehe :D
Looks like our Gamma-question got a nice revision :)
3
Q: Can one show that ${\gamma^5}^\dagger = \gamma^5$ directly from the anticommutation relations?

Psycho_prIs it possible to show that ${\gamma^5}^\dagger = \gamma^5$, where $$ \gamma^5 := i\gamma^0 \gamma^1 \gamma^2 \gamma^3,$$ using only the anticommutation relations between the $\gamma$ matrices, $$ \left\{\gamma^\mu,\,\gamma^\nu\right\}=2\eta^{\mu\nu}\,\mathbb{1},$$ and without using any specific ...

 
@CrazyBuddy Yeah I voted to reopen. It was a pretty good edit. We don't see a lot of those.
 
4:11 AM
Within 8 hours, I've been shot by two users for VTC'ing the question :D
 
@CrazyBuddy Shot?
 
@BrandonEnright comments :)
one here, and one under one of my blog posts :D
 
user54412
4:28 AM
@Anonymous the p orbital has total orbital angular momentum quantum number l=1, meaning it allows for 3 projected orbital angular momentum quantum numbers m=-1,0,+1...
 
user54412
...but the electron also has 2 spin "angular momentum" possibilities, and these are independent of the orbital numbers
 
But I thought they were called spin triplets?
 
user54412
@Anonymous yes, but everything doubles because wherever 1 electron is allowed, another with the opposite spin is also allowed
 
user54412
basically, the full state of an electron is the (tensor) product |position> x |l,m> x |s,sz>, and that last term gives the factor of 2
 
user54412
the middle term is the singlet for s-orbitals, triplet for p-orbitals, etc.
 
4:51 AM
Hiya @ChrisWhite :)
 
user54412
@CrazyBuddy Hi there
 
5:07 AM
sigh Internet disconnected...
@ChrisWhite So, have you selected your gravatar? Fast Chris..!!! Hatzz are coming :D
 
user54412
hmmm, I wonder if there are any galaxies that look good in hats
 
You're still greenish... Even John Rennie has brought his facebook profile pic :D
@ChrisWhite Duh... Why? No faces? At least, select a comic face or something :P
BTW...
3 hours ago, by Crazy Buddy
How can both freeze at the same time? o_O
^^^ What do you think?
 
user54412
@CrazyBuddy well, they can't freeze at the same time, at least not if the masses of water are equal
 
user54412
but they can freeze arbitrarily close in time
 
@ChrisWhite Can they?
 
user54412
5:18 AM
well, if you put the samples in, say, a blast freezer, then they would both freeze quite quickly
 
Wait.. I think I get it now. The curve is exponential. Right?
Newton's law of cooling
 
user54412
yep
 
That the rate depends on the initial temperature... :D
@ChrisWhite Yay..!!! I get it.
 
user54412
your first graph seems a bit weird with the cooler sample - it looks linear rather than exponential
 
user54412
the second graph looks better
 
5:21 AM
@ChrisWhite Because, like I said, I disturbed them often -- I have to take readings, ya know :)
Open the freezer every 10 mins...
The hot water isn't affected much, because it's at higher temperature, while the cold water isn't... Right? :D
while the second one, I noted the values once every 30 mins :D
 
user54412
@CrazyBuddy that sounds right - if the ambient air in the freezer temporarily goes from, say, 28 F to 40 F, then T_cold - T_air is affected a lot, but T_hot - T_air isn't
 
user54412
and the time derivative of T_cold is proportional to T_cold-T_air
 
@ChrisWhite Isn't it the other way around? T_hot-T_air is affected lot, while T_cold-T_air isn't? o_O
Or, am I confused? -_-
 
user54412
Suppose T_hot = 100 F and T_cold = 45 F, with T_air = 30 F. Then ΔT_hot = 70 F and ΔT_cold = 15 F. Now if T_air goes to 40 F, ΔT_hot becomes 60 F and ΔT_cold becomes 5 F. The hot water will cool at 60/70 it's original rate, while the cold water will cool at 5/15 its original rate.
 
user54412
hmmm, I just searched a term on wikipedia, and it took me to the hindi page rather than the english page
 
5:35 AM
@ChrisWhite Oh, I get it... I thought exactly the same - but got confused with the language :)
@ChrisWhite I've got a few terms that have gone in french/ukrainian or something (can't remember it now) :D
What's the term?
 
