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00:00 - 13:0013:00 - 23:00

13:05
@Chris'ssis Here is one: Prove that $\zeta(3/2)$ is irrational
@MarkS. did you want that answer marked not CW?
Sorry, I meant that I answered a question which is not CW, but accidentally clicked to make my answer CW. Is that worthy of flagging (I don't want to abuse the flag system)?
@MarkS. The normal route would be to flag the post. However, I have changed it since you asked.
Thanks!
@Alizter This reminds me of my last question of this kind: Prove that $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^{n^2}}$$ is irrational
@Alizter I did it by contradiction argument.
13:12
@Chris'ssis That should be easy.
Much like proving $e$ is irrational.
@PedroTamaroff Indeed
13:28
@PedroTamaroff But there is no contradiction with that argument! Don't you know! There has always been an integer between 0 and 1!
@Chris'ssis A nice proof would be to interpret it in base two. No period whatsoever.
Thus, irrational.
@PedroTamaroff yeah. Good point.
user96977
13:46
a homomorphism preserves multiplication $f(a)f(b) = f(ab)$, but how does it follow that $f(a^{-1}) = f(a)^{-1}$ ?
@TruthSerum what about if $a=b$ then $f(a)^2=f(a^2)$
then you could stretch that over $a^n$
user96977
thanks, good example. but does it generalize? for negative exponents especially @Alizter
If $f(a)f(b)=f(ab)$ then $f(a)=f(ab)f(b)^{-1}$
Whoa, did not know SE had chat rooms. Hey everyone!
user96977
13:57
i'm not sure. i think maybe $f(ab)f(b^{-1})$...
$\implies f(a)^{-1}=f(ab)^{-1}f(b)$
@TruthSerum $f(a^{-1})f(a)=\ ?$
we hope its 1
it is 1
user96977
that must be one. but why does a homomorphism preserve inverses?
13:59
thinking
now if we multiple by $f(b)^{-1}$
we get $$f(a)^{-1}f(b)^{-1}=f(ab)^{-1}$$
are you guys just trying to prove that $f(a^{-1})=f(a)^{-1}$, or something else?
user96977
@JackM yes
well then there's no need to involve any kind of $b$
inverses are something that involve a single element
I think i have it
$f(a^{-1})\ne f(a)^{-1}$ let $b = a^{-1}$ the $\implies f(b) \ne f(a)^{-1}$ then mult by $f(a)$ we get $f(a)f(b)\ne f(a)^{-1}f(a)$
$\implies f(ab) \ne 1$
14:07
it's a bit confusing to "let $b=a^{-1}$"
just write $a^{-1}$, no need to give it a new name
no?
$\implies f(a/a)\ne 1$
user96977
Thanks for your effort @Alizter :)
Then $f(1)\ne1$ which would contradict your homomorphism
as long as you've proven that $f(1)=1$, yes
user96977
is $f(1) = 1$ not by definition of a homomorphism?
14:09
I suppose you could
$f(1)f(1)=f(1)$ divide by $f(1)$ to get $f(1)=1$ our homomorphism being $f(a)f(b)=f(ab)$ therefore this is true
user96977
in general there could be more than one $a$ s.t $f(a)=1$
user96977
namely the kernel of the group
@TruthSerum Rigorous enough?
no, I believe you can just use $f(ab)=f(a)f(b)$ as the definition
the fact that $f(1)=1$ follows from that
14:11
which is what i said
yes indeed
I missed that
user96977
looks ok @Alizter
@JackM Congratulations on your 5 votes. Indeed $\pi^2$ is the area of a unit circle ;)
user96977
$f(a)f(a^{-1}) = f(a a{^-1}) = 1$ which suggests that $f(a^{-1})$ is the inverse of $f(a)$
@TruthSerum Yep
now try and prove for $a^{-n}$
user96977
14:23
not today :)
user96977
someone says that i need to prove the cancellation law too
the cancellation law is probably the very first thing you should prove about groups
user96977
yes, it comes first in my book
user96977
it seems almost redundant in it's simplicity
user96977
If $a,b,c \in G$ and $ab = ac$, then $b = c$
14:26
if you think it's redundant, try proving it if $G$ is a monoid instead of a group
user96977
i only said it seems that way. i've never studied monoids
a monoid is basically a group that might not have inverses
the point is that it can't be proven for monoids, because you need inverses to make it true
user96977
sounds terrible
monoids aren't very interesting
user96977
ah i see. perhaps that will help me remember the proof :)
14:28
an example of a monoid is the set of strings, with the operation being concatenation
user96977
i see. it requires he existence of inverses
$(abc) + (defgc) = (abcdefgc)$
user96977
ah i see
hmm, that's interesting. You actually CAN cancel in that particular monoid
so, bad example
well, you can't cancel if you allow infinite strings, for instance
$(a)+(aaaa...)=(aaa)+(aaaa...)$ but $(a)\ne(aaa)$
scratch that, I'm not even sure it's a monoid if you allow infinite strings
 
