English Language & Usage: Multi-Layered Discourse Room

Robusto

00:20

@tchrist It's even worse than that. Thanks to 9/11 they have some kind of Enterprise "Sharing" program (not its real name) whereby law enforcement can pull over law-abiding citizens and shake them down, take their money and other stuff and those so deprived have to prove they own that money or it's forfeit. How is that anything but literal highway robbery?

I read about it in The New Yorker and it was in the Sunday paper again today.

Ice Boy

00:47

Isn't it in the constitution that you can not break the law to enforce the law?

And whatever happened to innocent until proven guilty?

tchrist

01:13

@IceBoy That’s something of a myth. If they arrest you, they want something for their time. So they will super-over-charge you with insane things to force an out-of-court settlement. It’s pure extortion.

Ice Boy

So the cops now want to stay out of the courts that make the laws that they enforce.

@tchrist That's pretty cowardly, in my opinion.

Cerberus

Settlements should not be allowed in criminal cases.

"Saving money" by not going to court to get a real judgement undermines the justice system.

A summary execution also saves money, but it is not just.

Ice Boy

01:44

If a cop wants to make a name for himself he should jump at the chance to go to court.

Instead, they look for that big bust that will put their name in the newspaper.

Cerberus

Yeah, that sucks.

But it's actually public prosecutors that do this, not policemen.

Ice Boy

02:12

glorified cops

Cerberus

Umm they are not policemen.

Ice Boy

if it walks like a duck and talks like a duck

and most importantly in this case acts like a duck :)

Cerberus

You might want to look up the definitions of policeman and public prosecutor.

Ice Boy

public prosecutor: (noun) glorified cop

Cerberus

02:30

> The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law.
> A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder.

Prosecutors prosecute but do not use force. Policemen use force but do not prosecute.

It is true that there are some similarities. But the two functions are expressly distinct.

Ice Boy

not in my urban dictionary

14 mins ago, by Ice Boy

if it walks like a duck and talks like a duck

Cerberus

sighs

Prasad Shrivatsa

04:18

Hello everyone

Could someone see if this sentence has correct subject verb agreement? - "Ship after ship are leaving for America."

I feel it should be 'is'

Anonymous

04:48

@PrasadShrivatsa books.google.com/ngrams/…

RutvikSutaria

06:47

screen turns black while surfing.

don' know what the problem!

@WanderingLogic Hi, nice avatar

hey

@WillHunting There is proposal for Debian in Area51!

Will Hunting

@hey Haha, there is already Unix and Linux. I hate all this splitting...

I think we don't need so many sites. I am for merging many of the sites.

For example, ELL and ELU should be merged, lol.

hey

@WillHunting there are 4 sites for mathematics, I don't think it is required.

@RutvikSutaria Then there might be problem with your graphic card.

hey

08:53

@Caleb Hello!

hey

09:16

4

Q: "Ma'am" or "Miss" in American English?

Is it common to address a female sales clerk as Miss in the US? What about ma'am? If neither is proper, what would you suggest?

Robusto

11:02

@JohanLarsson I'd be more impressed if the person complaining about Comic Sans hadn't simply defaulted to Arial, and had paid some attention to line breaks and kerning.

tchrist

11:21

@Andrew Have you ever looked at the OED entres for shall and will? They are both voluminous to say the least.

@WillHunting There’s a Unix.SE and a Linux.SE too? How come? What’s next, BSD.SE?

Andrew Leach

@tchrist No, but it's not up to me to find a General Reference. It's up to the OP to ask about what is confusing in what they have looked up.

Hmm. That might sound rather grumpy.

I don't mean to shoot the Devil's Advocate, or something.

Robusto

@AndrewLeach If you shoot the Devil's Advocate, then you will be required to play the messenger.

0

Q: What is the meaning of this expression "scream with sth"?

What is the meaning of the expression scream with sth? I find this expression when I look up the word scream at Oxford learner's dictionary. This is the example the dictionary gives: The kids were screaming with excitement. Do you have any ideas?

meaning expressions phrasal-verbs

Really, shouldn't this be on ELL?

