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10:00
A bachelor thesis is worth 20 credits out of 120 here
which of the three things is $\Bbb C - \{0\}$ diffeomorphic to, as a complex manifold?
by "three things" I mean the classification of 1D complex manifold
@MatheinBoulomenos
I don't really understand your question. What is the classification of 1D complex manifolds?
I know a classification for 2D real compact manifolds and you can see which of these are complex manifolds, but $\Bbb C \setminus \{0\}$ is not compact
He's thinking of the uniformization theorem maybe?
Actually wait no
That's for simply connected Riemann surfaces
Uniformization is the only manifold-type classification that I associate with the number 3
Right, any simply connected Riemann surface is biholomorphic to either CP^1, C or the closed unit disk.
you can always ask about the universal cover of a connected Riemann surface, though. In the case of $\Bbb C - \{0\}$, the universal cover is given by $\exp: \Bbb C \to \Bbb C- \{0\}$
10:14
I still need to learn the proof of uniformization at some point of time in my life
Oh noes I have to study more physics
Gotta run
Gotta run faster
Sanic
@Mathein oh sick
Lol I should prob learn covering spaces tbh
yes, everyone should learn covering spaces
do it
just do it
Okay so
5 mins ago, by MatheinBoulomenos
yes, everyone should learn covering spaces
10:27
$p:E\to B$ is a covering map if it's surjective and if for each $b\in B$, you can find some neighborhood $V$ such that $p^{-1}(V)$ is a disjoint union of open sets such that the restriction of $p$ to any of them is a homeomorphism
it's so beautiful that $x \mapsto x^2$ defines a double cover in $S^1$
Hatcher doesn't assume surjectivity, which I always thought was a bit weird
Oh I'm actually using your favorite book
(I do have Concise open as well ofc)
(In fact I pulled that def from Concise)
hey everyone :) I would love to get some help on this generating function question. All the details are written on here. I do understand the first case, but the second case (in which there is significance to the order) I don;t. Thank you in advance, and sorry for my poor english math.stackexchange.com/questions/2595727/…
10:31
If $B$ is connected, $p$ has to be surjective anyway.
Hello!! How could we show that for each $\pi\in S_n$ there is a natural number $r$ with $\pi^r=id$ ?
Multi-thonk p o n d e r i n g
Don't bother about it. It's a bad technicality.
Oh is that just because if you miss a point you say "Aight let's take an open neighborhood o... fuck"
Alright alright
can you send a direct message to some user on this site?
10:34
@MaryStar $S_n$ has ony finitely many elements, that means for some distinct integers $m,n \in \Bbb N$, we must have $\pi^m=\pi^n$
@Daminark Hm, no, I mean take an annulus $U$ in $\Bbb C$ and define the covering map $U \to \Bbb C$ by $z \mapsto z^2$. That seems to be a perfectly fine non-surjective covering map to me.
I guess I don't see why playing with surjectivity is a non-dumb thing to do at all
Oh well!
Good lord Hatcher's pictures
"Some covering spaces of $S^1 \vee S^1$
Good pictures mane
@MatheinBoulomenos Ah! Then we get $\pi^{m-n}=\pi^m\pi^{-n}=\pi^m\left (\pi^n\right )^{-1}=\pi^m\left (\pi^m\right )^{-1}=id$, right?
This is... well... a bit overwhelming to say the least
10:43
@MaryStar correct
Back to Concise for now
Great! Thank you!! :-) @MatheinBoulomenos
@Daminark Ah! Hatcher's definition is that $p : Y \to X$ is a covering space if for each $x \in X$ there is a neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $p^{-1}(U)$ is disjoint union of a collection (possibly empty) of open sets of $Y$ on which $p$ restricts as a homeomorphism.
Now THAT does simply if $X$ is (path) connected, $p$ is surjective
It's a good exercise to figure out why!
(Also why my example above is not a covering space in this definition)
Okay so we can lift paths, that's dank
Yup
Re Hatcher's pictures, all you need is to understand how this is a covering space of $S^1 \vee S^1$.
10:48
@Balarka lies
Really tho the fact that this fucker has anything to do with $S^1\vee S^1$ feels like I'm about to end up on "EPIC PRANKS COMPILATION 2018 (GONE BADLY)"
lol
maybe you mean GONE WRONG GONE SEXUAL instead
@Daminark from e to b you travel along the first circle
from e to a you travel along the second
the graph is just all the possible ways of travelling
But yeah so I can sorta see some link insofar as this is the Cayley graph of $F_2$ and that's 2 circles put together but...