When summing the wave function of fermions, why is there a negative sign?
 
Well, you can use Google to translate pages... Right? :D
 
user54412
@CrazyBuddy "delta" (I wanted to copy/paste the symbol from somewhere)
 
ah...
 
user54412
@Anonymous you're going to have to be more specific
 
5:39 AM
Apologies, I don't really know what I'm talking about
This site says there's a negative for fermions
 
Anyways, Thanks @ChrisWhite :)
You too @BrandonEnright :D
 
user54412
5:54 AM
@Anonymous well, if you accept the rule "ψ(a,b) = -ψ(b,a) for indistinguishable fermions a and b," then you can derive that minus sign somewhat straightforwardly
 
I'm not sure why they're anti symmetric though, either.
 
user54412
just write the most general case ψ(a,b) = α ψ_1(a)ψ_2(b) + β ψ_2(a)ψ_1(b) + γ ψ_1(a)ψ_1(b) + δ ψ_2(a)ψ_2(b) and plug in, and it will force α=-β, γ=δ=0
 
user54412
but as to why that rule holds... that's a very deep thing called the spin-statistics theorem
 
Where did that general case come from?
 
user54412
@Anonymous particle a has to be in either state 1 or state 2, and the same for particle b, so there are 4 ways to assign each particle to a state
 
1:35 PM
We have an open bounty on Astronomy.SE for anyone who can help the OP solve their right ascension and declination calculation:
7
Q: Calculation of right ascension and declination

Jackson HartI am confused about this problem: If I see an object from Mount Teide (longitude is 16"30'E and latitude is 28"18'N) that passes the meridian (azimuth=0) at 5h (am) UTC, and I also know that the elevation of the star is 43"40', the stellar time at Greenwich at 0h UTC is 22h20min. How can I calc...

 
 
3 hours later…
4:28 PM
0
Q: SciComp migration option?

Kyle KanosThere have been a number of posts recently that I wanted to mark for migration to the scicomp.SE site (e.g., this recent one on RK4), but the only options for migration are this meta site and the math.SE site. I usually just leave a comment suggesting the OP ask on the scicomp site, but should ...

 
4:38 PM
Whoops... I totally forgot that we have a session :/
What? No session? sigh -_-
For what it's worth...
Welcome to chat session, to whoever hanging around :(
 
5:05 PM
Well someone has to take the initiative and get it started
 
Howdy @DavidZ ;-)
 
hey there
 
You're lecturing these days (which is why you're late). Right?
 
teaching, but yes
my class overlaps the time of the chat sessions
 
Teaching undergrads? About... (particle physics?)
 
5:12 PM
No, electromagnetism
It's an introductory class
 
Oh, nice... :)
 
Hi all! Anyone understand why the moon causes high tides in the ocean directly under it (when the moon is above the observer on the earth) AND in the ocean on the opposite side of the planet (when the moon is "under" the observer)?
 
@Arc676 I can give you a lot of Phys.SE questions on that...
 
OK, then I'll search and save you time
 
@Arc676 Well, IIRC feynman addresses it somewhere I guess... 2 mins
 
5:17 PM
2 mins for what?
 
get the linky :)
 
Ok
Thanks for the link @CrazyBuddy, I didn't consider that centrifugal force could create a tide
 
you're welcome :)
 
The part I don't get is why the centrifugal force only create a tide DIRECTLY opposite to the moon
 
Because, centrifugal force is caused by inertia...
Instead of moving straight, it's pulled by gravity radially inwards, whereas inertia wants the object to move straight (tangential)
The net effect leads to an outward force
 
5:29 PM
AH, I see it now
 
You can also think of it this way: gravity pulls the water on the near side of the Earth away from the Earth, and it pulls the Earth away from the water on the far side.
 
