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18:00
My keyboard wants to snipe
Okay I'm tired of that, on to my phone
you know you're going to get rekd for that d key right?
@TedShifrin He defined it as a stable homotopy theory of a spectrum
What'd that make cohomology?
At the end of the k-theory talk, Mark showed us that homology had this property, and was like "So if you want to be really funny, you write a colon here"
18:02
maps to eilenberg maclane spaces
Yo @Araske
Araske got his g key busted
hopotopy classes thereof
lel
oh, so he's got his m and p keys switched
fucked up keyboard
Welcome to the chat, I don't know if I've seen you around here before
18:02
heck ok
cannot type
You need to do homotopy type theory to figure this problem out
I'm curious, what sort of "machinery" is used to prove the invariance of dimension for topological manifolds in the general case?
@Perturbative You need at least homology theory, I believe
can you do it with invariance of domain?
Unless you develop a notion of topological dimension?
18:05
hi chat
hoi
@BalarkaSen Well I'll have to come back to the proof in a couple months then :p
Hey @EricSilva
Yo @EricSilva
@Perturbative yeah you'd use invariance of domain, the only proof I've seen of that uses homology
18:06
@Araske Yeah. But that in turns need homology to prove it
@Araske, doesn't invariance of domain only apply to Euclidean spaces tho?
gah sniped
lol
Hehehehe
@Perturbative Manifolds are locally Euclidean
18:07
gets sniped in turn
yeah you can make a contradiction by poking charts
Are there any video lectures for general topology?
Good ones.
Dammit @Balarka, you could've let me basked in five minutes of my sniping celebrations before mentioning that
You have to be quick
@Araske they're delicate though, so don't poke them too hard
I don't think I like the terminology of being locally Euclidean
18:10
@EricSilva: I haven't worked it out for myself, but I'm pretty sure there's a typo in Robert's paper. In (3.14), the $h$ should be an $n$.
What's wrong with "locally Euclidean"? It's just like "locally constant" or "locally connected."
@EricSilva for the confusion about Riemannian manifolds?
cause in my brain i want euclidean to mean something about geometry
@gian I've never seen any on YouTube, the only good thing I've seen was a couple Differential Topology lectures by Milnor
Okay thanks anyways.
although I really don't have a better term for "looking locally like $\mathbb{R}^{n}$
but personally when you equip $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ with the standard Euclidean inner product I like to notate it $\mathbb{E}^{n}$
18:12
I think you can make the geometry carry locally?
idk tho
I think you're protesting too much, Eric.
i mean it's not a big deal at all
Go read!
"local geometry" what am I even saying
Oh, did you figure out Hopf?
18:13
I'm working on it rn, I just woke up lol
Good grief.
<-- going back to watch tennis
@TedShifrin I hope it's not the Citi Open :p
Your sleep schedule might just be worse than mine @EricSilva
@Daminark I slept at 1 am, I just slept for 12 hours
18:14
Balarka is still the king of bad sleep schedules
Damn, nice
Why did Stackoverflow just send me a job proposition ?
Like, since when is Stackoverflow used as such ?
Sure it's an actual proposition and not an ad for their "stack overflow jobs" thingy?
I got an email about this
18:16
They have a jobs/career thing on SO
Need to go over 9000 to get the crown of a bad sleep schedule from me
Maybe your status is set to something else than "not looking" :P
Over 9000 hours of missed sleep?
It's quite well paid actually
Not that I'm interrested
Nor qualified
I prefer doing things with no concrete applications
You should answer though, maybe it was meant to be sent to someone else
18:19
@Astyx my brother
I doubt so @AlessandroCodenotti
posting that video was a mistake
Indeed
I am cringing at myself for doing that now
it's so bad that i want to throw myself into another galaxy
@BalarkaSen that was truly a new level of trash, doesn't even sound nice
18:21
^
With great trash comes great cringes
Eh, I don't think the physics allows it, sorry
I can't handle it, @Daminark
It's too powerful for me
Look up "Never Gonna hit those notes" for comparison
I mean, that was at least a thing
18:22
@Daminark That's gold
@Astyx no
it's good but not gold
look up Never Gonna Follow That Train
Dammit CJ
4
@Daminark has anyone emailed you guys about what to lecture on for Ted's book yet
ok gotta get non-meme dinner
@Daminark I kinda liked the Rick roll song, you have permanently ruined it for me
I'm off to study for a Numerical Analysis test, cheers everyone!
