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00:00
Yeah, I rarely use anything bigger than 24. Let's just toss the rest. Dead weight.
@LeakyNun wat
How're your 4-leaf clovers doing today, @robjohn?
@TedShifrin Not many 4 leaf clovers, but things are pretty good.
00:35
However, we just had corned beef and cabbage, with potatoes, and are watching a webinar from UCLA.
00:46
How very American of you!
01:09
@TedShifrin quick check: a Mobius transform fixes \infty if and only if it is of the form $\frac{az + b}{cz + d}$ where $c=0$, right?
It's at least sufficient. And I think if c is not zero then infinity has to be mapped to a/c and then yeah, it's a bijection so a/c, etc.
Yup.
You can also think in terms of $GL(2)$.
It is fairly intuitive that if I have $f:A\to B$ where A is countable and B uncountable, then $f$ is not onto. How do I prove it though?

Suppose $f: A \to B$ was onto, then why should $A$ be uncountable?
(if B was uncountable)
@user2103480 normal mag ich keinen Deutschrap aber holy shit hat der's gekillt hahaha youtu.be/QuUO4ZafFwE?t=255
Because an uncountable set is not countable.
is that i?
it*?
01:23
The image of a countable set is at most countable.
i see, thx
that was dumb question lol
It depends on definitions, tools, etc.
tea is a good idea
01:38
When did you last have tea in Fine Hall?
01:48
Illegally or legally
legally? march I guess
last march
:(
Well, hopefully, everyone will soon be vaccinated.
It'll be some months before regular activities restart, I'm sure
Maybe fall ...
and then everyone will travel for the summer
I want air travel to require vaccine proof.
01:56
@TedShifrin I keep hearing stories of people claiming they are a professor/essential something at wallgreens & they are not required proof. they get the vaccine relatively easily. I fear this will make it so people not willing to lie like this will not get it for a long time
I am an essential linear algebra grader
lol
I am an essential student
balarka is an essential singularity
I hope it will sort out and everyone can get it within a few months. The big issue is all the ignorami who refuse on political grounds.
I have never been essential.
When I got cancer, the department still functioned.
are there any essential mathematicians by that criterion
02:01
Probably not.
they have very high connectivity. I guess lots of structures nowadays are like that. I don't think big companies would go under were they to lose their ceo
@RyanUnger complex analysts are singularly essential.
I thought balarka does applied math now
motion of molecules
@TedShifrin I last had tea in Fine Hall in 1985
02:51
@RyanUnger I hadn't seen your earlier comment regarding Balarka, so I was confused why Balarka became a subject here. Now I understand.
03:04
I still don't understand.
Good evening! Is there a method available in calculus of variations that I can use to find the locus of values for which a given function has zero curvature?
Doesn't have to be calculus of variations, but from what I've understood, that seems to be the best place to look. Otherwise, I want to solve this for the variable $d$: $\operatorname{arcosh}\left(d\cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{2}\right)+1\right)=\operatorname{arcosh}\left(d+1\right)\sqrt{1-x^{2}}$ and that should give me the value I want.
03:23
Nothing with calculus of variations. What are you talking about with curvature of a function?
I suppose the function of the osculating circle that best approximates a function at any point (x, f(x))
So you're talking about the curvature of the graph.
Sorry, but I don't know what that means.
Patience.
Yes, the curvature of the graph
03:26
So you need $f’’(x)=0$.
Yeah, but what if you don't have $f(x)$ explicitly, only an equation containing $f(x)$?
Find $f’$ and then $f’’$ by implicit differentiation.
I'm trying to solve for the locus of points $d$ where $\cosh\left(2y\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\right)-1=d\cos\left(\frac{x\pi}{2}\right)$ is a constant. Presumably, some constant close to ~1.89009185 satisfies this set of constraints.
Alright, I'll try that.
Where what is a constant ? This makes no sense..
err locus of values. My bad.
Well alternatively, I'm looking for the locus of values where the difference of the LHS and RHS is zero.