@DavidZ Yeah, but Feynman doesn't like it to be stated like that... :P
 
Well I do
 
LOL
 
Yeah, I tell most of my classmates the same thing :D
Because @Arc676 is quite familiar with Feynman diagrams and stuff, I told him that way :P
 
5:31 PM
This has nothing to do with Feynman diagrams though...
 
I noticed :P
 
@DavidZ I know... I meant that he knows lot of things in Physics, compared to layman :D
But, umm... both are equivalent. Right?
Gravity pulls the neared tide somewhat greater than solid Earth and much greater than the farther tide...
 
You mean both ways of describing the tidal effect, in terms of centrifugal force and gravity? Sure
 
@CrazyBuddy I don't actually know that much about physics :P
 
@DavidZ: Your blog, how much do you pay for it? (why not depend on some hosting service?)
@Arc676 Neither do I... :D
 
5:37 PM
:D
 
@CrazyBuddy I do use a hosting service... it's very difficult to keep a website online without one ;-)
It's something like $25/month
plus the domain which is $10/year
 
@DavidZ Well, what's the difference? For instance mine ends with "wordpress.com" If I start paying, I can setup a crazybuddy.com. But, what's the difference between both?
 
If you pay for your own hosting, you can get complete control over the computer that powers your site
 
So, the data is vulnerable if you own it. Right?
 
whereas with Wordpress, most of it is set up for you, and all you have to (or get to) do is post content.
 
5:40 PM
Everything's in your computer (no, not you... you maybe secure)
 
@CrazyBuddy what do you mean by that?
 
@DavidZ I guess both of us have a different scheme. In wordpress, if I setup my own site, files, posts, everything will be in our local machine, or something like that...
@DavidZ: So, let me get this straight - you pay for the site, and by that, you can modify it anyway you wish?
(unlike mine... I can't modify, except just change the theme)
 
@CrazyBuddy I thought wordpress.com was centrally hosted
@CrazyBuddy right
 
@DavidZ Wait... Oops.. I confused that with wordpress.org :D
 
What exactly is entropy? I'm not asking for an explanation (unless "measurement of order and chaos" isn't correct), but a category. Heat is the average thermal energy in matter, so it's energy, but what is entropy?
 
5:47 PM
Last month, we got some reputed questions :)
10
Q: Intuitive understanding of the definition of entropy

mapleIn Wikipedia, the definition of entropy goes like this: $ d S = \dfrac{\delta q_{\rm }}{T}$. The literal interpretation of this equation is that some amount of heat transferred into a system, if the temperature of the system is high, the entropy is low. Wikipedia also said that the entropy stands...

17
Q: Intuitive understanding of the entropy equation

mapleIn thermodynamics, entropy is defined as $ d S = \dfrac{\delta q_{\rm }}{T}$. This definition guarantees that heat will transfer from hot to cold, which is the second law of thermodynamics. But, why do we denote entropy as$\dfrac{\delta q_{\rm }}{T}$ other than $\dfrac{\delta q_{\rm }}{T^2}$,$\df...

(by same author, on the same topic -- quite lucky) :D
 
@Arc676 Heat is really the transfer of energy, not the energy that's already in matter
I'd suggest you look at Wikipedia's article on entropy for starters
 
@DavidZ What do you mean by "transfer"? (BTW, I just realized that the average of thermal energy is TEMPERATURE not heat, so that was completely off.)
 
@Arc676 Temperature is a measure of average molecular motion
 
I mean that in order to have heat, you must have energy moving from some system to another.
The thermal energy that a system just has is sometimes called "heat" in the colloquial (informal) sense, but it's not the physics definition of heat.
 