I mean, he's looking things up in the Oxford Learners Dictionary, FFS. Greater evidence of pineapple status I cannot imagine.

Matt Эллен

So what reason can we use to close it here? Something isn't off topic here just because it's on topic somewhere else. This is the rule we have to follow. I agree that it's too simple, but we don't have that close reason, or do we?

lunches

Robusto

Our announced closing reasons are not a surgical tool.

Or at least not precise or comprehensive.

I get the feeling they're simply a retardant for our already not very streamlined closing mechanism.

I think keshlam has discovered the truth of the matter. What it looks like to me is that "raise a whim flag" is a case where whim is an OCR fumbling of white. We see a lot of that these days in cases where print sources are transferred to digital media without adult supervision. — Robusto 11 secs ago

I retracted my close vote on that question. A first for me.

Matt Эллен

11:49

I migrated it, on the basis that if it's too simple then I don't understand what they're asking.

Robusto

Now you're just being contrary.

Oh, you're talking about that question. Never mind.

Matt Эллен

:D

Johan Larsson

12:04

@Robusto I liked the arg lapp in response to arg lapp

Robusto

@JohanLarsson What do the Lapps have to do with it?

Johan Larsson

maybe they are easily offended?

Robusto

And that's why they keep moving?

Johan Larsson

moving?

Robusto

They are nomads, no?

user08742

12:11

@StoneyB What is this "but"? from Romeo

his same thought did but forerun my need,
And this same needy man must sell it me.

Robusto

@user08742 It means "merely" or "only".

user08742

but here it doesn't fit

Robusto

How not?

Wandering Logic

Any mods about?

I'm baffled why my Q on english.se was migrated to meta.english.se

7

Q: StackExchange's tag "synonyms" aren't. What should they be called?

StackExchange sites use tags to help users sort, search, group and filter the large volume of questions and answers. Sometimes there are cases where a tag has a common misspelling, or a meaning similar to another more common tag, or describes a (non-useful) subset of the things described by anot...

discussion

Robusto

Ask @AndrewLeach or @MattЭллен.

Wandering Logic

12:15

Here or in private room?

Matt Эллен

@WanderingLogic cearly it should have gone to metameta

Wandering Logic

if it should have been migrated at all it should have gone to metameta

Robusto

@user08742 Think of it also as "just"—"merely" in the sense of "only just slightly prior to" . . .

Wandering Logic

But I actually have a word choice question that I need answered before making a metameta proposal.

Robusto

Jinx!

Wandering Logic

12:17

If asking word-choice questions about computer User Interfaces are off topic at English.se then lets close this as "off topic".

Johan Larsson

@Robusto they were 200 years ago.

Robusto

@JohanLarsson No longer? I am disappoint.

user08742

like only recently?

Wandering Logic

If asking word-choice questions about computer User Interfaces are on topic at English.se, then please move the q back to english.se.

user08742

but why no recently?

Andrew Leach

12:18

@WanderingLogic The reason it went to Meta.ELU is that that is a standard migration route, which five users chose.

Robusto

@user08742 No. In the sense of "he thought of it only a moment before I needed it" (roughly).

user08742

so why not a moment here?

but includes that?

I but saw him in the park=I just saw him in the park.

?

Robusto

@user08742 Think of the meter. Shakespeare had to fit iambic pentameter.

user08742

Does my example work up there?

Wandering Logic

@AndrewLeach so Drew marked it as off-topic with migration to the wrong site and 4 other users mindlessly agreed in the review queue. Ok. I guess I should just delete it?

Matt Эллен

12:21

I am but a moment from understanding this problem

user08742

There is thy gold, =isn't this, "here is thy gold"?

Is this a mistake?

Matt Эллен

thy = your

user08742

i know that..there should be here

Matt Эллен

why?

user08742

coz its a money exchange..you wouldn(t say to your cashier, "there is 3 dollars." instead youd say "here is 3 dollars

"

Andrew Leach

12:22

@WanderingLogic Can't tell whether they mindlessly agreed or not. I can see why it's not a Meta question (it's "What word can I use for a one-way synonym?") but the way it's couched makes it a Meta question.