18:28
Seeya
So, $f=x^2+y^2$ (red function in the picture). We define $g$ as $g: f(ty+(1-t)x)$, and that will be the gray curve. MVT says, there is a $t \in(0,1)$ such that $g(1)-g(0)=g'(t)$, so $f(y)-f(x) = g'(t)$. I want to show the MVT for scalar fields, means there is a $\xi$ with $f(y)-f(x) = \langle \mathrm{grad}f(\xi), y-x\rangle.$ How to transform $g'(t)$ $\textbf{formally}$ correct into the scalar product I need, like $g'(t) = \ldots = \langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle$?
@Eric yeah, 2.1 on Monday, 2.2 on Wednesday, 2.3 on Friday
Are you not on the Google group?
Oh weird, that's where all the announcements are
yeah id rather not be in it
18:35
@BalarkaSen does that even exist?? Eh well, see you
Lolol
@Perturbative mwahaha, and see you
mystical greetings, strange travelers
I got an email from a Mike yesterday, and I thought it was you.
@BalarkaSen lol you have no idea what gta is but you still know CJ memes
ah, I don't email much
Also everyone check out "Soviet army dancing to hard bass"
@MikeMiller I have played VC and SA back when I was 7 or something
I know, inappropriate games to be playing at 7
18:41
Wow, you're way more of an edgy teen than I thought.
I had edginess in me but it took time to be unleashed
had to install edgy.dll
meh i'll ask elsewhere
@Daminark I found some Soviet trash today
let me find it
recipe i just learned for producing branched covers: take a section of a holomorphic line bundle that's transverse to 0 & equipped with an iso $K^{\otimes 2} \cong L$ for some $K$
does that come in opposite orders
how did that even happen
18:49
the wifi is bad
Ah I've seen that
there's tons of soviet and non-soviet stuff on leftbook, any page w labourwave in the name
rip @labourwave, they got zucked
What did they do?
Oddly enough I was just reading about vector bundles in order to finish writing my notes on tangent spaces.
@MikeMiller So you get a double branched cover, right? Hm
18:56
How would I show that if a subset of a topological space contains all of its limit points, then that implies that its closed? (I'm not concerned with the other direction). Also, I want to prove it without using metrics or closure.
what's your definition of closed?
Actually wait a second now that I think about it, what is the topology on the Grassmannian anyway?
@AlessandroCodenotti, the only definitions of closed I have met so far are that a closed set's complement in space $X$ is open and that a set is closed if it is equal to its closure in $X$.
ok, so you should show that if a set contains all of its limit points then its complement is open
In the k-theory talk he mentioned vector bundles are formalized via the Grassmannian, but never said what the topology is
19:00
But how would I show that? Would I need to show that its an arbitrary union of open sets?
you could show that every point in the complement has an open neighbourhood completely contained in the complement
@Daminark $\text{Gr}(k, n)$ is the set of $k$-dimensional subspaces of $\Bbb R^n$. "Nearby" planes constitute an open set - that's all :)
More formally, it's a quotient of a subset of $(\Bbb R^n)^k$ (of $k$-tuples which are linearly independent - this is itself a manifold; give it the subspace topology. It's called the Stiefel manifold $V(k, n)$)
Well what does "nearby" mean in symbols is my point
By identifying two $k$-tuples of vectors if they span the same subpace.
Oh, so then it's the quotient topology under that.
I think I'm happy with that
19:06
Yeah
Okay @AlessandroCodenotti, so I have an arbitrary $x \in X - A$ and an open set $U$ such that $x \in U$. Since $x$ cannot be a limit point of $A$, $U \cap A = \emptyset$.
@Daminark leftbook pages just get the zucc sometimes
they had a nice thing you could stick on your profile pictures that said "please dont divide the left on my profile"
Oh but then this implies that $U$ must be contained in $X - A$.
shrug
Having already defined the tangent space at a point, what's a good way of bringing up the tangent bundle?
19:10
And somehow Facebook decided that was against the rules or smth? idek
Spivak starts with TM then talks about T_pM afterwards.
Nah thats unrelated I just liked it
Oh lmao
And Lee & Tu just introduce it without much motivation.
you're trying to put all the fibers together at once
vOv
19:11
@anakhronizein Huh. How?
The way it works is right-wing people report the pages and eventually the mods take them down and the corresponding thing is not as true the other way around
How what, @Semiclassical?
he wants to know how spivak defines TM
How do you start with TM and then T_pM?
19:13
But @AlessandroCodenotti, why does that prove that $X - A$ is open?
@Balarka okay so, once we want $Gr(n,\mathbb{R}^{\infty})$, will this still hold nicely?
Yup.
It's a quotient of a subset of $\Bbb R^{k\infty}$
lol
@BalarkaSen n\infty, right?
I usually just think about the infinite one as a direct limit.