10:52
exactly
but what
Use what @LeakyNun said to define a $F_2$-action on that space
And show that quotienting by that action gives $S^1 \vee S^1$
or just, pi_1(S1 V S1) = F2
Then see that the quotient map is a covering map
@LeakyNun Let's not involve the fundamental group right off the bat
come on, it's how you see it intuitively
True, but my impression is that Dami is an algebraic boi
He'd want to define the $F_2$-action on that space explicitly
(It's not hard after you realize it's the Cayley graph anyway...)
10:57
@BalarkaSen I am truly clueless as to how you got that impression. It's baffling
lol
you know your ironical cluelessness and your avatar picture goes perfectly
"When someone says I'm not a differential geometer"
Imagine the thonk smiley saying "I am truly baffled by this"
11:00
Okay really though, we're trying to have $F_2$ act on the tree?
Oh I mean, you say that $a$ is up and $b$ is right, then given any point and some element of $F_2$, that's the code for how to push on
o..o
Good, yes. More generally, if $\Gamma = \Gamma(G, S)$ is the Cayley graph of $G$ wrt some choice of generators $S = \{g_1, \cdots, g_n\}$, define the action of $G$ on $\Gamma$ by $g \cdot "x" = "gx"$ where $"y"$ is the point on the Cayley graph corresponding to the element $y \in G$.
Also what's the topology on our space here? Cylinder sets?
11:03
Just multiplication (just Monika)
Wat?
@Daminark Good question. Just assign to each edge the length of $1$. This defines a metric on the graph
The previous message was associated to the first message
Oh oh okay
I was like um
We define a set to be open if m u l t i p l i c a t i o n
You were like, m8 did you overdose on drugs today?
First I will refuse to believe this fact even upon seeing a proof
11:07
o..o'
Then there's the business from earlier about seeing 4-D colors
Today is my LSD day
3
(don't star that)
Like, dammit Balarka all we have to do is send a chat transcript instead of all these videos about people whose lives were ruined by drugs to discourage kids
Yo for a sec I was conflicted about starring that. But now that I'm not gonna be the first
Why do I even bother asking you guys to not star
If you say "Please don't star", that makes us think about starring and get excited
If you don't say anything that might just slip our minds in the moment
:theenkong:
11:10
for the record I didn't star it
Lol I legit thought it was you
@mercio Prove it by giving the message another star!
can i remove the star afterwards or is it stuck there forever ?
(I am doing a very subtle psychology manipulation here and nobody is realizing it)
Let $A \in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$, $n\geq 3$ be a matrix with $n+1$ elements $1$ and the remaining elements are $0$.
I want to show that $\det (A)\in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ and each of these $3$ possible values can occur.
Do I have to use induction?
11:13
Balarka is a psychology confirmed
r/iamverysmart
like you're a differential geometer
I think the analogous situation would not be being a differential geometer so much as a differential geometry
How surreal
But are you a moving frame?
Ted might integrate you
no u
11:16
no no u
no no no u
i will no no no your u up
Thats the ultimate response
a geometrical approach?
It's time for a reverse psychology
yes me
lol beautiful
11:18
(I just reversed your psychology up)
psych is easy
is it ?
yup, easier than bio
11:32
[explosion]
[end explosion]
12:06
Helllo
Can somebody give me a hint how to show that the series with $(\frac{n-1}{n})^p$ for some $p\gt 1$ converges?
I know about the p test which says that the series with $\frac{1}{n^p}$ converges
@philmcole How it is convergent?
see the limit of nth term
Isn't non-zero?
@ManeeshNarayanan I need to show that $\sum a_n$ converges where $|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}| \lt (\frac{n-1}{n})^p$
your $a_n=((n-1)/n)^p$ right?
@philmcole
no $a_n$ is unknown
 
1 hour later…
13:28
@LeakyNun That program definitely doesn't seem right. f(10000) > g(g(10000)) > g(2^10000) ≈ g(10^3000) > 2^10^3000 > 10^10^2999
And I'm fairly certain 10^10^2999 is a lot larger than what was printed there.
@LeakyNun Even f(2) is wrong. f(2) = g(g(2)) = g(8) = 2048
14:08
Hey, if I have a vector u = [2, 4, 8] how can I calculate a matrix such that Mu=[.25, .5, 1] in other words, how can I divide all the elements by the last element via a matrix?
1
Q: Asymptotic equivalence $\sum_{k=1}^K a_{k,K} \sim \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} b_{k,K}$.

JuliusLet $\{a_{k,K}\}$ and $\{b_{k,K}\}$ be real sequences with the following properties (perhaps not all of them will be needed for the result): $0\leq a_{k,K} \leq b_{k,K}$ for all $k$, $K\in\Bbb{N}$. $a_{k,K}=0$ for $k>K$, but $b_{k,K}$ is nonzero for all $k$, $K\in\Bbb{N}$. $a_{k,K} \sim b_{k,K}...