Wandering Logic

@AndrewLeach okay. I'll delete it.

Robusto

his same thought did but fore run my need. Those are the stresses (sorry, had to split up forerun because our markdown can't handle it.

but is there because it's a stressed monosyllable that means what it does.

Matt Эллен

@user08742 you can say "there is 3 dollars". It is not wrong.

Robusto

Especially in contracted form: "There's three dollars left in the register (or till)."

user08742

but here is more natural

Robusto

12:26

It depends on your point of view.

How is doing the noticing and indicating.

If you're offering money, you can say "Here's three bucks."

Matt Эллен

@user08742 about equal

Robusto

If the price is $5, the vendor can say, "Hey, there's only $3 there. I need five."

@WanderingLogic You do parallel processing? Do you know anybody from Georgia Tech in the same field?

tchrist

@Matt, I’m Madd.

I have just been false accused of plagiarism, and I seek a remedy to this libel.

Please check flags.

2

A: What does "Shall be" mean?

Your example is a deontic command, an instruction that something be done. It is equivalent to using the imperative mode directly: Stop the process to investigate the issue. For modals, English has: Exactly nine verbs that get full-time use: can, could, shall, should, may, might, will, wo...

Matt Эллен

I've deleted the comment.

tchrist

Thank you.

Robusto

12:37

Crap. I wanted to know what the offending comment was.

tchrist

I type fast, but not well.

Matt Эллен

@Robusto "It's a copy and paste"

tchrist

He responded to the user asking how fast I typed by pretending that I had copypasta’d that answer, not typed it.

Robusto

Look. Jasper sensed drama and here he comes.

tchrist

@AndrewLeach I was not disagreeing with you. I was merely expressing wonder at how much text the OED had for those two verbs.

Hm, that’s the old kind of wonder, too: the one that is full of awe.

Andrew Leach

12:44

@tchrist My plagiarism checker reveals 48 words, all taken from the RFC and correctly quoted and referenced.

tchrist

Heh.

That’s 48 out of 844, or 12/211, or 5.687%, so between 1 in 17 or 18.

RegDwigнt

@tchrist I'm afraid my knowledge of internationalization/localization is limited to the language side of things. As far as technicalities are concerned, the greatest feat I ever accomplished was localizing a Web site or two, by writing several HTML files where you'd normally write one.

tchrist

@RegDwigнt So you haven’t prepared message catalogues for programs to look up the language-specific version in? Lucky you; now I have to.

RegDwigнt

Contrary to popular belief, I program about as much as Robusto rules Persia.

tchrist

It’s rather a pain, because you have to diddle all your user-visible strings.

RegDwigнt

12:51

I can imagine. Which is why I keep out.

tchrist

I thought he was too busy ruling Prussia.

RegDwigнt

Precisely my point. Just like I am too busy not programming.

For example, right now I am fiddling with Powerpoint. Again. Have been for two weeks now. Again.

tchrist

Shit, that sucks.

RegDwigнt

Not after I'm done with it. Then it won't.

And going by my current speed, that might even happen before I die.

tchrist

6

Q: Localization in Perl using gettext and Locale::TextDomain, with fallback if Locale::TextDomain is not available

The "On the state of i18n in Perl" blog post from 26 April 2009 recommends using Locale::TextDomain module from libintl-perl distribution for l10n / i18n in Perl. Besides I have to use gettext anyway, and gettext support in Locale::Messages / Locale::TextDomain is more natural than in gettext em...

perl localization internationalization gettext

Good outline of “the problem”.

At the end of the day, you prefix all your strings with a double-underscore, which is somewhat minimal pain. What happens behind the scenes is non-trivial. And of course, you have to have the translations right.

People trying to translate single words in isolation make silly mistakes.

Because they are actually used in a phrasal context that makes inflectional and semantic demands that might not allow your translated word to work. Complete utterances are best, but parameterizing them can be tough.

RegDwigнt

12:58

Parameterizing is a binary value. Either trivial, or not worth the effort.

Robusto

@RegDwigнt Rumors of my ruling Persia are out of date.

