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07:00
Well
At least those are the most common exponents I've seen
and 0, and 0.
I mean sometimes you do need $3$
Good night guys, Have a nice day.
See you @Topologicalife!
farewell
07:01
What do you have in mind for 3 @Eric?
@blue No. Product rule says if you're product of two differentiable functions (at specific point say $a$) then you have $h' = fg' + f'g$. The functions are not differentiable at $a$, so you cannot apply it.
I think you need to go limits again.
Indeed, it's not too hard via the limit definition.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Yes, I agree. But in this case even if you apply the limit method of derivative you'll end up with basically the same thing. fg'+gf'. Of course it won't work when either of them is not derivable because f' and g' won't exist in that case!
@Daminark Gauss equations
Anonymous
You'll actually get g' and f' in the limit form. This is shorter detour to basically the same thing.
07:05
@blue Yes. You can write the limit form for f' as f' because f is differentiable at a; but you cannot write the limit for for g' as g' because by hypothesis g is not differentiable at a. You're trying to contradict that.
This might seem pedantic but you should be careful with these things.
I seem to recall seeing a requirement that something was $C^{4}$ but I absolutely can't remember what it was
Lol on the subject of equations, Neves said he'd be taking us to the diffeomorphism shop, meaning we'll do a bit of flow/vector fields
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen I should have mentioned that by $f'(a)$ I meant $\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} (f(a+h)-f(a))/h$
Anonymous
And not the value of $f'(a)$
Yep. But anyway, you're done.
Note that the hypothesis is that "$f$ is differentiable at everywhere except $x = a$ and $g$ is differentiable at everywhere except $x = b$ where $a \neq b$" and not "$f$ is not differentiable at $a$, $g$ is not differentiable at $b$, $a \neq b$"
07:08
This, in order to prove that given a point on a manifold, you can find some ball around it for which any point in the ball has a diffeomorphism homotopic to the identity which swaps it with the center
For degree mod 2 stuff
fun fun
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Yeah. I get it :)
@Daminark In fact for any two points on a manifold you can produce a diffeomorphism which takes one to the another. But that's a special case of what you said, of course; join the two points by a path, "thicken it up to a ball", and do your thing
The cool way to say it is that $\text{Diffeo}(M)$ acts transitively on $M$.
Ah, that's a nice way of putting it!
And yeah we extended to that result afterwards
Modulo tubular neighborhood theorem.
07:11
@Balarka connected manifold
Somehow thinking about things as actions makes life so much better
@Eric Thanks. I just keep forgetting adjectives.
@Balarka we seem to have similar habits. This has caused a lot of confusion
Most often when things are compact
haha yes
oh @Daminark something even bigger than $C^{3}$, I think there's a result that every closed surface of regularity $C^{3 + \alpha}$ has at least two umbilic points. + some convexity requirements
so that's pretty high
07:13
Actually yesterday I had one of my worst "I forgot to tell you a bunch of assumptions" moments yesterday
Oh snap @Eric
did you forget to tell literally the entirety of a problem statement?
thats happened to me before
lmao
I think I might've done that before? Though I've often talked about problems with people who also had the problems so we would already decide what we'd work on
Though it has happened that I've switched problems without warning
"Hey man, did you know that it's not possible to have a nonvanishing vector field? [after 10 minutes of completely addled discussion] Oh, &%^# I meant on a 2-sphere"
Oh that kind of thing
I do think I might have at one point been trying to explain Heine-Borel to someone
And I said it as "Every set is compact"
07:17
lol
But yeah what happened yesterday was that I was doing this problem that I (wrongfully) thought would come up on our midterm
Which was that the typical continuous function mapped a first category set into a first category set
Turns out, in proving that it mapped to a measure zero set, 99% of the work was done, but I only figured that out as I was about to go to sleep that night
But anyway, I forgot to mention to people that we were assuming $A$ was closed and nowhere dense
Which led to confusion once I said "OK so the image of $A$ is $F_{\sigma}$ so being cat1 is the same as having empty interior
Jeez it's 2:30 I should actually sleep now
See you chat!
Anonymous
07:46
@BalarkaSen What is the reason for $f(x)^{g(x)}$ to be not defined for $x$ such that $f(x)<0$ ? At places where $g(x)$ is an integer should be defined isn't it? But desmos doesn't show those points :/
Anonymous
(I'm talking about real valued functions here)
Anonymous
Even wolfram alpha doesn't show the point $x=-1$ for $x^x$
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen I just realized that Desmos shows those points but they are practically invisible :P
Anonymous
One needs to hover their mouse over the exact point
08:19
@blue Desmos isn't showing them because they are not real.
Eg (-1)^(1/2). The cartesian plot cannot possibly show that point.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen How is ${(-2)}^{-2}$ not real?
@blue It is but eg (-1/2)^(-1/2) isn't.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Yeah. I was talking about the integer points
Anonymous
Desmos doesn't show them
@blue Maybe it's not showing up because there are only isolated point which are real? Dunno
