Mathematics

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May 4 13:22
oops, thank you.
May 4 13:17
does this define a bijection from $\mathbb{R}$ to $(0,\infty)$? Let $f: \mathbb{R}\to (0,\infty)$ be defined by $$\begin{cases}
-\frac{1}{x} & x\leq-1 \\
0 & x=0 \\
2+x & -1<x \\
\end{cases}$$
Feb 6 05:37
i think it makes more sense to do that instead. idk what i've written here like what even is $\vec{A}(f(\theta))$
Feb 6 05:36
i think u can also convert to polar unit vectors
Feb 6 05:35
if there is a simpler way of answering this, i'd like to know
Feb 6 05:34
over the interval. $f'(\theta) = -R\sin\theta\hat{i} +R\cos\theta\hat{j}$ $\int_0^{2\pi}\vec{A}(f(\theta))\cdot f'(\theta)d\theta$ becomes $$\int_0^{2\pi} R^2\sin^2\theta + R^2\cos^2\theta d\theta = \int_0^{2\pi} R^2d\theta = 2\pi R^2$$
Feb 6 05:34
im wondering if this answer makes sense to you: Since we're integrating a circle of radius $R$, it makes sense to parametrize the integral as such. A circle of radius $R$ going from $0\to 2\pi$ in the counter-clockwise direction is given as $f(\theta) = R\cos\theta\hat{i} + R\sin\theta\hat{j}$. Since we want the contour of this circle, we take $\vec{A}(f(\theta))\cdot f'd\theta$
Feb 6 05:32
In the context of this question: A vector field has the form $\vec{A} = -r\sin\theta\hat{i}+r\cos\theta\hat{j}$, where $r$ is the radius from $(0,0)$ and $\theta$ is the angle from $x$-axis, i.e. $r = \sqrt{x^2+y^2}$ and $\tan\theta = y/x$ and take on the usual polar coordinates.
a) What is the line integral of a $\vec{A}$ on closed path formed by a circle of radius $R$ moving counter-clockwise?
Nov 27, 2024 18:37
how would I go about this? I just plugged in the definition as $$\frac{d}{dx}(f+g):=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}+\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{g(x)-g(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{f(x)-f(0)+g(x)-g(0)}{x-0}$$
Nov 27, 2024 18:33
I can just plug in the limit definition of the derivative to verify. yeah that seems legit
Nov 27, 2024 18:32
I'm guessing that's the impossible case, since if I'm allowed to define piecewise-defined functions then d) is possible, and so are a) and b)
Nov 27, 2024 18:31
I'm having a hard time thinking of c) @leslie
Nov 27, 2024 18:23
lol
Nov 27, 2024 18:23
for d) I was going to define f in that manner but maybe it's not necessary
Nov 27, 2024 18:22
Nov 27, 2024 18:22
do you think this question applies to non-piecewise defined functions only?
Nov 15, 2024 19:42
First 6 chapters are mostly group theory stuff?
Nov 15, 2024 19:40
@nickbros123 good luck. What chapters/sections is it on
Nov 15, 2024 19:40
@think_meaning_buildß I'll try :P
Nov 15, 2024 19:37
I do genuinely put an effort to learning btw, even if it might not seem like it over chat. I hope no one ever thinks that I'm purposefully being obtuse
Nov 15, 2024 19:33
Thank you
Nov 15, 2024 19:33
Sure, and you are correct but I didn't see it immediately until I applied it directly myself.
Nov 15, 2024 19:32
No, I understand it now.
Nov 15, 2024 19:32
He said $a\cap \{a\} = \emptyset$ is equivalent to $a\notin a$
Nov 15, 2024 19:31
@think_meaning_buildß But he didn't
Nov 15, 2024 19:29
For your very helpful comments
Nov 15, 2024 19:29
Ty peanut gallery
Nov 15, 2024 19:28
Sorry, I didn't see that.
Nov 15, 2024 19:28
I see, since $a \in \{a\}$, it must be true that $a\notin a$
Nov 15, 2024 19:28
OHh
Nov 15, 2024 19:27
@Jakobian The axiom of foundation applied to the singleton $\{a\}$ says that $\nexists z(z\in a\land z\in \{a\})$
Nov 15, 2024 19:26
I was just applying it directly with $x$ being $\{a\}$
Nov 15, 2024 19:26
I don't see how $a\notin a$ follows from the formulation of the axiom on the wiki page. It says for any nonempty set $x$, $\exists y \in x$ s.t. $\nexists z(z\in y \land z \in x)$
Nov 15, 2024 19:22
I don't think that's what it says. Doesn't it say there exists an element of the set $\{a\}$, call it $y$, such that $y\in \{a\}$ and $\nexists z(z\in y\land z \in \{a\})$
Nov 15, 2024 19:19
So $a$ only contains $\varnothing$. I guess that makes sense.
Nov 15, 2024 19:19
I'm just wondering what happens when we now consider the element inside of $a$, (Not $\{a\}$)
Nov 15, 2024 19:18
@Jakobian I know, and $a\cap \{a\} = \varnothing$ I'm not disputing anything
Nov 15, 2024 19:16
@think_meaning_buildß You are free to join the discussion. I'm not sure why you think I'm not listening carefully
Nov 15, 2024 19:15
I'm listening
Nov 15, 2024 19:14
but now is the underlying 'set' $1$ empty?
Nov 15, 2024 19:14
$1\in \{1\}$ with $1\cap \{1\}=\varnothing$
Nov 15, 2024 19:13
consider $\{1\}$ as a concrete example then
Nov 15, 2024 19:13
The axiom applies to all nonempty sets, so is $a$ empty or nonempty?
Nov 15, 2024 19:12
what does it contain?
Nov 15, 2024 19:12
Okay what about $a$
Nov 15, 2024 19:12
okay let's stick to natural numbers
 

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General chat for Physics SE (physics.stackexchange.com). For M...
Dec 3, 2024 23:15
only depended on T, the temperature in absolute kelvin. The combination of classical electromagnetism (accelerating charges emits EM radiation) & statistical mechanics (to predict average energy of an oscillator inside the cavity) gave us mostly correct predictions of the energy of blackbody radiation but how does the experimental side work?
Dec 3, 2024 23:12
finding that the chemical makeup did nothing to change their measurements of the thermal radiation
Dec 3, 2024 23:11
The idea is they have a heated object of various chemical makeup, that is hollow inside, probably spherical for easier calculations, then a small hole of known dimensions to measure power/energy output at certain temperatures
Dec 3, 2024 23:10
How exactly were scientists measuring thermal radiation from blackbodies in the early 1900s/late 1800s?