Will Hunting

Here comes medium @Mahnax

Mahnax

@WillHunting Ah, you remembered.

Will Hunting

@Mahnax I also remember your birthday, lol.

Mahnax

@WillHunting Of course, and I remember yours. Did I miss telling you happy birthday this year? I can't remember, I've been so absent. I'm sorry.

Will Hunting

13:04

@Mahnax Doesn't matter. Ours are 2 months apart.

GnomeSlice

Today's Listening | Contemporary Classical / Instrumental

Mahnax

@WillHunting Well, happy belated birthday! Almost a month late, but you know what they say.

RegDwigнt

Lol @ contemporary classical.

Will Hunting

I should follow @GnomeSlice and also give out listenings each day, lol

Wandering Logic

@Robusto Quite a few. I currently work quite closely with Sunpyo Hong (relatively recent graduate, advised by Hyesoon Kim). I also know Tom Conte, Hyesoon Kim, Sean Lee, Moin Qureshi. I also know Gabe Loh, but he's no longer there. And my good friends Ken Mackenzie and Jon Babb have both been associated with GaTech in the past.

RegDwigнt

13:05

I didn't realize Haydn was still alive.

Will Hunting

Hello @cyril no smoking here

RegDwigнt

An no I mus reboot hs sitty Linux agai, becusei eats p every secod ltter ht I type.

FS

Wandering Logic

@Robusto Oh, and Milos Prvulovic, but I'm not sure he would remember me.

cyril

@WillHunting hi Jsper

RegDwigнt

test test test letters letters letters amaranthine khabarovsk dubya handsome

K then. Where was I?

Ah yes.

Wandering Logic

13:12

@Robusto Ahh. You mean really parallel processing.

Robusto

Yes.

RegDwigнt

What is it with Linux and not working?

It's like they're the same side of the same coin or something.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@RegDwigнt I've used a Linux desktop for 17 years and never had that problem

Robusto

@WanderingLogic Really deep stuff. I can't talk to him for more than five minutes before he loses me completely.

RegDwigнt

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 I, too, used a Linux desktop for 17 years before that problem first occurred. Now it occurs every other month.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

13:14

@RegDwigнt maybe your hardware is failing

Wandering Logic

@Robusto I (and most of the people I mentioned) tend to work on parallelism within a single box. Your brother-in-law is doing supercomputers the size of buildings.

RegDwigнt

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 this machine is pretty new. I get a new one every year.

At best, some RAM burning through, but in that case I'd be in deeper shit than this.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@RegDwigнt Could still be failing.

Maybe that's why my linux systems are stable... I never replace 'em

RegDwigнt

Yeah.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

Anyway my buddy has a weird USB problem where his mouse un-clicks while he's dragging it

RegDwigнt

13:15

I'm sure my first PC is still running. Somewhere in Nigeria. Sending money notifications to me.

Will Hunting

@RegDwigнt I prefer Windows.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

he's replaced: the mouse, the keyboard, the motherboard, the OS. Still happens.

Matt Эллен

I prefer doors: easier to get through

RegDwigнt

I prefer OS/2.

It appears we're at an impasse.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@RegDwigнt I have a copy of OS/2 Warp 3.0 if you want it

RegDwigнt

13:16

@MattЭллен that's where a door would help.

Matt Эллен

why don't you make like a door and open up?

RegDwigнt

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 let me think it through. Seeing how you still have it, I have a full sixteen years.

Will Hunting

I just hope that Windows 9 will look like 7 and not 8.

RegDwigнt

@MattЭллен so gay.

@WillHunting we already determined that it looked like shit. So you're lucky.

Matt Эллен

@RegDwigнt how Frank of you

Will Hunting

13:19

Anyway since I already wiped out my Windows, I can only use Linux now on my existing computers.

I have no Windows recovery disc to reinstall.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

Robusto

@WanderingLogic Yeah. Massively parallel.

RegDwigнt

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 how does that work? Does it push the unclicks onto some stack, so you have to click them off again? Or do you mean dragging with button down?