Anonymous
08:26
@BalarkaSen I think so. Even wolfram doesn't show
Anonymous
A bug perhaps
Anonymous
The limit exists at all integer points though
Limit of what?
Anonymous
Say limit x->-2 for x^x
Be very careful with saying stuff like that. That limit is not a real limit anymore; it's a complex limit.
Anonymous
08:28
Wolfram gives the limit correctly
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen In real analysis limit can be taken to be the value of the function at a point in case the left and right limits don't exist (not in real domain)
Anonymous
AFAIK
I have never in my life seen that convention.
But if that's so, a'right!
Anonymous
I can't find a source to backup my claim :P But we were taught so. For example if the left part of a function (at a point) doesn't exist then the rhl serves as the limit
Wait what?
08:37
@blue OK. It's reasonable now that I rethink this; this follows from the general definition of continuity of functions on arbitrary sets.
Eg f(x) = 1 if x = 0 and f(x) = 0 elsewhere is continuous restricted to the set {0, 2}. That's continuous on the discrete set so you'd want to say lim f(x) as x -> 0 is 1 on the domain {0, 2}
Well, if the function isn't defined for $x < x_0$, then the limit from the right is just the usual limit... kind of clear from the epsilon-delta definition of the limit
@Steamy He's saying the limit (from both sides) is the same as limit from the right, even though it doesn't make sense on the left.
This is a rather bad way to parse continuity of functions restricted to various domains.
Actually, I don't think "limit from the left" or "limit from the right" still makes sense in that case, unless you redefine it
Yeah, he's redefining it. None of this actually makes sense.
Anonymous
It's just a convention we follow in our calculus course...We've haven't started complex analysis yet (and neither the epsilon delta definition of limits). So I won't be able to comment on the formal definitions.
08:46
The usual definition to "limit from the left" would be the $L \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $$\forall \varepsilon > 0: \exists \delta > 0: \forall x \in \mathbb{R}: (0 < a - x < \delta \implies |f(x) - L|< \varepsilon)$$
But the left-hand side in that implication is never satisfied, so the implication is always true.
Unless I'm having a brainfart here, this would mean that any $L \in \mathbb{R}$ is the limit from the left....
I hate how high school calculus says limit without defining limit.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Me too. I wish I could go into the details. I just don't have enough time.
Ya understandably. It's just a garbage course.
Anonymous
I'll relearn all of this after a few months
In any case, @blue, it's interesting to try to extend the plot of x^x to the left as much as you can. Eg (-1/3)^(-1/3) is real.
(-p/q)^(-p/q) is real for all odd q.
Anonymous
08:54
@BalarkaSen That's interesting (-1/3)^(-1/3) is real?
Anonymous
Hmm, yes
Anonymous
it is
Anonymous
I didn't notice that earlier
@blue For an appropriate choice of branch, yes, it is.
08:58
Hmmm... those situations are a bit tricky, though.
Yeah, exactly. You'd have to take the branch of the $q$-th root that gives you a real value
Anonymous
$z=(-1/3)^{-1/3}$ Then $z^3=(-1/3)^{-1}$ Which is basically $-3$. So $z^3=-3$ has a real root.
However, I think that in the case of $x^x$, the expansion is something like $\sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{(x \log(x) )^i}{i!}$
@blue It has a real root, but not all roots are real.
Anonymous
Of course. De moivre's
Anonymous
Gives one real root.
09:01
That real root is the "appropriate choice of branch".
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen I get it :)
So the principal branch of the logarithm won't give $(-p/q)^{-p/q}$ as real unless $p/q \in \mathbb{Z}$
I think...
meh
Anonymous
Ah, so basically $\text{"real number"}^{\frac{1}{\text{odd number}}$ will have a real root.
Will have a real value.
These multivalued functions are all very confuzzling.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen ah, yes :P
09:08
There's no branch of $x^x$ that allows all of those $p/q$ powers to be simultaneously real... shame
That sounds right to me.
Anonymous
So if we are told to find the domain of $f(x)^{g(x)}$ the conditions should be $f(x)\geq0$ or/and $g(x) \in I$ or/and $g(x)=p/q$ where $q$ is an odd number. Am I missing something?
Anonymous
(f,g are real functions)
Anonymous
I'm trying to generalize it for f^g...
Anonymous
09:14
Hi
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Any ideas how to generalize the domain for $f^g$ ^^^^
Anonymous
I've tried to list down the points to check for
It's not that easy. To find the domain of $f^g$ you need an appropriate choice of branch for it.
I think only negative integers are the real values of $x^x$ for the standard branch.
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Wolfram alpha takes into account only points for which f(x)>=0
Anonymous
I'm confused
09:18
I don't care about what W|A does, it mostly says garbage.
For example, you can ask WA to plot $x^x$ for negative integers
I am saying the question "Find the domain of $f^g$" is ill defined.
What it'll do then, is use the series expansion of the function, which has logarithms, and take the principal branch for the logarithm
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen I'm talking w.r.t real analysis
Anonymous
I think there should be a convention
09:19
@blue It is ill defined everywhere, in real or complex.
Resulting in a negative part that is mostly complex, but real on the negative integers
$f^g$ is not a function, it is a multivalued function.
You need a branch to ask the question.
Anonymous