6:33 PM
@CrazyBuddy Well, temperature is proportional to the average energy per internal mode. For simple gasses that is microscopic kinetic energy, but for other systems it can manifest in other ways.
 
7:13 PM
@DavidZ /cc @CrazyBuddy Well, getting crazybuddy.com is a matter of DNS, not hosting.
But if you get hosting+DNS you may get complete control. Services like WebFactional don't give it, but DigitalOcean gives you full root access to a virtual host
 
Yeah, I thought we were talking about hosting, not DNS.
 
7:33 PM
@ManishEarth ah... Well, I don't know much about these stuff. I was just wondering whether there's any difference (other than control), between an example.com and example.provider.com
@dmckee That's one definition I've never heard of... :D
 
@CrazyBuddy ah. example.provider.com is a subdomain. The owner of provider.com can make as many subdomains as he wants, for free.
@CrazyBuddy But this is all DNS
Each FQDN is associated with an IP (multiple FQDNs to a single IP is OK). If you own the DNS record for example.com, you can tell it to point to crazybuddy1995.wordpress.com
 
okay, then wordpress.org is self-hosting. Right?
 
However you'll have to customize your wordpress settings so that it will accept the domain name. Not sure if WP allows that
@CrazyBuddy yeah
 
@ManishEarth So, when I pay the provider, that's what he does..??
 
I want to share this video with everyone youtube.com/watch?v=ZMByI4s-D-Y
 
7:36 PM
@CrazyBuddy He buys you an FQDN and associates the record, yes
 
@ManishEarth Nah, it asks for some money :D
 
To summarize the video, the "roundest thing in the world" has been created out of silicon-28
 
@ManishEarth: Okay, I get it now :D
 
A "perfect" sphere of silicon
 
@Arc676 saw that a few months back...
 
7:37 PM
@CrazyBuddy Really? Great! I didn't finish it.
If the volume of the sphere is 4*pi*r^2, and pi is irrational, how do you get the exact volume of the sphere?
 
@CrazyBuddy Not sure it will if you own your own DNS.
Because all that involves is them adding a VirtualHost entry on their side, which is free.
 
@ManishEarth: You confused me with your last. I can have my own DNS? Even if I had one, I still have to rely on him to make it public (no?). So, I owe him something... o_O
 
@CrazyBuddy Yeah, so if you own a domain (that you have to buy, but not necessarily from wordpress), you can easily redirect stuff
 
Oh, fine... Okay for now :D
@Arc676 You can't...
 
@CrazyBuddy Is this why the constant explained in the video is the number of atoms and not the weight or the volume?
 
7:44 PM
@Arc676 The sphere may still have flaws. I don't believe there's any perfection in this entropic universe (at least, not in the macroscopic world)
 
HEY I CAN UPLOAD IMAGES IN CHAT NOW :D
Too bad @DavidZ isn't here (DavidZ found out you need a certain amount of rep to upload)
 
user54412
@called2voyage RA = (22h20" + 5h + (16.5/15)h) mod 24h; DEC = arcsin(sin(LAT) sin(ALT) - cos(LAT) cos(ALT) cos(AZ)); all the equations are on Wikipedia :)
 
8:06 PM
@CrazyBuddy Is it correct that the new value of Avogadro's constant is the number of atoms in the sphere precisely because you cannot find the exact volume of a sphere? (Of course at a picometer scale it's not a sphere)
According to this image, quarks can interact with photons. Does this actually mean that they are physically interacting? If so, doesn't that mean that quarks CAN have color by absorbing and reflecting different wavelengths of light?
 
@Arc676 Define "physically interacting"
 
@ManishEarth "Touching"
Bouncing off each other
 
Define touching
Define bouncing
:P
And no, they can't, because while a single quark may randomly emit a photon of a particular color, a bunch of them will average out
 
Bounce: to change direction due to physically contacting other tangible matter
 
@Arc676 The particle model is really not a good way to look at fundamental interactions
 
8:14 PM
The new trajectory is equal to the opposite of the angle at which one object touches (comes into physical contact with) another relative to an axis perpendicular to the surface of the second object
 
@Arc676 physical contact?
 
