Why does a liquid change into its vapour form when kept in a sealed container(or otherwise)? What's the driving force?

@AnnamalaiSriram @Jayadithya @Safdar

@RobinSingh Equilibirum?

@Safdar Have you qualified Jee?

@Mayank Yes..

Congrats

You would qualify it as well

@Safdar But what makes the liquid to change into its vapor?

I was actually reading the answer to this question and he says, "The force that is driving the solvent molecules to the vapour phase is the difference between the entropy of the liquid and the vapour phases: when the molecule escape the liquid there is an entropy gain", I feel like there's a problem here but not quite sure

@RobinSingh I am not deep in concepts . Yes It might be but I think there should be some kind of "ease" in it that is for example in case of solid the rate of entropy to make the solid to liquid or gas is very very slow. If you give some energy then the entropy will increase and makes it to overcome inter molecular forces and become as a liquid.

is there any book or website to learn whole iupac organic naming ?

Why chlorine is most electronegative while fluorine's electron affinity is the greatest?

@everyone

@Safdar

@Mayank This is incorrect. Fluorine is most electronegative and the value of electron gain enthalpy of Chlorine is most negative

@Newton If you want to learn it hardcore then coaching material and a good teacher is the best option

@Newton My coaching teacher has uploaded videos on Nomenclature on YouTube-youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNm4_1dkgZ8aeFOnUfTE-yCXQ52BQpDDZ

If you are comfortable with Hindi

@RobinSingh I just interchanged them :(

Why fluorine is most electronegative while chlorine electron affinity is the greatest?

Please help me. I am seriously confused.

@Mayank Yo

What you wanna know?

The core issue with your understanding here is : Electronegativity and Electron gain Enthalpy are phenomenon that occur in different conditions: Electronegativity is a bonded phenomenon, while Electron Gain Enthalpy is measured on isolatedatom

Hmmm

I am unable to understand what electronegativity is.

What this means is that, fluorine has a high charge density,which means that it has a tendency to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond towards itself

This DOES not mean that fluorine will also be looking to accept electrons when it is a standalone atom

Please realize that

Fluorine MAY or MAY NOT like accept electrons when it is kept as an isolated atom

This readiness to accept electrons as an isolated atom is the methodology for measuring electron affinity

While the tendency to attract the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond is measured by electronegativity

For something to be more electronegative, it should have a high charge density( that is, a lot of charge crammed into a small volume)

But this same high charge density plays against fluorine's favor when you look at electron affinity

Because when you look at an isolated atom ,when measuring electron affinity... You are not just looking to attract the electron towards fluorine, you are looking to literally stuff the electron and fluorine and measure whether energy was released or absorbed

Now I already meantioned that fluorine has a high charge density... This is good for attracting electrons to a certain distance.. But to push the electrons into the atom, it will lead to a lot of inter-electronic repulsions, as the 9 electrons of fluorine are crammed into a small volume

This is the basic difference standing between electron affinity and electronegativity: Electron affinity is measured on an isolated atom while electronegativity is seen in a covalently bonded phenomenon

@Mayank Did you get what you wanted to understand?

I am reading

I got it. Thanks

@YusufHasan How charge density affect the tendency to attract shared pair of Electrons?

@YusufHasan YO!! jee result out>>>

@Safdar screenshot of jee scorecard you can put a black marker on personal details?

@Newton start from your chemistry text book. If you still want to learn more, read the blue book of organic nomenclature, by IUPAC

JEE is nothing guys think beyond the engineering, love science it will land you on the land of success if you feel and zeal it .

@Yuvraj Are you an IITian?

what u feel>>?

I think so

@Yuvraj

Guys!! I reported an error in NCERT chemistry to Prof. Sanjeev Kumar who was one of the contributors in the making of the book and HE REPLIED BACK!!!

I don't know why I am so happy

@Mayank As you move from left to right in the same period, the number of protons and electrons increase by 1 simultaneously

But as electrons are spread out over a large area, while the protons are tightly packed in the center within the nucleus

Hmm

So, the overall tendency to attract electrons increases in the bonded situation, as more "dense" is the central nucleus, more will be the attractive electric field it will exert on the shared electron density

Do you know Gauss' law for electrostatics?