19:15
Ah, sorry, I was using my original notation
Yes, in Daminark's notation
It's just without the consideration of T_pM as a vector space itself.
Oh whoops
For example, in R^n, it is most natural to discuss the tangent bundle than the tangent space since people are familiar with the whole "displacement of vectors" thing.
@gian for each point in $X-A$ you construct such a set $U$, then take their union
So how Spivak does it, is introducing the tangent bundle on R^n, then discussing vector bundles and the differential.
19:17
Oh I see. Thank you.
@PVAL huh
That makes sense, I think
Which makes for a good motivation, I think.
$\Bbb R^\infty$ is a direct limit of $\Bbb R^n$'s anyway
However, I don't know what would make a good motivation for working T_pM towards TM.
The best I can come up with is an alternative way of looking at vector fields.
But I have not introduced vector fields yet, so I kind of have writer's block.
0
Q: Finding the value of trigonometric expression using given data.

Abcd If $\sin\theta + \sin\phi = a$ and $\cos\theta+\cos\phi = b$, then find the value of: $\cos2\theta+\cos2\phi$. My attempt: Squaring both sides of the second given equation: $\cos^2\theta+ \cos^2\phi + 2\cos\theta\cos\phi= b^2$ Multiplying by 2 and subtracting 2 from both sides we o...

19:22
@anakhronizein you don't really have to provide the motivation before you introduce things, it's totally fair to say "Okay it'll seem like I'm defining this for no reason at all but be patient, it'll make sense soon"
Of course I don't have to.
But I want to.
It's one of the thinks I find math classes lack a lot of the time.
A pet peeve of mine.
I mean the issue with some things is that the motivation is that an intuitive idea of conceptual importance now makes sense once you define this thing
So you're kinda stuck, either you have to delay motivation or introduce something before it makes sense
Well in the case for the tangent bundle, what might you suggest?
Tangent spaces allow you to talk about derivatives of maps between manifolds
Well yes, I have tangent spaces already.
But to arbitrarily take the disjoint union of the tangent spaces.
19:32
Derivative of a map $f : M \to N$ is a map $Df : TM \to TN$.
I was thinking using the global pushforward, but it doesn't seem too important for the scope of the notes so far.
I mean, you can give the intuitive idea of a vector field maybe?
I guess. I guess I could also just go back to the displacement of vectors and do it like spivak as well.
I am not sue, I will think on it.
The tangent bundle is like the whole point of smooth manifold theory. A smooth manifold is literally equivalent to the information of the underlying topological manifold with it's tangent bundle.
A topological manifold comes only with a manifold structure. A smooth manifold comes with a manifold structure plus it's tangent structure.
The tangent structure is encoded in the tangent bundle.
What else do you want
@BalarkaSen this is not true unless you're saying it in a silly sense
19:36
You could do that. Again I don't think you can get around either introducing ideas which are as of yet sketchily-defined or asking people to suspend disbelief about the importance of something until later
I could approach it with the 'unification of information' idea, but that seems a bit less interesting of a motivation
@MikeMiller I was saying it in a silly sense: As in, you could define tangent spaces for smooth manifolds. But I also had microbundles vaguely in my mind when I said it
Yeah what you're thinking of is a very hard theorem and the way you stated it isn't quite accurate. :P I don't like "equivalent" there
especially "literally equivalent"
whenever I say equivalent I almost always mean $\implies$. I don't know why.
please cross that off with implies
@anakhronizein Here is, in my opinion, the very first major theorem which is proved using tangent bundles: every smooth manifold $M$ of dimension $n$ embeds in $\Bbb R^{2n+1}$.
Also known as "Whitney embedding theorem"
I think the point is that otherwise for p,q distinct, the tangent spaces TpM and TqM on their own have no relation whatsoever. That shouldn't be the case though, there is some kind of smooth dependence (motivated by considering vector fields in R^n, for example). TM provides a way of giving this 'bundle' of spaces a smooth structure, which allows you to define a notion of smoothness for example.
19:42
Hey @Semiclassical, have you read Noether's theorem from Ch. 1 of Altland, Condensed Matter Field Theory?
Probably. I remember the content of it (continuous symmetries imply conserved charges) and I do have that book.
Great. I've read about it from other sources but the explanation in Altland is pretty unclear to me. It calculated the action difference between transformed and original Lagrangians and says the difference must be linear in the derivatives ∂_μ(ω_a). How do we get that? Here ω_a are the parameters of the transformation and μ is the index of cartesian coordinates.
That's more than I remember.
Ah alright. I probably need to stare at it more carefully.
Wow there are so many people in this room now, but most are quiet.
