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16:04
So what's a good paper that shows the construction of Hadamard states
@Slereah what is that even
is that some QFT thing
why even bother with QFT
Well it's a bit more general
It's like
Green functions in curved space
Wait
If I have 2D GR
with a cosmological constant
Will the EoM just try to minimize the spacetime volume
Since $S = -\int d^2x \sqrt{-g} \Lambda = -\Lambda V[g]$
16:22
@Slereah What's $V[g]$?
The total volume
$V[g] = \int d^2x \sqrt{-g}$
Ah
@0celo7 Nah, I clicked accept, but since I never configured broadcasting, it probably doesn't do anything
@Slereah: Is it even meaningful to look at 2D GR+cosmo? Gravity in 2D is trivial because the E-H action is just the Euler characteristic, right?
No
$\int R \sqrt{-g} dx = \chi$
But only that term
The cosmological term isn't a constant
Or any other term, if you decide to add them
If you put in like $\alpha R^2 + \beta R_{ab}R^{ab}$ or whatever
But those are not GR terms, they're just stuff you just made up :P
They totally are GR terms!
Well not basic GR but still
They are part of Lovelock gravity, for a start
They also appear in semiclassical gravity renormalization
16:28
@Slereah That's a generalization of GR.
Cosmological constant is part of GR I would say, though :p
Okay, so the action that is to be varied is $-\Lambda V[g]$. I don't think that has a minimum on the space of Lorentzian metrics $g$.
@ACuriousMind aww
@ACuriousMind would that not maximize volume
if you try to minimize $-$volume
@0celo7 Technically, you're searching for stationary points, not minima/maxima
@ACuriousMind I know
16:32
But you're right, a minimum of $f$ is a maximum of $-f$.
but he said minimize
Hm, I guess the variation would be $g_{ab}\Lambda = 0$
Indeed it seems a bit weird
It's just a bad action functional :P
@Slereah using abstract indices
@ACuriousMind way to label, bigot
Though it is used in simple examples of QG
16:33
The obvious and unique solution is $g=0$, but that isn't an admissible metric
So this system has no classical solution for its e.o.m.
@ACuriousMind why not
Well either that or $\Lambda = 0$ :p
So I guess the quantum version works out better
@0celo7 Stop trolling :P
@ACuriousMind :(
all vectors are null in this spcaetime
I don't see the issue
@Slereah It's a bit worrisome to have a system which has no classical solution, though, right?
16:34
Because the metric is degenerate
@Slereah hmm
@ACuriousMind True, but how often can you say "I have solved quantum gravity"
that's true
@Slereah every morning
Me I mostly surf the web in the morning
I mostly sleep in the morning.
16:35
2D gravity is pretty trivial so it makes its quantization rather simple
@ACuriousMind you should enable broadcasting
it's off by default
@ACuriousMind just when I might have thought seeing the word "trolling" meant there was actual trolling going on... :-/
@DavidZ exactly
people here use that word and it's like crying wolf
one day the real trolls will invade and the mods will just twiddle their thumbs
46
Q: How exactly does gravity work?

AvikThe electromagnetic force and strong and weak forces require particles like photons and gluons. But in case of gravity there is no such particle found. Every mass bearing object creates a gravitational field around it, and whenever another mass bearing object enters its field the gravitational f...

@DavidZ "Pretending not to understand something" is trolling in my book. Just not necessarily malicious :P
I guess it has no solution because there is no such thing as a maximal volume
16:38
43
A: How exactly does gravity work?

JamalSYou're quite right that the other fundamental forces of Nature possess mediator particles, e.g. the photon for the electromagnetic force. For gravity, a graviton particle has been postulated, and is included in the five standard string theories which are candidates for quantum gravity. From a qu...