@Startec, with $M = I/8$, where $I$ is the identity matrix
Right. That's it. Thanks
@Julius how did you figure that out so fast? What was the intuition?
14:24
@SimplyBeautifulArt corrected
@Startec, dividing by a single number is a quite basic operation, so you could think simply of $u/8$, and then if you necessarily want a matrix we can add the identity matrix as $Iu=u$ for any $u$. Also you could take a general $M$ and write down the result; you'd see that there are infinitely many $M$ that satisfy the equation. It's even simpler as the rows of $M$ don't interact. For example, the first row of M could be (1/8,0,0), (0,1/16,1/16), etc.
@LeakyNun not not too big anymore?
right
hi chat
when we mod out a group by a normal subgroup
how exactly do we get the different cosets ?
eg R/Z , R reals, Z integers
@Jacksoja the cosets look like a+Z for some a in R
where a+Z := {a+z | z in Z}
14:28
But what am failing to understand here
when we mod out by Z
it means we're thinking of things in Z as the "same" object
what do we treat as 0 ?
so pi +Z
is one coset right?
14:30
I don't know how to tell you what I don't understand
by in general when we use modular aritmatic
great
if we do arithmatic mod 5
there is a roll that 5 plays
once we get a number larger than it , we delete 5 units
in R/Z , what is the roll of Z
@Julius Thanks
@Jacksoja once we get to an integer, we reset to 0 :P
@LeakyNun what does that mean?
1,2,3,4 ect are all equiv to 0 ?
14:36
0->0.1->0.2->0.3->0.4->0.5->0.6->0.7->0.8->0.9->0
@Jacksoja yes
so just to be sure, R/Z is not finite group right
because we can 'tlist all the elements
right
it's uncountable
all right, let me see if this makes sense now
R*/ {1,-1}
that makes no sense
the operation is multiplication
i noticed that now, the set is R/{0}
14:39
wrong direction
R\{0}
okay, the group 1,-1 is normal
so the quotient makes sense
here I fail to represent cosets
[1] = {1,-1}
[n] ={n,-n}
but [a] [b]= ? , depends on represenatative
@Jacksoja show us
show us how it depends on the representative
if a and be are positive, -ab does not equal ab
i took one -a as rep of [a] and second time a for [a]
@Jacksoja [a] [b] = {ab,-ab}
how did you arrive at that?
14:45
[a] and [b] are sets of two elements
you multiply those elements together
XY := {xy | x in X, y in Y}
yes but I only meant if we chose a representative of each
we dont get the same answer , so it does depend of what we chose
not well defined definition no ?
you choose all possible representatives
[a] [b] = {a,-a} {b,-b} = {(a)(b), (a)(-b), (-a)(b), (-a)(-b)} = {ab, -ab, -ab, ab} = {ab, -ab}
[a] [b] = [ab]
okay
[a][b] = [ab]
right thanks
does it still depend on representative? @Jacksoja
nope it is well defined :)
14:49
good
the questions asks to show that G/N acts like the groups of positive real numbers under multiplication
we just find an isomorphism between G/N and R >0
i think sending a in R to its class does the job
right
@Jacksoja if you want a little challenge: let S^1 be the unit circle in the complex plane. it forms a group under multiplication
let Z/nZ be the n-th roots of unity. it is a subgroup of S^1
show that S^1/(Z/nZ) and S^1 are isomorphic
15:23
Hey, I am trying to do some integration.
But I am stuck at some point and I am not sure if everything is correct so far.
Does anyone see a mistake or has a an idea how to go on ?

$\begin{align}
\int{\frac{\sin(2x)}{\cos^2(x)}} dx &= \int{\frac{2 \sin(x) \cos(x)}{cos^2(x)}} dx \\
&= \int{ \frac{2 \sin(x)}{\cos(x)}} dx \\
&= 2 \int{ \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} } dx \\
&= 2 \int{\sin (x) \frac{1}{\cos(x)}} dx \\
&= \sin(x) \ln(\cos(x)) - \int{\cos(x) \ln( \cos(x))} dx
\end{align}$
@jublikon That's not how integration by parts works.
hm :/
The integral of 1/cos(x) is not ln(cos(x))
In fact, on the second-to-last line, you should've used u-substitution, with u = cos(x)
but the differentiation of $\ln x$ is $\frac{1}{x}$ or am I completely wrong?
@jublikon That is right. By chain rule, $\frac d{dx}\ln(y)=\frac{dy}{dx}\frac1y\ne\frac1y$
@jublikon To be perhaps clearer, what is $\frac d{dx}\ln(\cos(x))$?