That would give you a rough idea

@YusufHasan nope

@RobinSingh From where did you get his email id? It isn't mentioned in NCERT

It basically says that that if you consider electric field over the entire surface of a charged species, then that quantity called "electric flux" (which is basically a kind of product of electric field and area, but you don't need to worry about that now) is proportional to the charge density.. So in a rough sense, the effect a charged species will produce in 3-D space is directly related to how much charge has been crammed into a particular volume

As charge density increases, it basically means that more charge is getting crammed into a relatively small volume, and by Gauss' law, you can roughly say that this increase in charge density is increasing the pulling effect of the nucleus on the shared pair of electrons

I have just started studying electric flux.

You can see this more directly by using the differential form of the law, that is div(E) is directly proportional to charge density. div(E) is basically called "divergence of E", that is, it measures how much the electric field diverges out of a given source

Think about a tap

Or rather, think about a tank which is full of many taps

Hmm

Imagine that this water tank is going to supply water to 5 cups kept around it... So to do that, it will have to send water out of the tank, via some pipes into each of thd cups, right?

Right

Or in another sense, can we say that the tank being the source, and the water flow will diverge out to reach those 5 cups?

Yes

Yeah... Now suppose that in one case, the taps filled the tank to the brim and then the cups were filled... While in the other case, the tank was half filled, and then the filling of the cups was done by draining the tank... If the volume of the tank in both cases is same, and the height difference b/w the cups and tank in kept same in both cases

In which case do you think the water flow will be faster?

@Mayank The names of the people have been mentioned in NCERT itself, just search them up on google, most of them have a kind of profile in which their e-mails have been provided.

I am sorry for interrupting

@YusufHasan I think 1st

@Mayank Yes exactly, this is based on your common experience anyway... The bigger water column in kept initially, more will be the pressure generated by the water column, and faster the outward water flow should be, a case of hydrostatics

In other words, what we interpret from here is

More was the water density in the tank,faster was the water flow

The same idea is applied to charges in electrostatics as well

More is the charge density of the source( in our case, the positively charged nucleus), the electric field (analagous to the water flow) will be proportionately more "stronger" (analagous to the faster water flow)

Hmm

Did you get my point? I have just explained the concept of divergence to you in a simplified manner... By sign convention,when something like the electric field or water flow is flowing "out" of a source, it is given a positive sign.. So these were examples of positive divergence

Hmm

And of course, as the strength of the attractive electric field increases, the pull on the electrons in a covalent bond also increases and hence electronegativity also goes up

Ohhhhhh I see

Once you learn the actual laws, you can actually calculate all this stuff and see how it correlates with electronegativity as an interesting exercise :)

Thanks @YusufHasan

@YusufHasan Molecular Nanotechnology......?

@AnnamalaiSriram Ok yeah, missed your previous queries sorry.... Major work in this field probably occurs at the master's or graduate level...So don't really expect to do a lot of paradigm shifting stuff at the undergrad level( and it is not even required as well).Ways to move into this field would be either to enter a good biotechnology program from an engineering college, or enter an interdisciplinary course of biology, physics and chemistry...customizing things as you move along. If

you can get engineering courses offering such flexibility, with a good repute for the biotech department, then by all means go for it (maybe IITD and IITB Biotech are okay). But one difference you may face is that again, a lot of research may not occur for you at the undergrad level( as their nano labs ofcourse take participants from master's level). If you want to get good research experience at the undergrad level itsef, then I would definitely suggest going for basic science colleges

like IISERs, IIsC, CEBS, etc. which allow you a lot of flexibility in choosing courses from various branches of science, and thus develop your own path towards nano-technology. Plus before graduating from your UG degree, you will have to submit theses which are specifically focussed on undergrad research....Again, it's your choice but if all of your peers are working towards a similar cause, then I believe it manifests the culture of research like I said previosuly. Plus, you can always enter

nano labs from various other colleges from India and abroad after graduating from such places...So I may favor a basic science degree customized over different subjects over an engineering major, but again...You can as easily enter this field if you choose a related engineering major with a reputed history of good graduates