Wow, I edited that a lot
 
These are oscillating fields. We can view them as particles, but it's always better to keep both pictures in mind
 
@ManishEarth I didn't mean the fundamental interactions, I meant color
 
Anyway, like I said, a single quark may flash various color photons, but many together will not.
@Arc676 The touching you describe is a fundamental interaction
 
8:16 PM
@ManishEarth Why not? Because they are too small to be seen, like pixels on an HD TV?
 
@ChrisWhite The OP has some more specific concerns which I don't have the time to research.
 
@Arc676 No, because it's random and the net energy emitted has to be zero
It works for molecules because the electrons are in energy levels caused by the atom potention
 
@ManishEarth What's random?
 
We don't have that for quarks
@Arc676 The color of the photon emitted.
 
@ManishEarth How is it random? Light coming from any source has a color doesn't it?
 
8:18 PM
@Arc676 A quark is not a source
 
@ManishEarth How is touching a fundamental interaction? To touch is to move towards tangible matter until the space between them is too small to be noticed on the scale at which the matter is being observed (never a zero value)
 
@Arc676 Well, "bouncing"
 
@ManishEarth Can't the photon bounce off the quark? Can't the quark absorb certain wavelengths of light?
 
@Arc676 I think we would have some conservation issues there, not sure. But yes, this can happen. But why would it absorb certain wavelengths of light?
Again, random
 
@ManishEarth I have absolutely no idea why absorb exactly THAT wavelength, but all you need is to ask why blue paint is blue
I can say "up quarks are red because blue paint is blue"
All you have to do is find the reason for which stuff has the color it has (which I do not know)
 
8:21 PM
@Arc676 Blue paint is blue because the electrons are confined to certain energy ranges due to quantization. And that is due to the electrostatic potential of the system.
The electrons can only transition between certain energy states, and one of those corresponds to the wavelength of blue.
But up quarks can absorb whatever energy they want, and speed up accordingly
 
I see
However I do not see how touching is a fundamental interaction
 
You could put the quarks in a system where they are affected by some potential; however then the system gains the color, not the quarks
@Arc676 Well, in the sense you were talking about, it seemed like you were talking about fundamental interactions
When a photon is absorbed/emitted by a quark, that is a fundamental interaction
 
OK, so the color of "stuff" depends on the electrostatic potential of the "stuff" which is the amount of energy smaller stuff has when its there, right?
 
Also, iirc you can't bounce a quark off a photon
Nov 13 at 8:24, by Logan M
@ManishEarth For perturbative renormalizability, the only terms allowed are those with dimension 4 or less. Fermions in the SM have dimension 3/2, while bosons have dimension 1. So the only 4 point functions which are nonvanshing at 1st order in all coupling constants are 4 boson interactions. Assuming you set up your perturbation theory in the standard way, the 4-point vertices in the SM are HHHH, HHZZ, HHWW, gggg, and WWXY where XY=γγ, γZ, ZZ, WW.
Because that would be a 4-point vertex in the feynman diagram
@Arc676 It depends on the quantized energy levels.
 
Define "quantized"
(if you can ask me to define touching, I can ask you to define quantized right?)
 
8:29 PM
Quarks interact with photons via a 3-point vertex, the same as charged leptons. All it means is that quarks have electric charge. So you can have scattering between quarks and photons in the same ways as electrons. You could get a Thomson scattering diagram like this except with quarks, say.
 
@LoganM So I CAN have a diagram in which an up-quark pair annihilates into photon (even though it's much more likely to produce a gluon)?
 
@Arc676 If the colors are the same, yes
If the colors are not the same, you have to get a gluon
@Arc676 When you solve the equations for the system, it turns out that the particle can only have a discrete set of energies.
 