19:49
shrug
Anyone knows about Mr Eyeglasses? I haven't heard from him for so long. I hope he's OK.
@ctoi that's a very good idea. Because considering the tangent spaces we don't have any connection whatsoever. Always sticking locally.
@zed111 I think simply because you want to take the variation "up to first order"
The point is that, in the end, you want to take a derivative with respect to some parameter $\epsilon$ and then set $\epsilon=0$ afterwards, so you only care about linear terms
20:17
@Danu thanks. But why linear in the derivatives of the form ∂_μ(ω_a) only. Why not terms like ∂_(ω_a)(x_μ) ?
@zed111 It is not clear what your parameters mean, but I doubt that the coordinates should depend on them.
okay. Seems reasonable.
Finally after calculating the action difference, $\Delta S=\int j_\mu^a(x) ∂_μ(ω_a)$ and saying that it should be zero for symmetry transformations, the book says $\partial _\mu j_\mu =0$. I guess this is obtained through integration by parts of $\Delta S$ and setting it to zero?
sounds right. they'll be assuming that $\omega_a$ vanishes at infinity, I think?
Anonymous
@Semiclassical May I ask you a question about Schrodinger's equation? I was told that "energy eigenvalues are experimentally measurable values in a lab". My question was: how does one measure eigenvalues in lab?
Well, suppose you've got a particle in a box, occupying an excited state.
Anonymous
20:30
@Semiclassical Okay? Like an electron in excited state (within an atom)?
Right.
By emitting an photon, that electron can drop from the excited state to the ground state.
Anonymous
Yes....
The wavelength of the emitted photon then tells you the energy difference.
Anonymous
@Semiclassical Okay?
Now, to be fair, this only tells you the gap in energy.
But, eh, it's differences in energy that are typically physically meaningful.
Anonymous
20:33
@Semiclassical Got it till here. Then?
Then you're done? You've measured the difference in energy between a particular excited state and the ground state.
Anonymous
Sorry. I couldn't understand what you are saying. Basically I was told this:
Anonymous
in The h Bar, 2 hours ago, by Avantgarde
$\hat{H}$ is an operator, which in some basis (say position basis) is a matrix. $\Psi$ is a vector (ray, actually, but forget that for the time being) in Hilbert space. In general, when an operator acts on a vector, it results in a different vector, which is unrelated to the original vector. In some cases, however, the resultant vector is just the old vector times a constant multiple. Such special cases are what observables are about in QM. That constant multiple is called the eigenvalue
Anonymous
in The h Bar, 2 hours ago, by Avantgarde
And the constant multiples are the experimentally measurable values in a lab
Anonymous
How is that "constant multiple" obtained from the energy difference?
20:35
Well, let's take a special case---the ground state energy of the Hamiltonian.
Anonymous
@Semiclassical I'm a newbie to this. Can you say what you mean by ground state "of the Hamiltonian" ?
The lowest stationary energy level.
For instance, if you take the Hamiltonian to be that of a harmonic oscillator $\hat{H}=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{1}{2}m\omega^2 x^2$
Anonymous
@Semiclassical What do you mean by ground state of the "Hamiltonian"? I know that ground state means the lowest stationary energy level when talking about an electron in an atom
Anonymous
@Semiclassical Okay, what's the ground state of that Hamiltonian?
I'm forgetting the precise paramters, but it's like $\psi(x)=Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}$.
With $a$ chosen properly, that'll satisfy $\hat{H}\psi = (\frac12 \hbar\omega) \psi$.
Anonymous
20:42
@Semiclassical Wait. How did you find $(\frac12 \hbar\omega)$ ?
With an atom, you'd have $\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x}^2+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y}^2+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z}^2$ in place $\frac{d^2}{dx^2}$ and the potential would be a different function.
memory, if I'm honest.
blah, should've been $\partial x^2$ on the bottom
Anonymous
I didn't understand how you found the $(\frac12 \hbar\omega)$ though...
I didn't.
Anonymous
@Semiclassical What?
I'm saying that I remember that that's how the calculation works out.
Here's the computation. If you take that $\psi(x)=Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}$, and act on it with $\hat{H}$, you'll get...
Anonymous
20:47
Okay. Just by chance I'll get some constant times the $\psi$ ?
$$\frac{d^2}{dx}^2 Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}=\frac{d}{dx}(-x/a^2)Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}=(-1/a^2)Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}+(-x/a^2‌​)Ae^{-x^2/2a^2}$$
It's not exactly by chance. The condition $\hat{H}\psi(x)=E\psi(x)$ is an ODE.
As such, it can be solved to obtain $\psi(x)$.
What makes things tricky is that, if you just pick $E$ arbitrarily, that solution won't be physically reasonable.