It's a shame that "non-core" branches are often looked down upon as they don't pay that much...Otherwise a good Nanoengineering course would have been ideal for you, but unfortunately I don't think India has such an option for undergrad(correct me if I am wrong). Beyond that, I feel that it would be your call, out of the two major paths I outlined above

Also, I would just add that if you really want to do something in UG find a good Professor whom you can work with and learn from, this might not help you now but it will definitely help in sometime

@YusufHasan you require a good General rank to enter into IIT Delhi good branch

@Yuvraj Yeah I realize that, that's why I wrote "If you can get engineering courses like XYZ" XD

@YusufHasan this year jee turn into disaster

for many my sis as well she got very bad rank

But that's what I feel, that particularly if you want to enter nanotechnology, then the name is a misnomer... It is actually a natural science field, but because of it's interdisciplinary nature allows entry from a lot of areas(similar to material science)...For me, a good interdiscplinary knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology and maths would be good enough to enter nanotech

@Yuvraj That's sad. I haven't been following the JEE for sometime. I heard the results are out

@YusufHasan yesterday

But why do you call it a "disaster"? I am afraid I have no context here, so please elaborate

disaster children who were good at there studies and focused lost concentration after exam dates shifted

some lost there ranks

some lost everything

at last some who could not appear in the exam due to COVID or any other factor just ripped by there results

Ah yes, I feel sorry for the conditions they were subjected to this year. I recall that only last year, how I was desperate for these exams to be over, and that was July and it was still getting too much to bear...I can only imagine how hard it must have been to wait till September to give these exams :((

but at last, one will say that these are just excuse

@YusufHasan It isn't over you know :-)

@YusufHasan i want to have some talk with you about research>>?

are you free?

actually, I got a chance to visit IIT Bombay

and some research faculty with some students

@Yuvraj This is one of the reasons that India's mental health scenario sucks, as Indian uncles think that they are entitled to give "sympathy" to students and not pass judgements... I for one am terribly tired of this "Padhai karo, bahana mat banao" attitude on even genuine issues :(

@Yuvraj Yeah go ahead

Okay...Which department at IITB?

chemistry

Ahh, cool cool :)

can you share what ug students of first and second year do in iiser

i have something interesting to share ..?

and the processes

@Safdar bhai result

1st year UG students study all the subjects IISER has to offer, including CS and computation stuff, so as to get a flavor of all the subjects....In the 2nd year, we select 3 out of the 5 subjects IISER offers as "pre-majors" and enter in more depth in those 3 subjects...In 3rd year finally we pick one of those 3 as our major

Yeah sure, please share what you wanted to :)

@Safdar Congratulations!

@YusufHasan you see my chem on attempt 2?

@Safdar Yeah, dipped to 98 from 99 I see...

@YusufHasan in IIT their research is engineering-oriented I feel

Did you apply something extra that you learnt from StackExchange or other chemistry books, and NTA rejected those claims on flimsy grounds? XD

and I love the what professor has said me quoting his exact words

of the chemistry department

he said "we are not good in research as like other iits and top iiser"

though most of you do not belive it because it is against one college but yes he said this

Oh wowowow!!! I feel humbled, being a part of the chemistry department of IISER :)

yes

in IIT Bombay most of the student enter just to get into top branch and earn he even refer to a student from cebs who got far better placed than there college

Yeah that's the general perception even I have received...Research needs an environment, I feel...where students want to devote themselves towards that task even though the money maybe a little less initially

That's what sometimes goes missing at the IIT's basic science departements

Most people are just trying to change their department to some engineering course, or else just drag the course out for 4 or 5 years in the name of IIT

when the research comes,but he even said that their college has a caliber to be India no.1 research institute students need to be oriented for this

@YusufHasan are you in contact with your teachers

in iiser'

Yeah, in much more contact than I want to be :P. Online classes are going on, so they keep sending us assignments, and I DM them when I get stuck or sthg

ok so keep in touch because somewhere in your life they will play a good push for you

@Safdar Congo

Our first quantum chemistry assignment I didn't get anything, so had a separate tution session with the professor just to solve the paper lmao

@Safdar same form my side

@Yuvraj or Alesha?

@Archer she just finished her jee exam

@Yuvraj How did it go?

@Archer

@Yuvraj it's okay, focus on Adv.

for whom..?

