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16:01
When we speak about a topology on a set. Is this set supposed to be finite?
not necessarily
@Felix.C not really
but finite cases are there to help you understand
Like this collection of topologies on sets containing three elements
I presume there's some obvious combinatorial meaning to that.
topologies on infinite sets include the order topology on R and the discrete topology on N
@Semiclassical collections of subsets of {a,b,c} closed under countable union and finite intersection
which includes {} and {a,b,c}
Sure, I meant in terms of how many such pictures one can draw.
16:03
should have some combinatorial meaning
I think the 9 topologies are unique up to isomorphism
but whether there's another is beyond me
Well, on one element there'd be two topologies (the element itself and the empty set).
Ok, thank you guys!
How many topologies on two elements?
(I'm having a hard time thinking clearly at the moment, which I blame on the above neck pain)
16:05
iirc that's the same as counting preorders and there's no known closed formula
huh, neat. I imagine there's an OEIS entry though.
@Semiclassical
{{},{a,b}}
{{},{a},{a,b}}
{{},{a},{b},{a,b}}
you don't really have many choices
{{},{b},{a,b}}?
@Semiclassical the OEIS counts this, but I count it as duplicate of my second one
16:07
here is the isomorphism one
This one, then? oeis.org/A001930
Ah, timing.
this one if you count homeomorphic ones as distinct
homeomorphic vs isomorphic?
None of which seem to offer any formulae, which bears out @Alessandro's remark.
16:22
{{},{a},{a,b}}
Considering {a}, a is separated from b because the open set {a} containing a (i.e. a neighbourhood of a) and the open set of b (emptyset???) are disjoint
Considering {a,b}, a is connected to b because the open set {a,b} containing a (i.e. a neightbourhood of a) and the open set {a,b} containing b (i.e. a neightbourhood of b) intersects (and the intersection is itself, {a,b}).

Therefore in this topology, a is separated AND connected to b at the same time??...???
Hi @MikeMiller
16:41
@Secret two points are connected if any open set containing one must contain the other, and vice versa
one point is isolated if there is an open set containing only that point
so a is isolated
but a and b are not connected
@BalarkaSen are you here?
@BalarkaSen is "connected" a real term? I seem to have invented it myself
I can't find any reference online
maybe you forgot to check wikipedia?
Oh I see you are using it differently
No, that's not the right term for saying two points are not separable by disjoint neighborhoods
what's the right term?
dunno. it's slightly stronger than not being separated by neighborhoods.
16:48
@Secret I've successfully created a term and passed on to you
@BalarkaSen how do you describe the element (1,0) in the order topology of {0,1} x N under the lexicographical order?
Do you mean, describe a neighborhood of (1, 0)?
I mean, how do you say that any open set containing it must contain other elements lol
"not isolated" maybe
I just answered myself
Ah you were asking for terminology.
@BalarkaSen in triangle ABC ,$ SinA:SinB:SinC= \frac{b×c}{∣b∣∣c∣) : \frac{c×a}{∣c∣∣a∣) : \frac{a×b}{∣a∣∣b∣)$
Then how to proceed?
@Fawad you're missing a $
16:56