03:38
That locus is different for every $d$. The problem still doesn't make sense .
What is the precise statement of the question? You brought in curvature from nowhere.
Yes, and I'm looking for a particular $d$ which is presumably a constant which makes the difference of the LHS and RHS some constant value with domain $\lbrace-1 \leq x \leq 1\rbrace$.
The idea of curvature comes from the fact that the graph appears to have a curvature of zero for a specific constant value of $d$.
Hello @TedShifrin
Wait, you’re still saying it wrong .
Probably. I'm more of a programmer than a mathematician.
Change $d$ and you'll see what I'm talking about.
Too much crap for me. I think my original advice is right. Solve for the derivative and see if a value of $d$ makes it constant.
Hi Saysn.
03:50
Alright
How are you doing @Ted? How's your health?
ted doesn't like excessive use of algebra and symbols unless absolutely called for.....
Still alive, Saysn.
Yeah, well this is all algebra and symbols as far as I'm concerned. lol
Is there a reason this question is of interest, AMDG?
03:56
I've been looking for a real-valued, closed form set of trig functions. This appears to be the border of said set of trig functions.
(Which doesn't require complex numbers explicitly)
Makes no sense to me.
Mixing cosh and cos ... shrug
I mean if I have a real-valued set of trig functions, then the effort to compute more and more accurate values of them (especially in real time applications) should be less and less than using other existing approximations (in theory at least).
@TedShifrin Ryan Unger had said, "are there any essential mathematicians by that criterion" To which I replied, "complex analysts are singularly essential." I had not seen that earlier, Ryan had said, "balarka is an essential singularity", so I'm guessing Ryan thought that I was referring to Balarka when I made my comment, and so he said, "I thought balarka does applied math now"
That's the motivation.
Hard to believe anything beats the CORDIC algorithm.
04:00
/shrug
Do you know that?
I mean if it is available in hardware: great. I don't think I want to implement software CORDIC for arbitrary precision.
It's how computers and calculators compute trig, exponentials, etc. Maybe you should go learn it.
Well the idea is to get it into a form where I can get some sufficient level of precision by approximating one or more constants in the function (disregarding any other approximations used to compose the function which might affect the accuracy).
Have fun.
04:07
I think I've mentioned it before. If I have a way to compute $a^b$ for real a and real b, then I can approximate $e$ and substitute $a$ for $e$ to compute $e^x$ using $a^b$. I want to apply this in principle to the trig functions.
Though actually $2^x$ would probably have been a better example since we're dealing with floats and base two and computing that is relatively cheap by itself as far as I know, but you get the point I'm sure.
A reasonable computer science person would understand the technology that is already out there.
Yes, well most people aren't writing their own standard library functions either.
Doesn’t excuse being ignorant.
What, you think I didn't know about CORDIC?
There are times when using a particular software implementation is more convenient than a hardware implementation, especially if it's faster; other times, it's the only option.
FSIN on x87 is microcoded.
(at least on modern ryzen CPUs)
I find you difficult to understand at all. I am certainly no expert on these matters, so I'll leave you to your fun. I only engaged because you used the word curvature.
04:15
it is not clear what you are asking. is this floating point finite bit width computation?
That's probably how I'll implement it, though I'm probably going to try using some other formats as well. Whatever is most computationally convenient to work with.
what exactly are you trying to do?
Also, the derivatives of both of those equations are not very nice-looking.
do you have a question?
Yes, I'm trying to solve for a variable $d$ in the equation $\cosh\left(2y\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\right)-1=d\cos\left(\frac{x\pi}{2}\right)$. Not quite posed in a question, but... yeah.
Specifically for a particular value of $d$ where the difference of the LHS and RHS is zero.
The graph of this function appears to be a constant distance from the x axis for some constant $d$ of around ~1.89009185
And here's my workspace if it's of any use: desmos.com/calculator/uj0sr9k0ew
04:24
ok, that's a change from implementing computations.
are $x,y$ given constants and you are looking for a numerical solution?