@Yuvraj your sis

bro Advanced is not a cakewalk even for jee main good scorer as well

@Yuvraj I know, but better say motivated.

@Yuvraj Did you give Mains too?

@Archer thanks

@Archer why..?

@Yuvraj Idk, I thought you said that last year.

i left the idea after kvpy interview

@Archer she is appearing for bisat

@Yuvraj let me know if I can be of any help :)

her problem is speed which needs in both mains as well as bitsat

@Yuvraj Any chance she is appearing for IISER Aptitude test? (personal branding 101 XD)

@YusufHasan yes both iiser and nest

mainly she want cebs mumbai

Ok cool, let me know if I can help...I can put you in contact with people who have cleared NEST with good ranks, and CEBS guys as well

@Yuvraj She needs to set her priorities now. Because Adv doesn't require speed but BITSAT does.

so guys if you can help her, you can i do not like her behavior towards jee which irritates me very much

@YusufHasan i mark your words

@Yuvraj what do you mean by attitude?

she is going deep in topics unnecessary e

@Yuvraj Researcher spotted! XD

I call this nuisance

sorry if it sound rude

because in jee you have to be limited towards the syllabus

@Yuvraj how deep are we talking about here? papers and research or just the why questions?

@Archer guide her for bits i want her in good btech college

with a good rank

Yeah I know, I was kidding...Of course JEE requires syllabus restrictions, you can go in depth later in college with your college major

@Yuvraj Does SHE want to do a B.Tech, as you said she wants to enter CEBS? That's also something that should be considered I feel...

she wants science but i and papa want btech

@Yuvraj why lol

@Yuvraj Forcing stuff on people would have very bad reactions (not forcing this idea on you guys)..

@Yuvraj BITSAT is easier than Mains but speed is a major factor. Do solve that 15 year question pprs book. Although questions are not officially released, that book is made by taking questions from students.

@Yuvraj That's not a very good premise looking at it on the outset I must say...What Safdar said seems quite valid

@Archer i advice her to spend just 2 minutes in a question

and then skip ii

it advice work for many

The moment they start hating the subject, the battle is lost.. Then recovery takes a very long time as you have to fix the mental trauma of stress( which was completely unnecessary in the first place)

@YusufHasan she is at no good to decide what he like and not

@Yuvraj wdym?

@AdvilSell he buddy! long time

@Safdar You got 99.8 percentile OMG :O

@Yuvraj Hii

@Yuvraj Why do you want her to do a b.tech, and she wants to enter science? I guess a comparison of arguments should be done....Again, Safdar's second message is quite valid

@YusufHasan let us see what she do in iiser and nest exam

@Yuvraj You never know that, give her some space

I would presume 18(/19 for that matter) is a good point to start making independant decisions

Aren't most of us in this group of that age? $\pm 3$ years max..

she is just 18

@Yuvraj Ok that's inconclusive again...Sorry if it seems rude, but this statement"not good to decide what they like or not" is quite a regressive statement where you are trying to take a supposed moral high ground

@Yuvraj yeah that's good enough even I am just 18 :)

@Yuvraj 18 is also an adult technically... And all Indians choose their colleges and majors at 18/19 only

So one year more or less doesn't guarantee a lot of maturity I would say

anyone heard from @Jasmine?

@YusufHasan if she scores a good rank we will think about it (if she scores well). she has no experience no guidance for nest and nor i

@Archer yeah, she said her rank was bad

@AdvilSell where?

@Yuvraj I can guide her if she wants me too...or get her in contact with the right people if she wants to

@Archer WA

cool let us see

@YusufHasan

@AdvilSell you all have a group?

@Archer what was your rank at bitsat

rank for cs in bits is around..?

@YusufHasan are there any electronics/robotics student groups in IISERs?

@Archer yeh

@Yuvraj But what is the primary reason you want her to do a btech? Besides the "she doesn't know what to do" bit? Maybe it can help you see whose arguments are stronger

@Yuvraj 390ish for Pilani, 370ish for Goa, and 350ish for Hyd

@Yuvraj there is no ranking

only marks

oh

@AdvilSell when was this made ;-;

@AdvilSell Yeah, we have a strong electronics and electrical laboratory at IISER, which includes a lot of physics majors mostly...Robotics is an upcoming club at IISER, but we do have some good robot wars and stuff

@Archer it's been sometime , I don't even remember

@YusufHasan we feel it is good for her anyway no more discussion on that everybody is upset with her jee result and especially I ,I have no wish to talk to her

@YusufHasan Oh cool !