@0celo7 either we actually won't, or we'll sit back and laugh because y'all brought this on yourselves :-P
you can always pick a solution with a greater volume
Am I the only one who thinks it's a bit pretentious for Jamal to say "since you're a high school student, here is the simple explanation"
Maybe not pretentious...
Something in that vein.
Do you say that because you're a high school student
@Slereah I'm not.
16:39
Are you sure you're not
Do you need an explanation of what a high school is
I know exactly how gravity works.
9-12
@JohnDuffield Inhomogeneous space, right?
Oh, Duffield is back
Hadn't noticed with all that blocking :p
Seeing that you're chatting about GR and gravitation, could you take a look at this: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/219470/… ?
we know thing about GR
sorry, this is a math chat
@ACuriousMind So why is $\mathrm{Ad}_g$ smooth in $g$?
16:45
@ACuriousMind because it was not sufficiently good to be accepted immediately of course :-P
@yuggib I still don't see the issue with the $\pi$ paper
@ACuriousMind well, according to your definition of morning, that implies that you always sleep
@yuggib Yep, that's why I get nothing done
Are there any $1+1D$ topologically trivial metrics with CTCs
@0celo7 the $\pi$ paper is a masterpiece
it just made me feel like a giant crab who is shot in the face
user54412
16:48
@Slereah Give me a 0+1 spacetime with a CTC and I'll be impressed
@0celo7 : yes. A concentration of energy in the guise of a massive star "conditions" the surrounding space altering its metrical properties. The effect diminishes with distance and is modelled as curved spacetime. But note that light doesn't curve because spacetime is curved, it curves because die Ausbreitungs-geschwindigkeit des Lichtes mit dem Orte variiert. If you plotted this you'd plot a curve.
@ChrisWhite : $S^1$
user54412
@Slereah Realized this as soon as I said it
heheh
user54412
well, I'll still be impressed
16:49
Well there's only two spacetimes in one dimension
is $S^1$ even a spacetime
what is the metric
$\mathbb{R}^1$ and $S^1$
$-dt^2$?
All 1D manifolds have the same metric
yes
because you can always diffeomorphic them back to flat space in 1D
@Slereah did you hear
quantomorphism is a thing
16:50
Is it
yes, it is.
$ds^2 = -f(t) dt^2$, then $dt' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{f(t)}} dt$
So $ds^2 = -dt'^2$
So only the topology matters, and there's only 2 connected 1D manifolds
@JohnDuffield Zitierst du Einstein auf Deutsch jetzt?
By the way, general announcement: if interpersonal issues, arguments, insults, etc. disrupt the chatroom too severely, we (moderators) will do what we need to do to keep things under control, which may include chat suspensions or other measures. There's no requirement that these measures be triggered by a specific message, no requirement that we give a specific justification at the time, and no requirement that they be immediate. (We try, though)
2
This isn't prompted by anything specific, just saying
@DavidZ the "no requirement that they be immediate" makes no sense to me
16:52
Well, unless the manifold isn't Hausdorff, of course :p
Then there are infinitely many of them
so does someone want to tell me why $\mathbb{R}\cup\mathbb{R}\ne \mathbb{R}^2$?
@0celo7 : $\forall A,\ A \cup A = A$
@Slereah proof?
@0celo7 because mods aren't always here, it's possible that one of us comes in to the room, sees an argument from 18 hours ago, and issues a suspension because of it. That's what I'm getting at. The point is, if someone posts something and doesn't get immediately called out on it, that doesn't automatically make it acceptable.
16:54
@0celo7 : Ja. Because then the meaning isn't lost in translation. Such as to "A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position."
Not that I really expect people here to think "I didn't get suspended within 10 seconds, it must be fine", but you never know.
⊢ ((φ ∨ φ) ↔ φ), ⊢ ((x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B) ↔ x ∈ C) equivalent to ⊢ (A ∪ B) = C
So ⊢ (A ∪ A) = A
what the heck does any of that mean
Are you not a math student
also, we're talking about the disjoint union
@Slereah haven't taken PhD courses yet
16:58
Do you mean "basic logic course"
Well then write the disjoint union :V
$A \sqcup A$
@Slereah: No mathematician except for logicians uses those notations, and even they try to avoid it when possible.
Basic logic?
@0celo7 : it means light curves rather like sonar.
Tfw you lose weight and clothes are loose
Disjoint union is $A \sqcup B = \bigcup_{i \in A, j \in B} \{(i,1), (j,2)\}$
@ACuriousMind For shame
It's a gr8 notation
You want a bad notation try the Principia Mathematica
17:02
To obfuscate things, sure :P
@ACuriousMind what is the German word for "German speaker"
^a bad notation
I solved the first 12 chapters of this by hand so don't tell me about bad notation :V
@0celo7 You mean as in "He's a German speaker"? That'd just be "Er spricht deutsch", we don't use/have a nominal construction like that. There's Muttersprachler for "native speaker", but we don't extend that construction to "<language> speaker".