@Arc676 Yes, an up-antiup pair can annihilate into a photon.
 
@ManishEarth Colors of the quarks right?
@ManishEarth OK
 
@Arc676 color as in the strong force charge-color-thing
 
8:33 PM
@ManishEarth I forgot what it actually means XD What are the 3 types of charge in chromodynamics ACTUALLY representing?
On another topic, if empty space isn't really empty, then why do we call it "empty space"?
 
@Arc676 Well, it's as close to empty as it can get, thus empty space.
You may be mixing paradigms here though
 
@ManishEarth ?
 
@Arc676 nothing, just three types of charge. Instead of +/-/0, you have a/b/c/0/anti-a/anti-b/anti-c
 
Isn't that the flavor of the quark?
 
No, flavor=up/down/strange/etc
 
8:36 PM
Right, and different flavor really just means different mass right?
And with different mass comes different ways to decay right?
 
Different flavors of quarks have different masses, but the flavor is a separate property from mass
 
@DavidZ So what actually changes with flavor? I heard that there is a neutron that is composed of the quarks USB (<- LOL USB external storage) while a normal one is UDD, but quarks are not composed of anything
 
It's just a quantum number, i.e. a property of quantum fields. Something like charge, but different.
 
Oh. Is there a reason quarks have fractional charge?
 
There might be, but we don't know it yet.
 
8:44 PM
@CrazyBuddy That version applies to things like the Ising model as well as to ordinary gasses and solids. It is also necessary for explaining the difference in specific heats of gasses with different structure (monoatomic, diatomic, polyatomic) and as the temperature rises enough to pick up the vibrational modes.
It is fairly important.
 
@DavidZ Wait, never mind. If you have up-like quarks with +1 charge and down-like ones -1 charge, the neutron (UDD) results to have -1 charge.
If you have up-like quarks with +2 and down-like quarks with -1, the neutron problem is solved, but protons (UUD) become 2+2-1=3
So in order to have three particles come together and form a bigger particle and have the charges that we observe, they must have fractional charge
 
Sure. Though we could just as well have made our unit of charge e/3, and then all particles would have integer charge. Protons would be +3, electrons -3, up quarks +2, down quarks -1, and so on.
 
Good point
No wait
if an up-quark and an anti-down quark can annihilate into a neutral boson (+⅔ and +⅓), then having them with integer charge they would become +2 and +1, resulting in 3, so yes, that would work...
Is there such thing in physics as "entropy conservation"?
 
Nope
Entropy tends to increase, but there's no conservation associated with it
 
I didn't understand previously, does this mean that entropy is neither matter nor energy, but an entire "thing" by itself?
 
8:58 PM
Entropy is a property of systems. An extensive (i.e. depending on the amount like mass rather than not depending on amount like temperature) property.
 
@dmckee I don't follow, are you sure you meant "rather than not"?
Because that means that NOT "depending on mass" means NOT depending on temeperature
 
I mean that if you start with a system and add it to a second identical system the entropy increases just like the mass increases and unlike the way the temperature does not increase (you just get more system at the same temperature). The distinction is labeled by the words "extensive" for quantities that depend on the size of the system and "intensive" for quantities that do not.
 
Oh
So there is virtually no limit to entropy right?
No wait, if entropy INCREASES with DISORDER, can I get to the "entropy limit" by breaking down EVERYTHING in the universe until there is NOTHING but quarks pulled apart from each other at 99% of the distance at which they produce another quarks pair (long flux tube)?
Right?
 
Don't get too hung up on descriptions like "entropy increases with disorder". Your intuitive understanding of the words will get in the way. There is a precise mathematical meaning to the word and that math is the definition. In any case the system is constrained by the available energy and you describe a system that has much more energy than the universe around us.
 
OK
Well, I have to go now, so bye all!
 

« first day (1125 days earlier)      last day (3813 days later) »