Good question! One might even want to ask whether $4$ is in the domain of $(-1)^x$. The judgement would probably be that if we are talking about functions of a real variable, it isn't, even though of course $(-1)^4=1$. Not the only inconsistency in mathematical terminology. — André Nicolas Dec 12 '15 at 5:38
Anonymous
This sums it up ^ :P
Are there functions f, g such that f o g is strictly increasing, g o f strictly decreasing? By my intuition I would say no, I lack a rigorous proof however.
09:28
@blue It's all a complicated business. if you choose the standard branch of log, $f^g = \exp(g \log f)$ which is real iff the imaginary part of $\log f$ is $n\pi$ I think
Anonymous
10:03
Anonymous
In this problem we get two values for a
Anonymous
i.e. 0 and 2
Anonymous
But 2 is discarded
Anonymous
Because the base must be positive :/
Anonymous
I'm wondering why base can't be negative
Anonymous
10:17
Hmm, I think it is because the power isn't perfectly an integer as we are taking a limit
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Yes, I checked out my calculus book. That's it. In real analysis by convention $u^b$ is $\exp(b \log u)$ whenever $b$ is not an integer. So only those points are taken in domain for which $u>0$.
@blue I see. Well, that settles it. However note exp(b log u) can be real even if u < 0
If f is entire of finite order, is there a name for the degree $h$ of the polynomial $P$ in Hadamard's factorization $f(z)=z^me^{P(z)}\prod E_p(z/a_n)$? There's its genus $=\max(h,p)$ (and $p$ is called rank) but there does not seem to be a name for $\deg P$.
Maybe "Hadamard degree"? :p
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Uh, what? How will log be defined then?
As a complex function.
Anonymous
10:24
@BalarkaSen Ah, right
Anonymous
BTW the problem I pasted above is based on exactly the same concept. We need to take the base>0 or we'll get an incorrect result.
a fair convention
Anonymous
I thought only physics has so many conventions. Now its maths :P
high school math
Anonymous
Agreed ^
Anonymous
10:27
:P
Anonymous
You are in high school aren't you? :D How do you get time to learn all this extra stuff like topology and all? @BalarkaSen
I just like what I do, and keep doing it
Anonymous
@BalarkaSen Good to know. Personally, I don't get sufficient time to complete even what is in my syllabus. Did you appear for the RMO/INPHO/IMO ?
I don't actually spent as much time on school as I should. No, I didn't.
10:42
I am trying to prove the following, though it may not be stated precisely: If f(x) => 0 for all x in its domain and L = lim_{x \to a} f(x) exists, where a is in f's domain, then L => 0. Here is my proof: By way of contradiction, suppose that L <= 0. Then -L => 0, and there exists a d (taking this to symbolize delta) such that |x-a| < d implies |f(x) - L| < - L. But this implies |f(x) - L + L| <= |f(x) - L| + L < 0 (triangle inequality), which means |f(x)| < 0 for every x such that |x-a| < d.
Contradiction....Would this work as a proof?
Suppose that I have a binary operator $\oplus$. Normally, one uses the notation $x \oplus y$ to denote the result of apply $\oplus$ to $x$ and $y$. Suppose that I had a set of elements $S$ and a fixed element $y$, is there standard notation to denote the set $\{ x \oplus y : x \in S\}$ (i.e the set obtained by applying the operator to each element in $S$ with $y$)?
11:08
@user340082710 $S\oplus y$ is standard. Or, if you like, $S\oplus\{y\}$
@barto Hello. Would you mind critiquing the short proof I gave above?
@user193319 The triangle inequality gives |f(x) - L + L| <= |f(x) - L| + |L|, not |f(x) - L + L| <= |f(x) - L| + L
Whoops...Is there a way of fixing the proof?
Or at least know of a link to this problem on stackexchange? I am sure it has been asked before; I just couldn't find it through a google search.
|f(x) - L| < - L implies f(x) - L < - L, contradiction
no triangle inequality needed
Essentially what you do is |f(x) - L| < e implies L - e < f(x) < L +e, and apply this for small e>0 (but e=-L suffices)
I just realized this: what if L = 0? Do we need to modify the statement slightly?
...Wait...If we have L=0, then we are done. So we can just ignore this case (duh!)
@barto I see now. Thank you very much!
11:55
I have a continuous function $f:M \subset \mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ with M connected. So $f(M)$ is obviously an interval. I also know from assumption that $f(M\{0}) = I_1 \cup I_2 \cup I_3 \cup I_4$ with $I_j$ intervals in $\mathbb{R}$ and $I_1 \cap I_2 \cap I_3 \cap I_4 = \emptyset$ this is obviously not possible. Since there at least three points missing and I removed only one but how could I write this down in a mathematic way...some stylistic tips highly appreciated :D
Ahh messed up with Latex, hope you understand it anyway
$f(M \setminus {0}) = I_1 \cup I_2 \cup I_3 \cup I_4$
Anonymous
12:11
Suppose f(x) is defined such that it is x+1 for all rational x and x+2 for all irrational x then is the limit x->0 defined/exists?
@blue No, I don't believe so. Consider the sequence sqrt{2}/n, which approaches 0 but every term is irrational.
@blue Oh, wait...You aren't asking about continuity. I don't think what I said applies.
Anonymous
@user193319 yes, continuity not needed
@Blue On second thought, that sequence will be helpful. If the limit exists, call it L, then if a_n is a sequence approaching 0, f(a_n) approaches L. This implies L =2. Now, can you find a rational sequence that approaches 0 and show that L is something different than 2, which would be a contradiction?
@Blue Don't overthink, if you are. It's probably a sequence you've seen a million times, and it isn't too different from the irrational sequence that I gave you.
 