No, $x$ and $y$ are variables and I'm looking for a value of $d$ which makes the difference of the LHS and RHS zero.
Zero by some constant value for all values of $d$ if that's the correct phrasing.
you lost me.
Well if you look at the graph of the equation pictured there and you change the value of $d$, you'll notice there's a point where there appears to be zero curvature on the graph. I'm looking for that specific value.
i am even more lost. ok, i don't want to waste your time. hopefully someone else can assist you.
:L
I don't get how what I'm saying isn't clear, honestly.
04:32
Because you keep saying the same nonsense.
Well everyone's going to continue to be lost and I'm going to keep saying the same nonsense if no one tells me what isn't clear and why.
The LHS and RHS are equal by definition. You are looking for the value of $d$ for which $y$ is essentially constant.
Yes, that's what I've been trying to say.
I already went through this.
Yeah, you said to find the implicit derivatives.
Neither of which equation produces a very "friendly", less complicated implicit derivative.
04:34
You keep not understanding that an equation means LHS = RHS.
Nope. This thing is an unmanageable disaster.
Yes, I understand what an equation is.
My saying "the difference of both sides" is the same as rearranging the terms so that one side is equal to zero.
@AMDG is $d$ the only variable being solved for? If so, then why does division not work?
Because that gives me all values of $d$ which satisfy the equation. I only want a subset which is presumed to be a constant.
there is one value of $d$ that satisfies the equation. if you want something else, please clarify.
I am looking for the value of $d$ for which $y$ is constant.
As Ted said
04:55
@AMDG well, you're never going to get $y$ constant, but perhaps you want the first derivative of $y$ with respect to $x$ to be $0$. Are you looking near $x=0$?
The graph of the equation suggests there is a set of values where $y$ is constant. I have to say, I'm not entirely sure how finding the derivative of $y$ to be 0 will help me here.
The graph also suggests there are at least two solutions, and of course we can't see the imaginary part of the function, but I started with $f(x) = \cosh\left(\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\right)$ and I ended up eventually at this equation to figure out to determine the point at which this (or some function similar to it) equals $\cos\left(\frac{x\pi}{2}\right)$.
The value of the function at $x=0$ is $y=\frac{\operatorname{arcosh}\left(d+1\right)}{2}$ and one of the solutions to the equation is $\frac{\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\frac{\sqrt{d}\sqrt{\cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}$.
Given the assumption that $y$ is constant at some point for both of these functions for some value of $d$, I figured I'd try finding the function that yields a constant for $y$ and where both functions have a difference of zero. That gave me the equation $\operatorname{arcosh}\left(d\cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{2}\right)+1\right)=\operatorname{arcosh}\left(d+1\right)\sqrt{1-x^{2}}$.
So, presumably, given the domain $\lbrace -1 \leq x \leq 1 \rbrace$, the difference of their sets of $y$ values is zero.
I would also like to note that at least in the complex domain, $\cosh(\sqrt{1 - x^2}) = \cos(\sqrt{x^2 - 1})$ apparently.
05:37
Also, you should be able to get the original function that you found the derivative of if I find the derivative of both sides of an equation and simplify, then integrate the simplified equation, right?
The integral of the sum of two terms is equal to the sum of the integrals of the individual terms, so I figured I'd try it with $\frac{1}{x^{2}+1}=\frac{\arctan\left(x+h\right)-\arctan\left(x\right)}{h}$ by differentiating both sides individually to get more information about $\arctan(x)$.
Didn't quite work after simplifying $-\frac{2x}{\left(x^{2}+1\right)^{2}}=\frac{1}{h\left(\left(x+h\right)^{2}+1\right)}-\frac{1}{h\left(x^{2}+1\right)}$ and then integrating whether the actual resulting function, or integrating both sides individually of which the latter yields $\sqrt{\ln\left(x\right)-\frac{3x^{2}}{2}}=h$, the significance of which only the Tootsie Pop owl can fathom.
Can someone recommend a number theory book for a beginner who is in high school?