You should work with sin A : sin B first.
@Astyx thanks,is it correct now?
And figure the constant of proportion
Anyhow, I am off for now
It doesn't compute for me
@DHMO ready for help
Hi @TedShifrin sir
@Astyx je suis desole si je t'ai demande ca avant: quel sujet de mathematics tu preferes le plus?
16:58
Joyeux anniversaire en retard @TedShifrin
Salut, @Astyx @JeSuis
Salut !
Merci bien, M JeSuis
hi Fawad
3 hours ago, by Kasmir Khaan
Guys plz send me a message when Ted is here
@KasmirKhaan god dag
@Fawad I said I have no idea
maybe Theodore can help
@DHMO Tu ne me l'as pas déjà demandé, mais je t'avoue ne pas trop savoir
16:58
(Alexandre est mon prénom)
@DHMO god ?
@Astyx alors, que fais-tu maintenant, in regard to mathematique?
@Fawad "good" in Swedish
En ce moment ? On a attaqué les séries entières, mais c'est pas ce que je préfère clairement
Alors, @Astyx, que préfères-tu?
@TedShifrin I have a question, I tried to find a holomorphic function $f$on $U:=\{z\in \Bbb{C}: 1/2<\vert z\vert<1\}$ such that for all $z\in U,\quad f(z)=f(e^{2i\pi \alpha}z)$ where $\alpha$ is irrational. By density we get $f(z)=f(\exp(i\theta)z)$ for all $\theta$
17:01
@Ted C'est la question initiale, et c'est assez délicat d'y répondre :p
@TedShifrin y a-t-il un terme pour cela?
20 mins ago, by DHMO
@Secret two points are connected if any open set containing one must contain the other, and vice versa
Salut @Astyx
Salut @JeSuis
c'est claire que "connexe" n'est pas le terme correcte @TedShifrin
@JeSuis bonjour
@DHMO are you french too ? ^^
17:02
@JeSuis non, mais je parle francais un peu
Well give what Barlarka said, it seems neighbourhood is somehow different from a basis element, but...
ou comme on dit, un p'tit peu
@DHMO Ok, I was thinking that we colonized the chat
@Secret neighbourhood is quite different from basis element
@DHMO: It means the topology is very non-Hausdorff.
17:03
@TedShifrin I mean, do we have a term for such two points
@JeSuis: If you write down Cauchy-Riemann in polar coordinates, I bet you'll see the function is constant.
@TedShifrin can you help me in vectors and trigonometry related question?
(Or use open mapping.)
I don't know, @Fawad. What's the question?
Hi @BalarkaSen. I'm still not sure what your objections were.
G'night, @MikeM.
17:04
wow, two gods are here at the same time
@Fawad: OK, so use the vector product in two different ways to compute the area of the triangle.
J'aime bien la combinatoire, la topologie, l'algèbre linéaire, la théorie des groupes, la théorie des graphes principalement @DHMO
@Astyx: Mais il faudra que tu aimes la géométrie aussi! :P
Et l'études des suites
17:06
@TedShifrin very nice!
On fait tellement peu de géométrie en France (à mon niveau) que je ne peux pas m'exprimmer sur ce sujet :p @Ted
Now you can do it, @Fawad?
@Astyx pourquoi ne dis-tu pas "tout de mathematique" lol
Ça ne me convient pas du tout, @Astyx.
Bah moins l'analyse par exemple @DHMO
Moi non plus
17:07
Mais, @Astyx, l'étude des suites c'est bien l'analyse.
1/2(a×b)=1/2(b×c)=1/2(c×a)
Oui par analyse j'entends le calcul différentiel
ab sin c = bc sin a = ca sin b
@Astyx tu mesures?
mais ce n'est pas juste, ça, @Astyx.
17:08
I think, the really key question will be, what is the difference the open set {a,b} vs {a} did to the topology of the 3 element set X