1 hour later…
15:34
@robjohn I updated my question do you see any immediate patterns in the series'?
15:56
@Charlie: Thank you for digging through all that undelightfulness to get me that. You're right it is somewhat boring to do but it's good exercise for basic algebra. Tell me something interesting to turn my attention to.
16:12
Guys, I need help understanding some basic maths.
Can you help?
@Nick Maybe.
@Nick Ah, sorry. Dunno about statistics!
Either one, @Nick, it's statistics!
XD I have no clue what you guys have against statistics. I only put that tag in there so moe people would see it.
It has something to do with Arithmetic Means and Harmonic Means.
But it's fundamentally physics.
@Pedro: Well, can you tell me something interesting then? I'm on a quest to expand my knowledge on things. Anything, Anything at all.
16:20
I just received by e-mail this question: Find the smallest $a\in \mathbb{R}_{+}^{*}$ such that
$$ \{a\}+\left\{ \frac{1}{a} \right\}=1$$
$\{x\}$ - fractional part of $x$
@Chris'ssis: I have two questions. (1) What's the star supposed to mean and (2) Do the curly braces have any special meaning?
@Nick "*" means "without $0$"
@Chris'ssis: aww, that's neat, Ok, but I still don't get what the curlies mean.
@Nick what kind of thing?
@Nick the fractional part of the number. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part
@Charlie Hello! Have you brought some good news? :-)
16:28
@Chris'ssis hi Chris!
@Nick I read your question
@Charlie: Anything Mathematical! :D and yeah, I'm that much of an idiot!
@Chris'ssis I don't know, it's a beautiful day today
@Nick it's a good question
@Charlie glad to hear that
@Charlie: um, which one are you talking about?
hello
i need help for this please
0
Q: Question on relative homology

Vrouvroui have that $H_p(X,Y)$ is isomorphic to $Z_p(X,Y)/(B_p(X)+C_p(Y))$, where $Z_p(X,Y)=\lbrace \sigma\in C_p(X), \partial\sigma\in C_{p-1}(Y)\rbrace$ and i want to deduce that $H_0(X,Y)$ is the free module generated by the path connected components of $X$ that do not contain points of $Y$ but i d...