06:21
ask again when the room is a little busier. i am not particularly number theory aware.
Ohk :-)
07:04
0
Q: How could we encode the Submultigraph Isomorphism problem in terms of the integer factorization problem?

StudySmarterNotHarderLet $G = (V_G, E_G)$ be an undirected graph, and $H$ be another graph. My goal is to encode the submultigraph isomorphism problem using integer multiplication. For the graph $G$, we encode connectivity as follows. For each edge $\{i,j\} \in G$ choose a unique pair of primes $p_{\varphi(i,j)}, p_...

07:38
0
Q: Chain map between two exact rows

love_sodamI want to construct the chain map between two exact rows: Let $M$ be an $R$-module and $(A_{\bullet},f_\bullet), (B_\bullet,g_\bullet)$ be a chain complexes where $A_\bullet,B_\bullet$ are $R$-modules (Here, we define $A_{-1} = M = B_{-1}$). If two chains are exact i.e. $\cdots\to A_2\to A_1\to ...

can anyone answer this question?
 
2 hours later…
09:42
Hi everyone, I've recently asked a well written question that didn't got attention and went down to the unanswered questions graveyard. I hope that this is the place to cheer up my pity question :). It about probability, but the main issue is an integral in $R^3$, I hope that someone can assist. Here it is: math.stackexchange.com/questions/4064768/…
10:10
@Benny you want to compute the area of the annulus projected onto the hemisphere
Hey @Astyx
hi
howdy?
Howdy doody or smth
as murricas would say
how's it going?
Can't seem to be able to fix my sleep schedule
But good nonetheless
wby ?
lol sad
Yeah alright, just got back from having blood taken
the nurse screwed it up so my arm is aching now lmao
10:15
Oh damn
I remember getting an injection for something and the nurse completely screwing up and my blood spilling on the table onto my clothes
oh shiet hahahaha
i had one last year where the (brand new student) nurse missed completely and went straight into muscle and I immediately went white and threw up on her
probably a good experience for her
nice
What's the blood taken for?
yum yum
Are you a donor or is it for some test?
to measure levels of various drugs in my blood lol
i mean like legal ones
10:34
Let $A\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ be open and $f:\mathbb{R}^m\to \mathbb{R}^n$ be $\mu$ locally integrable where $\mu$ is a Radon measure.
how do I construct compact continuous functions $\varphi_k:\mathbb{R}^m\to \mathbb{R}^n$ with $|\varphi_k|≤1$ and supports contained in $A$ so that $$\int \varphi_k\cdot f \mathrm{d}\mu \to \int_A |f|\mathrm{d}\mu$$
@Astyx I honestly don't really understand what does it mean, though I would try to look it up. that question is taken from a past exam on "Introduction to Probabilty" course, where the lecturer is known of throwing at us random questions from Feller's "An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications". he even gave a question that need's to be solved with Markov chains on one of his exams...needless to say, none of us undergraduate CS students know's what is a Markov chain :\
@Wolgwang Take a look at Karl-Dieter Crisman's Number Theory: In Context and Interactive. I think it should be very accessible to a motivated above-average high school student. There's a downloadable version, but the online version has lots of examples using SageMathCell
I'll just make a question I guess
10:56
@EdwardEvans @Astyx I have encountered the statement "Let $B$ be a quaternion algebra ramified at two places, $p$ and $\infty$ [over $\Bbb Q$]"
What does this mean?
Quoted from MO question: if $v$ is a place of a field $K$ and $B$ is a quaternion algebra over K either $B_v \cong M_2(K_v)$ or $B_v$ is the unique division algebra over $K_v$. That $B$ is ramified at $v$ means that $B_v$ is the unique division algebra over $K_v$ and not $M_2(K_v)$.