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@RegDwigнt Yeah. Mousedown to start dragging, then while dragging a mouseup happens, then a mousedown right away. So he ends up dropping something where it weren't s'posed to go, and picking up something else to drag.

RegDwigнt

Serves him right for dragging.

Ctrl+X Ctrl+V is the way of the pro.

But I'm only just noticing that since the reboot, I have re-opened exactly one window. This one.

I don't think that's how it's supposed to work. BBL

Robusto

13:23

@RegDwigнt What is the dumping place for deleted messages now called?

I want to delete one and I can't find the name.

RegDwigнt

What messages where?

confused

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@RegDwigнt He might be trying to draw a box around the items he wants to ctrl-x for all we know. The point is, it sounds a bit like your keyboard problem.

cyril

@WillHunting there are some sites to download windows .iso

Will Hunting

@cyril I don't trust those, and it would be too dishonest for me

cyril

you want to pay Microsoft :) good

Robusto

13:39

@RegDwigнt Where the room owner can move messages that he wants to delete.

RegDwigнt

Oh.

I haven't done that in years, let me check.

"Room" -> "move/delete messages".

Last item.

It's under mod options for me, though. Not under owner options.

Robusto

@RegDwigнt That's not what I mean. In the list that comes up after you find that link, there used to be a "Trash" or "Waste" chatroom target. That seems to have gone away.

RegDwigнt

Ah. Айн момент.

I only get the three buttons "delete", "relocate", and "cancel".

Let me see what relocate does.

It tells me to search for room name or create a new room.

I don't remember a dummy room for trash, but then again I never used this to delete, only for moving.

Robusto

Yes. And it used to be that the typeahead would find "Waste Bin" or something like that if I typed wast.

RegDwigнt

My guess would be that someone created that thing, then TPTB got wind of it and nuked it.

Doesn't sound like a particularly useful thing to have.

Robusto

13:45

In any case, can you scroll up to where I say "name withheld for privacy reasons" and delete that message for me?

RegDwigнt

1 messages deleted

Oh. I was going to say "dun", but this thing writes for me.

That means I can totally cheat.

Robusto

Thanks.

RegDwigнt

9001 messages deleted

So cool.

435162 messages updated to include poster's street address

Will Hunting

All users deleted

RegDwigнt

You can't delete anything, Jasper. You can't even delete your own account.

hey

13:50

true that

Matt Эллен

hovers over the "delete room" button

Will Hunting

They don't let you delete gravatar accounts. I have simply abandoned it.

RegDwigнt

hovers over Matt

Will Hunting

I now have SE, outlook and amazon accounts. No others.

RegDwigнt

Outwhat?

Will Hunting

13:52

outlook.com

Matt Эллен

@RegDwigнt You look suspricously like a ceiling tile

@RegDwigнt it's the new way to spell hotmail

RegDwigнt

Hotwhat?

Matt Эллен

topic

Will Hunting

My email is jasperloy at outlook dot com. All Marias please take note.

RegDwigнt

Is "suspricously" in the manner of a capricorn that looks like a pig?

Robusto

13:56

Don't they all?

Matt Эллен

possibly

RegDwigнt

@Robusto the question would still stand.

Matt Эллен

I feel too tired to know anything

Robusto

I feel tired too. We are like one week away from Thursagen Redux, right?

Matt Эллен

yes

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

14:00

do you think he will be back?

Matt Эллен

I don't know

I assume that swift will be. that will be a fun five minutes.

but thursagen I don't know.

Mahnax

@Robusto Goodness, I'd forgotten about Thursagen. Again.

Robusto

That's why we go over this stuff.

Mahnax

But yeah, five days left.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

who's swift?

Matt Эллен

14:06

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 an abusive user.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

hm.

Never ran into them.

Matt Эллен

the first thing they did when their last ban lifted was to post a question directly insulting someone

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

ah

Matt Эллен

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 if you're interested

Will Hunting

lol

Mahnax

14:08

@MattЭллен A jewel. A gem. ELU user Swift is essentially a precious metal.

Matt Эллен

lol

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@MattЭллен I wonder if they would bother coming back. Behaviour like that, if you're going to persist in trolling you usually won't let being banned stop you.