Hm
I think it was that file
I rewrote it in modern notation because seriously
@ACuriousMind ok, so sprachler is a word
I thought that was some Pfalzisch thing
17:08
@0celo7 No, it only occurs as part of Muttersprachler, it's not a word on its own.
German doesn't make sense
Sounds like motherspeaker.
@0celo7 : Basically disjoint union has cardinality $a + b$ while the cartesian product has cardinality $ab$
Disjoint unions is just the two sets together while the cartesian product is that, for every element of $A$, you join a full copy of $B$
Wtf is cardinality
I'm not a PhD
do you know finger counting
It is the number of elements in a set
you lunkhead
17:23
Finger counting?
How do I count the real numbers
You know
You extend one finger
and it is one
two fingers, that is two
Those are integers
Yes.
I don't think there is a bijection from my fingers to the real numbers
You can't exactly do the same for the reals but the analogy is the same
$R \sqcup R$ is two copies of $R$
$R \times R$ is a copy of $R$ for every point of $R$
$R\sqcup R$ is the manifold made of two disconnected copies of $R$
$R \times R$ is the plane
17:36
@Slereah yes, that's what makes it clear
(Actually I need to read again the start of this discussion...)
@ACuriousMind Is the statment "$\mathrm{Ad}_g$ is smooth in $g$" equivlent to "$\mathrm{d}_g^n(gxg^{-1})$ exists for all $n$"?
@0celo7 Yes
also, how is differentiation defined here
is there any noncommutative lie group shenanigans
like can we move $\mathrm{d}_g$ past $g$ when doing the product rule?
@0celo7 Choose coordinates for $G$, then differentiate with respect to the coordinates for $g$
17:39
@ACuriousMind so I can't just do the differentiation as I wrote it there
Is there a classification of non-compact 2-manifolds without triangulation
@0celo7 Well, strictly speaking not, but it turns out that one can in the end just symbolically differentiate w.r.t. $g$, e.g. $\partial_g(gxg^{-1}) = xg^{-1} + gx\partial_g(g^{-1}) = xg^{-1} - gxg^{-2}$
@ACuriousMind why
@0celo7 Tedious computation.
@ACuriousMind what does one compute?
and how do you know one can do it
17:45
@0celo7 Write $g = g^{ab}$ in some coordinates (it's best to choose the coordinates in which the Lie group is a matrix group, hence the two indices), compute $\frac{\partial}{\partial g^{ab}}$ of that expression.
@ACuriousMind oh god
proof by "I don't wanna do that"
Yeah, it gets ugly and very full of indices
Indices are lovely
INDICE IS NICE
but that only proves $C^1$ :P
well, that's all you need, really...
the idea is to show that it's continuous
@0celo7 Well, ofc you should just compute that $\partial_g g^n = n g^{n-1}$, then you can do symbolic calculus with $g$ after that.
No need to repeat this nonsense for every function of the group you encounter.
17:49
@ACuriousMind oh god how does one do that
induction?
Hm, yes, I guess induction is possible
But you have to do it "twice", one starting from $n=-1$, and once from $n=1$.
@ACuriousMind oh god
I like my TA's "it's a Lie group so it's likely smooth" better
your "easy way"
discussion about the endings of the game
OH MY GOD
wow 4chan just spoiled the game for me
@Slereah have you completed the main quest yet?
I'm thinking I should make a new char and only do the MQ
Just so I can see the endings
Either that or look at youtube videos of it
Hm, is the Gauss Bonnet theorem $\int R dx \propto \chi$ or $\int \sqrt{-g}R dx \propto \chi$
I guess it's with the determinant, but since they are math people it's implicit in the fact that's it's a surface integral
18:11
Well only one of those is coordinate invariant...
Also wait what the fuck is the Gauss Bonnet theorem, really
I keep seeing it written in different ways
Some of which don't even have the Euler characteristic
Oh wait, is it only valid for compact surfaces
Hm
Is the Hilbert action still a constant for a non-compact manifold
"Compactness of the surface is of crucial importance. Consider for instance the open unit disc, a non-compact Riemann surface without boundary, with curvature 0 and with Euler characteristic 1: the Gauss–Bonnet formula does not work."
:O
In differential geometry, Cohn-Vossen's inequality, named after Stephan Cohn-Vossen, relates the integral of Gaussian curvature of a non-compact surface to the Euler characteristic. It is akin to the Gauss–Bonnet theorem for a compact surface. A divergent path within a Riemannian manifold is a smooth curve in the manifold that is not contained within any compact subset of the manifold. A complete manifold is one in which every divergent path has infinite length with respect to the Riemannian metric on the manifold. Cohn-Vossen's inequality states that in every complete Riemannian 2-manifold S with...
Hm
that's only an inequality, though
Could still have a dynamic
18:45
@Slereah D:
so what about 2D GR on a noncompact manifold
I know right!
0
Q: Two dimensional spacetime and the Gauss Bonnet theorem