1 hour later…
13:52
Can someone help me understand the answer to this question? math.stackexchange.com/questions/1771525/…
I don't see where $D$ comes from, or why $C_n$ can be written in the form stated in the answer.
14:36
Hello!!

Let f be an endomorphismus of a K-vector space V and v,w ∈ V ae eigenvectors of f for different eigenvalues. Let a, b ∈ K different than 0.
I want to show that av + bw is not an eigenvector of f.

I have done the following:

Since f is an endomorphismus of a K-vector space V, we ave that $f(av + bw)=af(v)+bf(w)$.
Let $\lambda, \mu$ are eigenvalues such that $f(v)=\lambda v$ and $f(w)=\mu w$.
So, we get $f(av + bw)=\lambda av+\mu bw$.
Since av+bw is not mapped to a multiple of itself it is not an eigenvector.
14:50
@MaryStar How do you know $\lambda av+\mu bw$ is not a multiple of $av+bw$ ?
I thought so since $\lambda $ and $\mu$ are different eigenvalues. So, can it be that $\lambda av+\mu bw$ is a multiple of $av+bw$ ? @Astyx
No, but you need to argue that
So, we have to add just that $\lambda av+\mu bw$ is not a multiple of $av+bw$ because $\lambda \neq \mu$ ? Or also something else? @Astyx
You have to argue that $a, b \ne 0$ and $v$ and $w$ are linearily independant
How do we know that $v$ and $w$ are linearily independent? And how does it imply from there that $\lambda av+\mu bw$ is not a multiple of $av+bw$ ? @Astyx
14:56
Unicity of decomposition over a linearly independant family
And try and figure out the first part by yourself
^ I wonder how large of a countable ordinal this makes
@Astyx Ok!! Thank you!! :-)
Glad to help
Morning @MikeMiller
15:18
morning
15:34
Hey @Steamy het klopt toch dat het overbodig is om $X^{-1}=Y$ te bepalen? We hadden toch meteen kunnen zeggen dat $X=(y_{ij})$, zonder met die inverses te hoeven werken?
Hmmm... eens kijken
Wat bedoel je met $X = (y_{ij})$ ?
En, wel, voor zover ik zie, is de gevraagde basis $\gamma$ gedefinieerd met behulp van de $y_{ij}$, dus om die basis te definiëren heb je de inverse nodig?
ja dus ipv $Y=(y_{ij})$, vergeten we die $Y$ helemaal, en zetten we $X=(y_{ij})$ (beetje verwarrend, maar op deze manier hoef je niks aan te passen in de rest vh bewijs)
je kunt ook stellen: $X=(x_{ij})$
en dan in die kolom $y$ vervangen door $x$
hm, maar misschien gaat er dan toch iets mis
Dus we krijgen:
$$
co_\beta(w_j)=\begin{bmatrix}x_{1j}\\ \vdots\\x_{nj}\end{bmatrix}=Xco_\gamma(w_j),
$$
maar dan hebben we dat $X=id_\gamma^\beta$
Yup...
En het moet de basisverandering in de andere richting zijn
oh, right. met die methode ga je altijd van $\gamma$ naar $\beta$, dus ze kiezen de inverse
Precies :)
15:46
oke, thx!
Hey everyone!
hii @Daminark!
How's it going?
pretty good, kinda like always, you?
lol, and who upvoted Balarka Sen's "Heya" XD this chat really is random
16:02
i don't hope to get the starboard
but hey, i am on it
So it seems
And lol today was fun, we started transversality
And proved that if $F(X)$ intersects $Z$ transversely, then $F^{-1}(Z)$ is a submanifold of $X$
ofc, this is a generalization of the preimage theorem when Z = pt
Yeah
16:10
what else? :)
That was it, we started today by finishing the proof of the thing I told you yesterday, going to the diffeomorphism shop
16:39
