To prove that something is surjective we need to show that every element in your co-domain gets hit so one way to show this is to show that you have a right inverse the reason or the intuition to as why this is true is as follows when you do $f(f^{-1}(y)) = y$ what your doing essentially is going...

Given any n (even one with 2014 trailing zeros) there has to be values b and k so that $F_b\equiv F_{b+k} \pmod{n}$ AND $F_{b+1}\equiv F_{b+k+1} \pmod{n}$ (which is equivalent to the claim the mod n residues have to eventually form a repeating cycle, and proven in other answers). Once such b and...

Let $S=\{x \in \mathbb{R}^2 \mid |x| <1\}$. Using the maximum principle I have to show that the solution of the problem $$-\Delta u(x)=f(x), x \in S \\ u(x)=0, x \in \partial{S}$$ satisfies the estimation $$|u(x)| \leq \frac{1}{4}\max_{x \in \overline{S}} |f(x)|, x \in S$$ To use the maximum pr...