16:31
@Nick speed average
@Chris'ssis and you?
@Charlie: Ah, well, do you have an answer?
@Charlie A bit depressive today. I think that's because it's a rainy day.
@Alizter I see nothing.
(I'm not inspired at all, this is not my day - less productive)
@Chris'ssis I love rainy days
16:35
@Chris'ssis :(
@robjohn sometimes I love them too.
@Chris'ssis: Why?
@Nick I have an explanation, wanna hear?
@Charlie: Yes!
@Nick here it goes: it's a concern in statistics to find a gdoo estimator to a certain parameter
@Nick your parameter is the average speed
16:39
and my estimator is either distance or time.
So, this is a problem in statistics ... not Physics? (...wierd)
What substitution to use for this integral
$$\int_1^{\infty} \frac{\arctan x}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2-1}}$$
@Cortizol First parts
@Nick yes, cool huh? You need an estimator that is consistent and not biased
L
@Charlie: Um, how are my guys biased?
Hi everyone ! Need your help on this one :
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/560564/direct-sum-and-tensor-product-of-two-representations-of-a-group
Thanks !
(Direct sum and tensor product of two representations of a group)
16:43
@Cortizol Then make the sub $x=\sec \theta$
@Nick it must follow certain properties
@Nick we have variance and expected value
@Charlie: Maybe it could be a fault with my logic at where the motion is halved. Algebraically both my equations are right, maybe it depends on the circumstances.
@Charlie: Off-topic question.: What model is your phone?
@Nick I am not sure , but usually things are calculated in function of time, not space
@Nick samsung galaxy y
16:51
@Charlie: Bravo, you seem to be able to do a lot with it!
@Nick ;)
Hello
I got a question
How do we calculate the covariance matrix?
This above given link is incorrect right?
@Nick but the mse chat is quite disturbing on mobile
@Charlie: I can understand what that must be like.
@Nick :)
@Nick what is bothering you, nick?
17:03
@Charlie: A crumby processor that can't handle chrome.
and the ding sound mse makes. So many other sounds in the world. Why did they have to choose the one that sounds like a repressed fart.
@Nick HAHAHA
@Cortizol I just finished your question. Maybe you wanna try the differentiation under the integral sign.
@Charlie: Or maybe it just sounds weirder on my laptop's speaker.
Just a quick check of something if someone wouldn't mind. On the interval (0, 1). I believe the sequence of functions f_n(x) = x/(nx + 1) converges to the zero function uniformly as x/(nx + 1) < 1/n and 1\n goes to 0 as n goes to infinity. Does this look correct?
leo
leo
@sonicboom indeed
17:08
Try this $$I(a)=\int_1^{\infty} \frac{\arctan (a x)}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2-1}} \ dx$$ and then differentiate with respect to $a$. The rest is piece of cake.
leo
leo
I've never seen such amount of correctness
@Nick turn it off :)
leo
leo
@Nick
@Nick
@leo
leo
leo
@Nick can't ping you more than twice
17:11
@robjohn Help me man :P
@leo: I can't ping you more than once
@SohaibI what's up?
@Nick did you turn the ping off?
Oh, ping. So, that's what it really sounds like.
@robjohn Read my question. Please :P
17:13
@Nick it sounds like an arrow
@Chris'ssis I get $$\arctan x \ln\left(\frac{x+1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\right)-\int\frac{\ln\left(\frac{x+1}{\sqrt{x^2‌​-1}}\right)}{x^2+1}dx$$
Wait a second guys, the area of a unit circle is pi. Not 7 pi^2 . What is Jack M. talking about?
@Chris'ssis I either messed up or this is an evil question
@Nick He made an error. So we are rubbing it in. Go like it.
@Nick he got confus
@SohaibI I have never worked with that matrix. I don't know if that definition is standard or not.
17:17
@Alizter: The more a person likes it, the wronger it gets. XD
@Nick :) is there any thingy would you like to learn ?
@Charlie: Nothing specific, I'm in a mood for anything right now!
@robjohn Oh alright. Thanks a lot man!
@Nick }:)
@Chris'ssis I just discovered a major flaw in the question you asked. The one with the answer $\zeta(3/2)$
17:22
@Alizter what is that one?
What did you say @nick ?
If n is a perfect square it doesnt evaluate as nicely as the product of the factors are not $n^{\tau(n)/2}$ as $\tau(n)$ will be odd for a square
hmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
@Charlie: Sorry, that must be very annoying.
@Charlie: Do you know something about Fibonacci numbers?
@Alizter you mean that the product of the divisors isn't always $n^{\tau(n)/2}$?
17:30
@Nick I think everyone knows a bit about it
@Chris'ssis Because of perfect squares
@Charlie: Ok, Why is the sum of 10 terms of it equal to 11 times the 7th term.
@Nick 11 , 7 ...prime numbers, curious . I don't know why. Do you know if it repeats with another terms?
You would not believe the number of people that I fooled into thinking I'm an arithmetic genius with that.
It works with any 10 numbers generated by the fibonacci rule.
The rule being, $ a_n = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2}$
@Alizter did you check that, for instance when $n=4$?
17:34
@Nick that's cool, I didn't recall that one, but I don't why, but I honestly don't know why
@Nick last semester I gave a small lecture on the RH
@Chris'ssis Wait don't worry I just realised the tau root eleminiates it
@Charlie: RH ..? Right-Hand? Red-Head? ...
@Alizter you said there is a major flaw ...
in my argumet
;)
@Alizter ok :-)
@Alizter you was about to ruin my day :-)
17:37
@Nick riemann hypothesis
@Chris'ssis hhehe
@Charlie: I've heard of the Riemann-zeta function but like the Taylor series, I'm going to postpone learning about it till ...well, until I have to. Is it cool, the hypothesis I mean?
@Nick the ideas that surrounds it, imho, are nicer than the statement of the hypothesis
@Charlie: "The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers" - That is so cool
@Nick indeed
What???
17:54
@Charlie: What is $\coprod$ thing supposed to do?
Disregard any post I remove. I remove it because when I post it, I realize that I posted sheer idiocy. (Yeah, I have that rare condition that I say things before I think about them)
@Charlie: If you like primes, here's something I made. khanacademy.org/cs/prime-number-visualization/1843966980
Also, how do you link like that?
@Nick your not the only one ;)
@Nick [write blablabla](linkyoururl)
@Nick hehehehe
18:14
Cool, the link thing works.
@Nick: isPrime(n-2)||isPrime(n+2)
you don't need the second check as you're in an if that already checked that
I code a little too
What does it do? print the twin primes or something
I code a bit too, but don't ask me:D
@Enjoys: It checks if the value is prime and that part was just overkill because I have this inane tendency to think that if it isn't fried, it ain't dead.
18:21
@Nick what does the picture pixel color and location represent?
@nick
Show that $x^2 + x$ can be factored in two ways in $\Bbb{Z}_6[x]$ as the product of non-constant polynomials that are not units.