Guys, my book writes that a number $a$ is called algebraic if $a$ is a root of a polynomial $p\in\mathbb Z[X]$. However, as far as I know, algebraic numbers have to do with rational polynomials - so why don't they write $p\in\mathbb Q[X]$?
@ShaVuklia why would you write something in your book that you do not know of? :O
i don't understand your remark:d @SoumyoB
unless some devil possessed me I wouldn't be able to write something that I do not know of in a book that I'm writing
Multiplying a polynomial with a nonzero constant doesn't change the set of roots
@ShaVuklia it's the same, multiply by the lcm of the denominators of the coefficents to go from a polynomial in $\Bbb Q[x]$ to one with the same roots in $\Bbb Z[x]$
16:43
And a polynomial only has finitely many coefficients
So just multiply a rational polynomial by the lcm of the denominators
oh, of course! thank you @Alessandro & @Steamy
(Note that you can talk about stuff which is algebraic over rings/fields different from $\Bbb Q$, but that's not the case here)
Hi guys.
hi there
1
Q: Probability of original signal

user123733Signal which can be green or red with probability 4/5 and 1/5 respectively, is received by station A and then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal correctly 3/4. If the Signal received at station B is green, then the probability that the ongmal signal was...

16:57
actually when does the solution of an ODE by Euler method converges ?
$\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x,y) , f(x_{0} = y_{0})$
$\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x,y) , y(x_{0})=y_{0}$
@user123733 on it :)
@SoumyoB Thanks

 Problem Solving Strategies

General chat for high school physics. For MathJax see meta.sta...
@SoumyoB
I have an exam tomorrow, sorry won't be able to join that right now
but I'm answering your question
no problem
17:18
What does the sup $x\in E$ notation means in the question?
x,y,z are real numbers and x^2+2y^2+5z^2=44.
what is the max of xy+yz+xz?
@LittleRookie it means you take the supremum of the set $\{\vert f_n(x)-f(x)\vert: x\in E\}$.
any solution?
yes i think so too
x,y,z are real numbers and x^2+2y^2+5z^2=44.
what is the max of xy+yz+xz?
17:38
Hey guys!
I have a graph theory related question...
Is a graph containing vertices of degree 1 and 2 still considered to be a subcubic graph?
Sorry , I am just an high school student
x,y,z are real numbers and x^2+2y^2+5z^2=44.
what is the max of xy+yz+xz?
no one able to solve this f..... problem?
It isn't an easy one.
17:54
@FarhadRouhbakhsh I remember doing these kinds of problems back in high school in preparation for JEE but those skills are now rusty as I never needed them here in college lol
I think there is a trick to do it without destroying the symmetry between x, y and z but I just can't remember it off hand
How's it going?
@Farhad Do you know Lagrange maximization?
Yeah, I was about to ask the same thing. But we can get it out of Cauchy-Schwarz, too.
Oh hey @Ted!
Aren't you supposed to be taking an exam, Demonark? Oh, no, that's later.
17:58
That's Thursday :P
hi @TedShifrin
hi @SoumyoB.
hi chat
were you talking about applying CS inequality to farhad's problem?
I mumbled that, yes.

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