It's the opposite notion of splitting right?
also (if you didn't know) a place of a number field is an equivalence class of absolute values
I guessed that's the case
An algebra M splits over a field K if $M\otimes K$ is a matix algebra
11:01
Hmm, so some classification of quaternion algebras over local fields
I'm guessing you're taking $K = \Bbb R$ or $\Bbb Q_p$
Ya I'm happy with this
Keith Conrad's answer is cool
$\Bbb F_p$, not $\Bbb Q_p$
why F_p ?
11:03
@EdwardEvans Yeah, makes sense
You want torsion I think?
bleh idk
No you're right, it's $\Bbb Q_p$
Dude what am I reading this is getting out of hand
A quaternion algebra is ramified at a finite even number of places
11:06
I'll teach you all some juicy facts about this stuff at the end of the semester ;)
hahaha
Let $B$ be a quaternion algebra ramified at $p$ and $\infty$. Let $R$ be a fixed maximal order in $B$ and $\{I_1, \cdots, I_n\}$ be ideals representing the ideal classes of $R$. Let $I_1 = R$ and $R_i$ be the right order of $I_i$, and let $w_i = |R_i^\times/\{\pm 1\}|$.
Eichler's mass formula states that $\sum_{i = 1}^n 1/w_i = (p - 1)/12$ wtf
I just wanted to understand Ramanujan graphs
What is this pure algebra
I signed up for the seminar and asked for a talk describing the Brauer group of a local field and the organiser moved me over to a talk whose description is "This is one of the deepest results in algebraic number theory"
didn#t sign up for this shit
I'm just gonna fail and drop out again
What's the result?
Albert-Brauer-Hasse-Noether
11:19
but more importantly it's the fact that the sequence we were talking about is exact
Oh yeah
Yeah that's deep
@PM2Ring Thanks :-)
11:42
@Wolgwang No worries. I discovered that site last year, when I was learning how to solve general quadratic Diophantine equations. I quite liked his style, and the interactive Sage stuff, so I decided to go through it as a kind of refresher course. I didn't completely finish it, though. And it looks like he's added a few new things.
11:56
this is kind of insane
ANT?
(1) You can define a zeta function for a graph, called the Ihara zeta function, a la Siegel's zeta function for Riemann surfaces but with prime cycles instead of prime closed geodesics
(2) Sunada observed that Ihara zeta satisfies Riemann hypothesis for a regular graph iff the graph is Ramanujan (very good approximators of regular trees)
(3) Ihara observed that for graphs of the form $\Gamma \backslash PSL_2(\mathbf{Q}_p)/PSL_2(\mathbf{Z}_p)$ for discrete subgroups $\Gamma$ of $\text{PSL}_2(\mathbf{Q}_p)$ aka $p$-adic symmetric spaces, his zeta function is the reciprocal of the Hasse-Weil z
This is how these nutcases constructed Ramanujan graphs back in the day
(5) ???
(6) Profit
lol I meant (4) yeah
lol wtf
12:01
Seems pretty straightforward to me
imagine constructing graphs using the theory of automorphic forms
over p-adic curves
Where are you reading about this?
Can't find a proper resource, but this is my impression going back and forth between papers
These are outdated constructions so modern books on Ramanujan graphs do not mention these
But it seems they were already known to Serre-Ihara
But yeah I don't understand, need to read more
I feel like I will never understand this stuff
it's killing me
Who cares, it's just for fun
12:13
Fair enough
It's just maths' the only thing I've ever been good at, and now I realize I'm worthless anyway :p
I guess everyone goes through this at some point
yeah lol i get it completely
i also think you're just, like, way better than me at it.