SlereahGenerally two dimensional spacetimes are deemed to be static, as the Gauss Bonnet theorem implies that the Einstein Hilbert action would be a constant independent of $g$. But as far as I can tell, the Gauss Bonnet theorem only applies to compact manifolds, even in the version for Lorentzian man...

Keep up with the news here!
@Slereah: In 2D you have diffeomorphism invariance + Weyl invariance, and a Weyl rescaling allows you to locally (on an open set, not at a point) make the metric Minkowski
Therefore, locally, there cannot be dynamics, and I think this also means the "Gauss-Bonnet" integral is constant even for non-compact manifolds.
It's a purely topological expression, but classifying non-compact manifolds is annoying, see this MO answer
Ah, good to know
Was worried for a bit!
But then the expression isn't gonna be $S_H \propto \chi$, I suppose
Still would be nice to find a paper with the proof that isn't just "see the Gauss Bonnet theorem"
19:18
barracks complete
My adhesive farm is in full swing now
How do you do an adhesive farm
@Slereah corn, tato and mutfruit
the issue is I'm gonna run out of purified water soon...
and to get that you need...whiskey
and I don't have a source for that
Ask ur mum
19:25
What is the hodge dual of $$\partial_k(F^ig_{ij}) dx^j\wedge dx^k$$?
Why do you need to know
@0celo7 curiosity
I actually wanna know what $\star(dF^\flat)^\sharp$ is but for that I need this step
In how many dimensions
$\varepsilon^{jkl} \partial_k(F^ig_{ij}$
umm sorry 3
$\star (dF^\flat)^\sharp$ should be like
$\varepsilon^{jkl} \partial_k(F^ig_{ij})$
@ACuriousMind is probably sad to see all those indices
19:41
@Slereah that is exactly what I thought but somehow it seems like it isn't correct
user54412
If this is GR, what's with the $\partial$? If SR, why $g$?
ACM doesn't hate indices
@ChrisWhite : For forms, $\nabla = \partial$
he hates when indices make things complicated
and unnatural
basically $\nabla \times F$ should be that form
19:41
@gonenc it is
@gonenc Oh yeah, I see the problem
so what @Slereah wrote is correct
user54412
@Slereah Is this standard notation I've somehow missed?
You forgot to put in the antisymmetrisation
@ChrisWhite what are you talking about...
19:42
It should be $\partial_{[k} F_{j]}$
@0celo7 then why the hell don't I get the correct thing in cylinder coord
the exterior derivative is calculated using partials because the Christoffels die
So sad :(
@gonenc You used the correct $\nabla$ for cylinder coordinates, right?
@Slereah wat
@ACuriousMind I looked it up so it is gotta be correct
19:43
@Slereah this is not true
@ACuriousMind You know what I mean
You monster
@Slereah No, not really
@Slereah no, I don't think he does
I don't either
user54412
Raise your hand if you understand anyone else right now
I understand ACM
19:44
$\nabla_{[a} T_{bcde...]} = \partial_{[a} T_{bcde...]} $
::raises hand::
user54412
::ACM lowers your hand::
2
@ChrisWhite ::I punch CW::
@Slereah Ah.
user54412
@0celo7 y u hate homotopy theory?
19:46
my water purification system works
I now have unlimited adhesive
what are you gonna do with them
Since the game is over
@gonenc If you're also using the correct $g$, then it remains to conclude that you can't calculate :P
@ACuriousMind possible
this makes quite a lot of water
19:49
@gonenc : Also did you remember to antisymmetrized everything and all
It's a form, it should be antisymmetric
@ACuriousMind I only have a problem at the $\theta$ component
I have a factor of $1/r$, which shouldn't be there
user54412
As long as I'm being confused, what's up with these questions?
user54412
3
Q: Why doesn't a backward wave exist?

Anubhav GoelHuygens principle says every point of wavefront emit wavelet in all directions. Then why does a back ward wave not exist? Can any expert tell real answer? On different sites I get different and contradictory answer. I am asking question from my class 12 book. It says " Huygens argued that the am...

user54412
0
Q: Is Wikipedia wrong about Huygens-Fresnel Principle?

Marty GreenSomeone posted a question about why backward waves don't exist according to the Huygens-Fresnel principle: Why doesn't a backward wave exist? In following up on this question I read the Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_principle, which makes a big deal abou...

user54412
Why is there so much consternation about backward waves?
19:53
@ChrisWhite I have genuinely no idea what those questions are talking about
@ACuriousMind me neither :D
I think the confusion is that, if every point of a wavefront emits a spherical wave, then why does the wave travel forward?
But:
16
Q: Why is Huygens' principle only valid in an odd number of spatial dimensions?