e.g.
{{},X,{a},{b},{a,b}}
{{},X,{a,b},{b,c},{b}}

From DHMO and barlarka have said, a neighbourhood of some point x is very different from a basis element containing x, thus we cannot call a basis element containing x a neighbourhood of x. So, what's the different between the open set {a} and {a,b} in terms of topological properties?
OK, @Fawad, when you take magnitudes, yes.
@Ted Les deux termes se mélangent dans ma tête :p
@TedShifrin you mean using the fact that $f(U)$ is open ?
Je n'ai pas compris ce que tu veux dire @DHMO
@Secret {a} contains 1 term while {a,b} contains 2 terms
17:09
@JeSuis: If the function is constant on circles centered at the origin, I think it will be difficult for the image to be open.
@Astyx tu etudies le theorie de mesures?
But you should be able to write down C-R directly in polar coordinates, @JeSuis.
Un petit peu oui @DHMO
Mais trop peu pour pouvoir donner mon avis je pense
@Astyx j'etudie le theorie maintenant par moi meme
Ça m'a l'air d'être une théorie élégante
17:10
I have worked through Munkres all the way to continous functions, and I STILL don't get what these open sets themselves are doing (I only knew they help me to define continuity and all those topological properties, but what are these open sets "measuring" wrt the points they contain?
@Astyx c'est interessant
@Secret what do you mean? (or in Cantonese, nei gong mut gau?)
Tu l'apprends comment ?
@Secret: "Nearness" is defined by open sets (presumably more by smaller ones than by larger ones).
Ok I am trying
ab sin c = bc sin a = ca sin b =t then sin a = at/abc and sin b = bt/abc and sin c = ct/abc then abc= sin a/a + sin b/b + sin c/c thanks a lot @TedShifrin nice catch to question
17:12
@TedShifrin Sinon quoi de neuf ? :)
@Astyx de l'internet, comme j'apprends les autres sujets
@DHMO Oui mais tu suis un cours ou ..?
@Astyx wikipedia est ton ami
@Secret what do you mean by "measure"?
@Simply You're trying too hard :p
17:13
@TedShifrin @DHMO Consider the topology {{},{a},{a,b},{a,b,c}}. So each open set define a different type of "nearness" as in a near b in one "resolution", and a near b,c in another resolution and a not near anything in yet another resolution?
as if the set is some object placed under a microscope, and the topology is how far we zoomed in?
@Astyx I'll only say it took me a few hours...
@Secret As I have said the billionth time, firstly you have to define nearness
@DHMO Je doute que Wikipedia soit le meilleur moyen d'apprendre
@Secret open sets are not merely nearness. The set (0,1) U (100,101) is open for example, in the order topology of R
I honestly don't like thinking about finite sets that much, @Secret, but you can if you insist. This is not a metric topology at all, so it's not symmetric. $a$ is a limit point of $b$ and of $c$, but $a$ is nevertheless far away from $b$ and $c$ (there is a neighborhood of $a$ disjoint from them).
17:15
Hey guys can you give an example of a non measurable set?
@Astyx as-tu autres sources?
@BAYMAX vitali, if you're talking about Lebesgue measure
Only by using the axiom of choice, @BAYMAX. You can find this on Wiki.
ok thanks
@Secret right, talking about limit points is fun. Ted just reminded me this
@TedShifrin what do you mean by limit point of a point?
@DHMO Moi personnellement non mais je suis certain que les gens sur ce chat en ont, il suffit de demander
17:16
I thought limit point is of a set
It is; I was too lazy to type set brackets.
Every neighborhood of $b$ contains $a$. Every neighborhood of $c$ contains $a$ and $b$.
Voire même sur le main, la question a dû être posée
@Secret [A] limit point of a set S in a topological space X is a point x (which is in X, but not necessarily in S) [...] that every neighbourhood of x with respect to the topology on X also contains a point of S other than x itself.
From, you know, the Wikipedia
Huh? @JeSuis.
What are these $\theta'$ things?
J'ai écrit n'importe quoi
17:20
Hi @Ted
Hi @Alessandro :)
I don't have an expression for the real part and imaginary @TedShifrin
You should, @JeSuis. It's just chain rule with the regular C-R equations, or you can figure something out using differential forms (my favorite).
Ted seemed to understand what I mean there. He knew I am talking about an imprecise term, I think he knew how to translate that to you, because this "nearness" is the key to my question (which he had translated as it seems)