no way man
12:15
it doesn't matter, my point is none of this really matters
its just for fun
id read novels if i was paid for it
it's a game
it's puzzles with lots of rules
yeah man
if I win the lottery tomorrow I'm finishing the master in like 20 semesters and then I'm going to study something even more retarded
always wanted to do smth like norse studies
so I'd live the dream
12:18
archeology
it'll probably never pay as much for you to live the dream
but i get what you mean
i'd study eng. lit. if i could
or be the next david attenborough
The dude must have had such an amazing life
lol yeah
Born with one of the coolest voices on earth too
imagine going everywhere and just narrating
chill
shoulda done film studies and shot documentaries
apparently tarkovsky spent 5 years or something with a mining crew in sibera and that changed him as a person
12:20
there's so much cool shit to learn in the world and I'm here classifying made up structures
yeah lol
this is what i feel tbh
100%
but eTaLe cOhOmOLoGy
math should be a hobby
it was never meant to be an academic discipline
at least when you start out in a theory the questions are somehow tangible and you could see how they'd be relevant and then a couple of years down the line you're shitting yourself over stuff that means nothing to anyone
12:22
do something else as a job, be in a mining expedition in sibera
at night you can do math
I'm actually thinking of doing that
be like Fermat
troll the whole world
I'm scared of not having the time to do math then
But that might be a good thing
yeah idk, I feel comfortable in mathematics
@EdwardEvans because math is exponentially growing and now we're doing p-adic solid derived hodge cohomology
12:23
it's easy to sit tight
hahaha
its not a malleable field anymore
mathematicians should step back
@Astyx same
POV three math students contemplate the relevance of their entire lives
gone wrong scared emoji
lmao baleeted
I follow the Camus approach
If everything is meaningless, there's no meaning in trying to stop it
12:28
i read Sisyphus but never related to it
im more a dostoyevskian
but it makes sense that a Frenchman would follow the Camus approach
proud marseillaise noises
have you read Arthur Rimbaud
he's one of my favorites
is there anyone can answer my problem?
Some of it
A Season In Hell is his peak i think
12:31
I read Camus' L'Étranger in French. I don't think I ever fully recovered. ;)
Camus famously said Rimbaud was the only person who was able to surgically remove poetry out of themself; i think he stopped writing poetry at age 21 and then became involved in coal business
never wrote a single piece of poetry again and lived a happy life
@PM2Ring It's such a good book
@BalarkaSen I'll read it!
age 17-20 he was a complete vagabond
It's an excellent, important book. But rather depressing.
Much of Camus is depressing
12:32
Exactly
Sartre is such a brat
lol yeah
apparently i'm Kafka
never liked him much
12:36
lol "probably an insect"
Sartre goes to a café and orders an espresso with no cream. The waitress returns, apologising that they are out of cream, and asks if an espresso with no milk would be acceptable.
This is some Slavoj Zizek bit rofl
I have heard him say it at some interviews
I heard it decades ago, I can't remember where.
He also like the "old tale from Slovenia": One day God comes to a Slovenian farmer and tells him he will grant anything that the farmer asks of him, only that he will grant twice that to his neighbor
The farmer says, ok, take one of my eyes out
understandable
12:50
(don't forget the Springer yellow sale)
just had an email about it lmao
yeah me too haha
What's that?
Just discounts on Springer textbooks
until 30th of June
discounts are usually pretty substantial though
1
Q: Approximating $f/|f|$ using compactly supported functions.

JakobianLet $A\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ be open and $f:\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^m$ be $\mu$ locally integrable, where $\mu$ is a Radon measure (on $\mathbb{R}^n$). How to construct compactly supported continuous functions $\varphi_k:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^m$ with $\text{spt}\varphi_k\subseteq A$ and $...

still expensive af
12:52
yeah I only buy books with long names to put on my shelf to impress women
like "Trees"
I have a few Springer books I've never read too
hahaha rel
Like "Mathematical methods of Classical Mechanics" by Arnold
I bought Intro to Cyclotomic Fields but haven't gotten around to reading it yet
can do that together if you wawnt
Actually all maths/physics related books of my parents are on my shelf for some reason, and I have not read 90% of them
12:56
lol
@EdwardEvans lol
i dont buy books
I borrow them from my russian friend
indeed
Mathematical methods of CM is pretty good, @Astyx
I guess it is, but I never found the motivation to read it
I don't find classical mechanics that interesting any more
12:58
Arnold is a little bit idosynchratic in terminology sometimes, but otherwise some great gems in that book (e.g. constructive proof of Darboux's theorem).
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