15:34
Accidentally, I made a definition. How do I know that definition is fresh?math.stackexchange.com/questions/2603573/…
2
will it be useful?
Hi, is it true that $\sum a_n$ converges when $\frac{|a_{n+1}|}{|a_n|} \le \frac{b_{n+1}}{b_n}$?
for some convergent $\sum b_n$
@philmcole what does the ratio test tell you?
@SimplyBeautifulArt $\frac{\d}{\dx}\ln(\cos(x)) = \frac{1}{\cos(x)} \cdot [-\sin(x)]$
@jublikon there you go. (basically you're integral)
@SimplyBeautifulArt I don't have any concrete $a_n$. This should be an abstract theorem I guess
15:38
@SimplyBeautifulArt both can be 1
@LeakyNun yeah, then we use the one test that's stronger than the ratio test I think?
15:51
@SimplyBeautifulArt : I do not feel that I am doing work that has a lot of sense ...
25 mins ago, by Simply Beautiful Art
In fact, on the second-to-last line, you should've used u-substitution, with u = cos(x)
yeah, stupid me...
thanks
@philmcole If $\sum b_n$ converges, then there is an $N$ such that for all $n>N$, we have $|b_{n+1}|\le|b_n|$
Since $\left|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right|>0$, we have either $b_n$ is all positive or negative.
Let's assume it's all positive.
We also have $|a_{n+1}|b_n\le|a_n|b_{n+1}\le|a_n|b_n\implies|a_{n+1}|\le|a_n|$
@SimplyBeautifulArt But does $|a_{n+1}| \le |a_n|$ suffice to show that $\sum a_n$ converges?
No, I'm just thinking aloud
16:01
I see
I want to reach the conclusion that $b_n/|a_n|<c$ for some constant $c$.
Since $\sum b_n$ is convergent, it is bounded, so there is some $c$ such that $b_n \le c$ for all $n$.
We know that $\frac{|a_{n+1}|}{b_{n+1}}\le\frac{|a_n|}{b_n}\le\frac{|a_0|}{b_0}$
$|a_n|\le\frac{|a_0|}{b_0}b_n$
Direct comparison test + absolute convergence
x'D I used to be better at this
16:07
Thanks dude
Hi
Hi bye
Welp, cya guys around.
Why do people use square brackets for the divided differences?
What does $[y_{\nu }] := y_{\nu }$ even mean?
The example in the Wikipedia page clarifies what that notation means, but why do people use that notation and not simply $y_v$?
@LeakyNun if you want a little challenge: let S^1 be the unit circle in the complex plane. it forms a group under multiplication

let Z/nZ be the n-th roots of unity. it is a subgroup of S^1
show that S^1/(Z/nZ) and S^1 are isomorphic
@LeakyNun what is S^1 ?
16:17
@KasmirKhaan the unit circle in the complex plane
{z : |z| = 1}
why is it called S^1 ?
what does S stand for ?
sphere
it is the sphere of 1 dimension
aha ill try to solve that problem
:D
16:29
@LeakyNun yo leaky, in that question you answerd
the cosets are those of the form like
[1/2] , [e] ,[pi] ect right
aha but hmm ,is R/Z a circle then ?
or a line
a circle
this is pretty neat
what is R/Q
that's a mess
16:35
hmm
there isn't anything nice about it that I can tell you
these quotient groups are pretty messy
there isn't anything nice about it
but R/Z is quite neat
:D
seems a bit odd
i cant make sense of the radius of the circle
heh
it's topologically a circle
think about [0,1] and then join 0 and 1 together
16:37
what does that mean
okay but where will the element pi be ?
topology is things done without lengths and angles
just the shapes
it has the "shape" of a circle
but it doesn't make much sense to ask about its radius
@KasmirKhaan around 0.14159265...
the meme is back
aha so reduce all integers to 0
16:39
yes
i see it now
[pi] = [pi - 3] = 0.14...
because N = Na if a in N
neat question
16:50
ITS ALIVE!
@GabrielRomon oh hell no
Sorry i ahvent seen @KasmirKhaan in like a month
@Faust faust7 good luck
you can do it
16:52
good luck with what?
ur exam what else did we talk about
i did all my exams like 3 weeks ago
am not an "IT" buddy am a HE
faust7 there are at least 7 of you and none is good
-.-
lol
16:54
whatcha doing this semester?
lots of good stuff but i aint saying nothing cause you're mean
wbu ?
lol an linear algerbra class topology a more advance analysis class and a more advanced number theory class only doing 4 cause i almost died last semester but i am sitting in on a Galois theory class as well
also got and advisor to do a summer reasearch project that i dont understand

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