The idea of $\psi(x)$, as a wavefunction, is that $|\psi(x)|^2$ should correspond to a probability density.
As such, you need $\int_{-\infty}^\infty |\psi(x)|^2\,dx=1$ (the probability of finding the particle somewhere is 1).
At a bare minimum, that only works if $\psi(x)\to 0$ as $x\to\infty$.
(a square is misplaced in the big equation)
erk, yes.
a few of them, in fact. sigh.
It turns out that, for most values of $E$ that you pick, the corresponding $\psi(x)$ will not go to zero at infinity.
In fact, the only values of $E$ for which this doesn't happen are: $E=\frac12 \hbar \omega,\frac32 \hbar \omega,\frac52 \hbar \omega,$ and so forth.
Anonymous
Why are you using the word "you pick"? Do we just run through all real values to check which one can be a suitable E ?
Anonymous
20:52
Using computers?
Nah, using math. One can solve that ODE as a series expansion, and show that series doesn't converge everywhere unless $E$ has those specific values.
A textbook will have that derivation.
That's what makes these problems a bit of a pain, tbh. When doing the wave equation, one can always solve the eigenvalue problem in a formal sense. But it won't be the right kind of function (square-integrable, as one says) unless $E$ is chosen particularly.
Anonymous
@Semiclassical Do you know any website which discusses that method?
Wikipedia almost certainly does. Look up their page on the 'quantum harmonic oscillator'
(I should also note that, if one is doing a particle in an infinite square well, the issue is a bit different: In that case, one demands that $\psi(x)=0$ at the edges of the well. So you're trying to solve an ODE subject to certain boundary conditions, and that won''t work unless $E$ is an energy level.)
(I don't remember the energy levels of the infinite square well, so don't ask. :P)
But I'll have to be going for now.
bye
Anonymous
@Semiclassical Thanks for the help. Bye!
21:42
Where does the tangent vector on the level set start and end?
For some function $\mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$ and for some point $(x,y)$ the tangential space should be a plane. Is that plane a level set?
what do you mean by the tangential space? the tangent plane as a graph in R^3? if so, then of course the plane is not a level set, it's not even located in the domain.
hi @anon, $T(x)=\{v \mid v \text{ is a tangent vector on }N_c(f) \text{ in }x\}, f$ function, $x \in \mathbb{R}^2, c=f(x), \mathrm{grad}f(x)\ne 0$
$N_c(f)$?
oh, $N_c(f)=\{x \mid x \in \mathbb{R}^2 \text { (here) }, f(x)=c \}$
again, we have $f(x,y) = x^2 + y^2$ (x,y coordinates here), the point $F=(1,2)$ and the point $G=(1,2,5)$ that is on the surface.
tangent vectors are $\in \langle \begin{pmatrix} 2\\1\end{pmatrix}\rangle$
I just want to draw some of them, but don't know where they should start and end.
here: $N_5(f) = \{ x \mid x \in \mathbb{R}^2, f(x)=5\}$
22:16
oh, $\begin{pmatrix} 2\\-1\end{pmatrix}$ two lines before
23:10
Hey could I get some tagging help? I have this question but I don't know the tag system on Math.se well enough to know what tags should be added. I have added but I'm not sure if that tag is even supposed to be there.
It is not professional mathematics, and it seems to loosely fit the tag definition, but I am still wary because I haven't used the tag before.
23:40
\begin{align} 2^7&=5^3\\ 2^4\times5&=3^4\\ 2^2\times3^2&=5\times7\end{align}
@AkivaWeinberger wao reax only
$$ 2^4+2\cdot 4=24=4\cdot\binom{4}{2}$$
(counted from the vertices of the 24-cell and its dual)
That's legit true, get out
Suppose, for a fibration $F\to E\to B$ I know the integral and mod-n cohomology rings of some fiber $F$ and base $B$, is this enough to determine the cohomology rings of the total space $E$?
This is really a question about group cohomology. Equivalently, given some split extension of $G$ by $H$ is it possible to determine cohomology rings of $G\rtimes H$ from the cohomology rings of $G$ and $H$.
Hey @Ali! How've you been?
23:54
But I propose it in two forms incase one sticks
but it has no answers :(
and Hi @Daminark
I have been good how are you?
I'm alright, thanks!
@Daminark How has your summer been so far?
It's been a whole lot of fun, very busy :P
Yours?
Too much to do, too little time
What topics are you seeing next year?
I'm still in the middle of figuring it all out
Algebra for sure
$>$ 90% complex analysis
Likely gonna audit rep theory
Combo for sure
Algorithms for sure

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