@Ted, so you mean for {{},{a},{a,b},{a,b,c}}, a is a limit point because there are two neightbourhoods of a ({a,b} and {a,b,c} respectively) that contains, respectively, b and b,c other than a, yet a is disjoint from b and c because the neightbourhood (which is the open set {a}) contains a only and not b and c
@TedShifrin wait, using the definition I quoted above, it seems that a is not a limit point of {b}.
17:25
(As for some background. The primary reason I want to learn topology proper is because I had some modelling that involve highly non hausedoff sets, thus I need to know how to handle general topology, both hausedoff (which munkres has done well) and non hasedoff)
OF course "near" is a metric intuition, and many topologies (like this) have no metric underlying them.
@DHMO: Does $b$ have a neighborhood that does not contain $a$?
@TedShifrin but $a$ has a neighbourhood that does not contain $b$
7 mins ago, by DHMO
@Secret [A] limit point of a set S in a topological space X is a point x (which is in X, but not necessarily in S) [...] that every neighbourhood of x with respect to the topology on X also contains a point of S other than x itself.
you claim the limit point is $a$, which is x in the definition above
we're talking about "every neighbourhood of x"
That is irrelevant, @DHMO. If we're talking about $a$ being a limit point of $\{b\}$, we look at neighborhoods of $b$. This is not something symmetric.
so the above definition is wrong?
hum I am bit lost, ok so C-R in polar coordinates it's for $f=u+iv$, we have $\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial v}{\partial \theta}$ and $\frac{\partial u}{\partial \theta}=-r\frac{\partial v}{\partial r}$
17:26
No, @DHMO, I'm not even reading it.
OK, @JeSuis. You found that somewhere, but you should be able to prove it. What does it tell you, at any rate?
@Ted If I understood correctly, a has a neightbourhood containing b namely the open sets {a,b} and {a,b,c}, but a also has a nieghtbourhood not containg b, namely the open set {a}?
@TedShifrin mathworld agrees with me...
> The topological definition of limit point P of A is that P is a point such that every open set around it contains at least one point of A different from P.
"every open set around it [the limit point]"
I'm kinda stuck on something that should be solved just by applying definitions... The complement of a dense open set is a nowhere dense closed set, right?
Oh, right, @DHMO. Sorry, I'm trying to do 3 things here.
I can't do that any more.
@TedShifrin alright
17:28
Q is not open
@AlessandroCodenotti dense in where?
Yes, @Alessandro, that's right.
in some topological space $X$
Je ne comprends pas la question! @TedShifrin
@TedShifrin ah, of course, if a point is in the interior of $A^c$ it can't be a limit point of $A$... I should have noticed that
17:32
@AlessandroCodenotti "closed" comes from definition.
Let the topology be T on a set S.
Let the open set be X and its complement be Y.
Assume that its complement is dense in S for contradiction.
So, every point in X is a limit point of Y and every point in Y is a limit point X.
Let x be a point in X.
Every open set containing x also contains a point in Y by definition of limit point.
I'm not seeing any contradiction lol
@JeSuis: You said that you had a holomorphic function $f$ that didn't depend on $\theta$. So ... ?
For example, in the trivial topology of {a,b}, {a} is dense and {b} is also dense? @AlessandroCodenotti or am I missing something trivial?
(ok to test my understanding):
@DHMO yes and neither is open
17:33
@AlessandroCodenotti oh god
@AlessandroCodenotti "closed" comes from definition.
Let the topology be T on a set S.
Let the open set be X and its complement be Y.
Assume that its complement is dense in S for contradiction.
So, every point in X is a limit point of Y and every point in Y is a limit point X.
Let x be a point in X.
Every open set containing x also contains a point in Y by definition of limit point.
However, X is an open set containing x that does not contain any point in Y, by definition of complement.
Hence a contradiction is found.
@Secret {{},{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}}
@TedShifrin By density I have $f(z)=f(\exp(i\theta)z)$ for all $\theta$, why $f$ doesn't depend on $\theta$
Anyone with experience of cubic equations? :)
Because what you just wrote says $f$ is constant on circles centered at the origin.
@user3185856 depends on your following question
Hi Ted I have a small geometry question for you
17:37
I have this cubic equation where I need to "depress" it to the form of y^3 + py + q. But when I solve it in TI I get different results? Can you take a look at the calculations? :)

http://i.imgur.com/8JAa3rz.png
@TedShifrin OKK, arrf I should have seen this
thanks
Sure, @JeSuis.
@user3185856 you forgot to add back 1/2
what, @Kasmir?
I substitute x = (t - a/3)
add back where? I might be missing a step here :)
17:39
@user3185856 I thought you made t-1/2
My a value is 1.5 = (t - 1/2)
@user3185856 you transformed x^3+1.5x^2+... into t^3-3.25x+3.5=0 by t=(x-1/2) right
@TedShifrin I think you can help me without me putting all the question , i have to calculate line intragral around the unit circle ( top half say) but the field is not defined at the origin , so i have to take a elliptical path below the circle to avoid the singularity at the origin , from the picture , the angle should be pi /4 but they claim it to be pi /3
@user3185856 and then you solved the latter, obtaining t=2.20
so x=2.70
you shouldn't use x in line 3
I have no idea what you're talking about, @Kasmir.
17:42
I know that is not alot of info , it is just if you seen something like this before @TedShifrin I will post full problem if that is not clear
Ok ill post it in a min
@Secret it's been 9 minutes lol, can't you break up your long post
@dhmo true, but if I use the p and q values I optain from the depressed equation, i get a different root than if I solve it as in 1)
@TedShifrin F = ( -y, x) / ( x^2+3y^2) , I have to calculate line integral thru the circle x^2+y^2 = 1 , y>= 0 , y>= x
hi @TedShifrin
17:44
For this topology:
{{},{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}}

a and b are limit points of a,b,c respectively, because for each point there are neighbourhoods containing:

For a: neightbohourhood {a,b} contains b and neightbourhood {a,b,c} containing ,b,c => a converges to b and c
For b: neightboourhood {a,b} contains a and neightbohourhood {a,b,c} contains
=> b converges to a
For c: neightbourhood {a,b,c} contains a,b= >c converges to a,b