Ben CrowellApparently Huygens' principle is only valid in an odd number of spatial dimensions: http://mathoverflow.net/a/5396/21349 Huygen's principle in curved spacetimes Why is this? [EDIT] This is somewhat perplexing, since AFAIK it's pretty common to teach freshmen about double- and single-slit dif...

user54412
It's like asking "How come when I drop a pencil and it falls to Earth, it wasn't falling from even higher before I dropped it, since the equations are time-symmetric?"
Well why doesn't it???
This question, or rather Moretti's answer, shows that you can't think of Huygens principle as simple as "everything emits a spherical wave" and then it follows that there's onloy a forward wavefront
Rather, the fact that only the "forward" convex hull of the spherical waves is physical is a non-trivial statement
Which cannot be proven from the spherical wavefronts alone.
Hm...maybe people are also confused abot the difference between a "full", "retarded" and "advanced" solution
20:03
you just went full retarded
Because the Huygens' principle implictly only searches for the advanced solution when it take the convex hull "forward"
The "backward" wave is the retarded solution, i.e. where the wave came from.
Hm, I should make that an answer, I think.
I wonder what EM looks like if you allow the solution to be time symmetrical
I think Feynman did a thing on that
found it
Take it
It's breddy good
Also mod it to hell
You can kill a courser in two shots
@Slereah uh
I'm the director of the institute
I can get a courser as a follower
!
20:08
@ACuriousMind comment to your comment under my answer; Well, it's of course very simply according to the Newtons laws. This all is actually said in the question; "The point is that I don't understand how this tells the way we should compute A. I've read this some times now and I can't get the idea." ...and further. So the question is basically; How are these fancy formels connected to reality.
what is this beauty
missing the arms .-.
@0celo7 : Kill everyone
@Slereah is this thing really good?
@JokelaTurbine No, the question is explicitly about how to calulcate the gauge potential $A$ in the question. Your answer does not provide an answer to that at all.
@0celo7 It's no nukes, but it's pretty good and the ammo isn't too rare
user54412
20:11
@ACuriousMind I feel like this all boils down to people forgetting that t=0 (when I switch on the light or whatever) is a boundary condition, and a non-time-reversible one at that.
Also it's kind of an axiom in EM that only retarded solutions are kept
Only solutions in the forward light cone, in general!
@ACuriousMind The answer is in question; To cancel these forces and torques, we must correct the motion by subtracting a Stokes’ flow corresponding to a rigid displacement of the shape with the same leading behaviour at infinity as our trial solution. The result is the actual fluid motion. By our definition, this rigid displacement is 1×A(t)δt. This completes our outline of the method for calculating A.
Another obviously fake name : Cutkoski
Cutkoski cutting rules?
This is just getting silly
Obviously someone russified "cut" to make the name
user54412
20:21
@gonenc Did you get the coefficient to work out? If your original form had coefficients $T_{jk} = \partial_k(F^i g_{ij})$, I calculate ${\star}T^\theta = \partial_r F_z - \partial_z F_r$, which is the $\theta$-component of $\nabla \times F$, isn't it?
@ChrisWhite but you have the term $1/\sqrt{|g|}$ upfront, which comes from the levi civita tensor
I think I found what the problem is
user54412
Where am I supposed to have that? I used ${\star}T_l = \sqrt{\lvert g \rvert} [j\, k\, l] T^{jk}$ at some point.
$\varepsilon^{jkl} \partial_k(F^ig_{ij})= \tilde \epsilon^{jkl}\partial_k(F^ig_{ij}) 1/\sqrt g$
where $\tilde\epsilon$ is the lc symbol
@ChrisWhite and from that I get $\frac 1 r$ of what you have
the problem arises from some normalization mistakes imo
cause in divergence I also get the $\theta$ term wrong
this time I miss a factor of $r$
20:40
I need to raise gun nut, science and armored to 4 to make my character godly
21:00
@Slereah have you uncovered the mayor's true identity yet?
@ChrisWhite btw everything gets waay worse in spherical coords.
He's not who he says he is!!
@gonenc Just compute that the term is the curl in Cartesian coordinates and observe that both the curl and the $\star(\mathrm{d}F^\flat)^\sharp$ are covariant under coordinate transformations, no need to compute this ugly equality in spherical coordinates :P
However, I understand that now that you've begun that you want to find the error
@ACuriousMind what I want is a simple neat formula for div or curl in funny coords
@ACuriousMind and yes it is fucking annoying me
I mean you should be able to "derive" the funny looking div and curl from the diff form right?
21:41
the perfect hacking perspective
21:59
too bad there's no keys on that keyboard

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