@Yuvraj you are being unreasonable. She needs support and motivation for the next exams not frowning upon.

@Yuvraj You are her family man, you should support her

@Archer I made it last year I guess for Jasmine and a few other stackexchange users who regularly asked me doubts...Then gradually more and more SE users were added there and it expanded from just me answering to a self-monitored group

@AdvilSell bro it just that simple to achieve best you need to be best

@YusufHasan @Archer else just regret and that's it

@Yuvraj you don't need to compete within the family..

The competition is with the people who you don't even know.. ( maybe some here on SE you would know)

@YusufHasan add me also na..

@YusufHasan Oh, so it's just for doubts?

@Yuvraj people have an 80-year-old life, that is enough time to do anything she is just 18

@AdvilSell Are you learning any new skills like CP, App Dev, Web Dev?

@Archer Yeah mostly, although sometimes a little chit-chat is also done XD

@Safdar no competition starts with you and then rest, once you give done with advance we will have a detail chat about it

@Archer Not much I have started learning ROS and Verilog for now

@YusufHasan Add me :)

Hey guys, You should make a counseling room.

@AdvilSell What are these?

@Archer ROS is Robotics operating system (basically a OS that have some features that helps in functioning of a robot)

Verilog you must have been taught??

@Yuvraj still not with family members. (unless you have siblings of the same year)

@AdvilSell Interesting!

@AdvilSell nope

@Archer Digital system design?

@AdvilSell no

Is it in CS syllabus?

@Archer Yeah it must be at somepoint

@AdvilSell My CS syllabus starts next year.

This year only Economics.

@Archer ah that is why

@Archer @Safdar Ok send me your whatsapp numbers in a personal chat room, I will save that and then you can remove the message

@YusufHasan I've sent on FB..

@Safdar you are enquiring about the app?

@Yuvraj I was.. a long time ago..

@Archer what you have been up to?

we have made just a few days away may be 14

@AdvilSell they have tripled the number of evaluatives. I am worried about not gaining new skills.

@Safdar app is sufficient for jee advance papers +notes +tricks

it's like 3 midsems for us now, (with less weightage)

@Archer that is the case for me now, we literally have 10 test per subject

:((

But I have to start somehow!!

it's very important for placements

to have good projects to show

yeah what are you planning to learn ?

@AdvilSell App Dev is most interesting for me. So that, coupled with CP.

@Archer coool !

@Yuvraj what are you doing these days?

@Archer have you tried web dev?

@Yuvraj I just started CS50s Web Dev but coudln't continue after 2nd week.

Because it had too many terms I didn't understand.

@Archer management concepts and material science

@Yuvraj ??

@Archer ??

this is in our third seme

we have total 24 credits this semester

@Yuvraj so...?

@Yuvraj same

But 1 is EVS xD

what do you guys think, CGPA matters?

@AdvilSell a lot, in BITS at least.

Because we have internships dependent on CG

@AdvilSell yes it does matter a lot

@Archer How??

Can't you look for internships?

@AdvilSell bits-pilani.ac.in/university/practiceschool/AboutPSII

@AdvilSell here, college provides and that's one of the best things about BITS.

many students get a PPO in these internships.

@Archer hmm!

@Archer OH, I didn't knew that

@Archer which BITS are you in?

@Archer my best friend is in your bits

@Yuvraj yeah you told me...

one more

@AdvilSell it is cgpi which give the biggest hit at placement if you did not have good cgpi

For placements, an 8+ CGPA ensures more shortlists (and then its down to the placement process and your performance in it)

@YusufHasan Thank you very much for suggestion.

@Safdar Congrats!

oh yeah @Safdar Congrats! Hope you do well in Advanced :)

@YusufHasan sorry bro if i sound rude during my chat, you have certainly a good temperament at least better than me

I swing with thoughts, and that is the biggest mistake I generally do.

@Yuvraj No issue man, I didn't find anything rude :)