Meanwhile
For a: a is isolated from b because {b} does not contain a; isolated from c because {a,b} and {a} does not contain c; not isolated from c because {a,b,c} cont
@DHMO p and q values when i insert them into the cardanos' formula :)
If (X,A) is a CW pair consisting of a cell complex X and subcomplex A, then X/A ~= X U CA
@TedShifrin because of the singularity at the origin and the nature of the field , It is wise to take an elliptical path , r(t) = cost , sint / sqrt3 )
where CA is the mapping cylinder
Can then one conclude that X/A ~= X ?
@TedShifrin ?
@Kasmir: I do not understand. What precisely is the path?
17:45
Secret knew the fact it is not symmetric and try to list all possible combinations in order to analyse the open sets for each point
I am just trying to understand this comment from hatcher.
Karim: I cannot do so many things at once.
oh oke
No, @Adeek. That's more or less never true.
Karim plz one second let me finish my question
Ted the path is x^2 +y^2 = 1 , y>= 0 and y >= x
17:46
@MikeMiller I see so we just get the fact that X/A~= X U CA
we don't get anything more
so from the point (1/sqrt(2) , 1 / sqrt2) to the point ( -1 ,0 )
@Secret You have been heavily misled. We say that a point is a limit point of a set. You can also say that c is a limit point of {a,b}. Also, you need to check every neighbourhood of the limit point.
Anyone in the mood of finding the answer to a small variation of the basel problem?
@TedShifrin the field is conservative to we dont have to worry about the double integral
This is an absurd problem. No, the field is not conservative.
17:47
Yup
@MikeMiller What topology we put on $X:=\{0,1\}^{\Bbb{N}}\times [0,1]$ under $(x,0)=(y,0).$ ?
del Q del x - del P del y = 0
we have singularity at the origin
I don't even believe that's true, unless you have a typo, @Kasmir.
Product topology for the first term, product topology for the product with the interval, quotient topology after you take the quotient.
17:48
I meant partial Q wrt x = partial P wrt y
Ok does not matter, I failed to solve this many weeks question and I must swtich back to chemistry tmr, so this problem will be not solved for some time, thanks for helping guys
@Secret "Isolated" isn't the word you mean. We say that a point is isolated, full-stop. Two sets A and B are separated by neighbourhoods if there are neighbourhoods U of A and V of B such that U and V are disjoint.
You have a $3$ in the denominator of your force field, @Kasmir. That messes things up.
hum so what you will be a curve into X ?@MikeMiller a continuous function from $[0,1]\to X$, but what will be a continuous function here?...
@DHMO yes I knew that, anyway I gotta sleep gnight
17:49
F = ( -y / ( x^2+3y^2) , x / ( x^2+3y^2)
@Secret It is near sun-rise now, isn't it
good night
@TedShifrin is it clear now ?
@Kasmir: No clearer than before
What makes you think that the curl of that force field is 0?
curl = rot
I did the computation is it 0
@MikeMiller It is kinda of cool how we can play with different parts of the space to get a homotopy equivalence
17:51
But Ted that is not really the problem
lets assume it is 0
We gonna have to take an elliptical path to avoid the origin
r (t) = ( cos t , sin t / ( sqrt3) )
they claim that here t is between pi /3 to pi
the way is see it is from pi /4 to pi
because of the line y =x
What is an efficient way of proving $$\zeta(s) = \prod_{p\in \Bbb P}{1\over 1-p^{-s}}$$ ?
Where can I find a proof of minkowski theorem using systolic geometry ?
@Kasmir: Because of the $\sqrt 3$ this is not the usual polar coordinate.
I am getting infinite product form of the function $e^{sin x} - 1 = \prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-\frac{x^2}{n^2\pi^2})$ ... why is this the same as that of $sin (x)$?
@TedShifrin Can you explain pls more? how to get the bounds for the angle ?
17:54
Where is this ellipse supposed to go?
well it should start from the same point as the circle intersect the line
x^2 +y^2 = 1 and y =x
so the point is ( 1/sqrt2 , 1 / sqrt2 )
That ellipse doesn't go through that point.
in the correction i have , it said the point is 1/2, 1/2
but i dont see how
how can you tell ?
and if they dont start at same point , wouldnt we have to calculate the work from those two points?
Yes, you would.
the region must be closed in order to use greens
but they just set the line integral on the circle = the line integral on the ellips
with orientation ofc
17:57
@TedShifrin ! Can I bother you with my stupid questions ?
No, @Maks.
:c @TedShifrin pretty please ?
maks please wait he is helping me
Sure
I'm trying to be done with Kasmir, and then I'm leaving.
17:58
Will you be here at night ?
@Kasmir: If you draw a picture of your ellipse, it touches the circle at $(\pm 1,0)$ but nowhere else.
The parameter $t$ is not the polar coordinate.

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