Matt Эллен

true

I don't know why they've not registered a new account.

not that I'm sad about the fact

user116848

14:35

@MattЭллен So even if we don't write the full name, like just '@matt' the person gets the ping? Especially when someone is not in the chat room and we want to ping him

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@Arrowfar It pings users who've been in chat recently whose names match what you've typed.

user116848

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 Yes I know. But for instance if you are not here and I want to ping you, will I have to type your whole name?

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@Arrowfar I don't think so

user116848

I see.

Will Hunting

I have eyes, so I see.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

14:38

@WillHunting That's not always a foregone conclusion

Will Hunting

I watched The talented Mr Ripley and did not quite understand the ending.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

It was all just a dream

Will Hunting

Really?

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

The deus ex machina saves the day

No, I haven't seen it

I'm just speculating

Will Hunting

I watched it because of Matt Damon and Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law.

Matt Эллен

14:42

@WillHunting you shouldn't let Hollywood stars bully you so!

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

14:54

@WillHunting There is a plot synopsis on wikipedia which might explain things for you

Robusto

15:12

@WillHunting The point is, instant karma is a bitch.

Govind Balaji

Help me with basic grammar.

0

Q: Preposition and tense-Homework

In today's exam, I had few grammar questions. I am doubtful in two questions. Please check my answers and correct the mistakes, if any. 1.Fill with suitable prepositions. There lived _ _ _ _ _ a forest a pride of lions _ _ _ _ _ several cubs I wrote There lived in a forest a pride of...

prepositions homework verb-forms

Matt Эллен

@GovindBalaji try English Language Learners

Govind Balaji

@MattЭллен Thanks for your reference

Matt Эллен

no probs :)

user116848

@MattЭллен Is this grammatical: "They would be pissed if they visited this chat room" Or "They would be pissed if they visit this chat room" .

Matt Эллен

15:26

@Arrowfar I'd say visited

user116848

OK thanks pal ;-)

Matt Эллен

no probs :)

user116848

But 'visit' is still understandable, right?

Matt Эллен

yeah

user116848

ic

Robusto

15:28

@Arrowfar Understandable, but sloppy.

user116848

@Robusto Yes, I figured. Thanks Robusto :-)

Robusto

Think of it this way: you could physically show up at a wedding without your pants, but not without creating an unwanted stir.

user116848

hah :)

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

15:40

@Robusto I wasn't wearing my pants at my wedding.

The pants were rented, so weren't mine

Robusto

They were yours for the duration of the event. That is sufficient.

Will Hunting

@Robusto Depends on what pants mean.

Robusto

Surely you have a working definition.

Will Hunting

One can definitely show up with trousers but no underwear.

Ice Boy

@Robusto Don't call my pal Surely :D

Robusto

15:49

Your Raiders are going to be 0-3 after next Sunday.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@IceBoy it only works when you're speaking, not writing

Will Hunting

I am going to try to flag unconstructive comments and see if they get deleted.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@WillHunting they do.

Ice Boy

@Robusto what's the call for tonight?

Will Hunting

I finally got 1000 points. I am retiring but still coming to chat.

Ice Boy

15:52

The colts are favored by 3 at home against the eagles tonight.

I'm taking the eagles +3

It's another close one on paper

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 says who?

Will Hunting

16:50

Hey @JosephWeissman you no longer look hot to me, lol.

Will Hunting

17:18

@MattЭллен I got 1000 points!

Hi @Moron

Moron

@WillHunting It is very mean that you called me so.

RutvikSutaria

@Moron Hello

Moron

I'm leaving.

RutvikSutaria

What happened?

Alraxite

Someone used to go by the name of Moron on Maths.SE.

Will Hunting

17:23

That's another moron.

RutvikSutaria

I thought moron was leaving... ;)

hey

17:55

I should better go to sleep.

Ice Boy

later

Ice Girl

18:12

Hi

Ice Boy

18:24

Hi

Matt Эллен

19:56

@WillHunting congrats!

@Cerberus how long is this one? 4 or 5 cm?

Transcript for

English Language & Usage: Multi-Layer…