Answer: Zero is not a unit. One way is $x(x+1)$, because $2(2+1) = 0$. Another is $(x^2 + x)(1) because $2^2 + 2 = 0$. Correct?
18:53
@DonLarynx $1$ is a unit polynomial.
even more, it is a constant!
Expand $(x-2)(x-3)$.
19:14
The sequence of functions f_n(x) converges pointwise on the interval [0, 1]. But if the domain is say [0, 2] does it still converge pointwise to some function?
That gives me $x^2 - 5x + 6 = x^2 + x$. But how am I supposed to find that other than using intuition?
hehe, that's lovely (related to my previous question): wolframalpha.com/input/?i=frac%28x%29%2Bfrac%281%2Fx%29%3D1+
That's totally random
lol
What's $frac(x)$?
@Chris'ssis Find the number of smallest $|z|$ that satisfies $\left\{\frac{1}{z}\right\}=\frac{1}{\{z\}}$
19:30
It's clearly the question needs some restrictions there, it's just the way I received it.
@Chris'ssis Let me rephrase. Let $z$ be a solution to the equation $$\left\{\frac{1}{z}\right\}=\frac{1}{\{z\}}$$ find the smallest value for $|z|$.
$$a+\frac{1}{a}=\lfloor a\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{1}{a}\rfloor+\{a\}+\{\frac{1}{a}\}=\underbrace{\lfloor a\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{1}{a}\rfloor+1}_{\in \mathbb{Z}}$$
Then $a^2-ka+1=0, k \in \mathbb{Z}$. Hence it's easy to find $a$ that is $a=\frac{k\pm\sqrt{k^2-4}}{2}$.
hello , can someone help me
@Chris'ssis Do you reckon this converges? If so what? $$\sum_{n\in\Bbb N} \frac{\sin n}{\Gamma(\sin n)}$$
1
Q: Question on relative homology

Vrouvroui have that $H_p(X,Y)$ is isomorphic to $Z_p(X,Y)/(B_p(X)+C_p(Y))$, where $Z_p(X,Y)=\lbrace \sigma\in C_p(X), \partial\sigma\in C_{p-1}(Y)\rbrace$ and i want to deduce that $H_0(X,Y)$ is the free module generated by the path connected components of $X$ that do not contain points of $Y$ but i d...

19:43
@Chris'ssis What about this? $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\tau(n)!}{\sigma(n)!}\longrightarrow^{\quad}\sqrt{2}$$
@Alizter this is nice
@Chris'ssis This is hypothetical though. It looks like it I am not sure how to prove it though
@Chris'ssis At n=100 things don't look too good
@Alizter Your series starts from $n=0$?
noooooo 1 sorrryyy
@Alizter ok
19:49
@Chris'ssis Interesting note $\sum^\infty_{n=1}\frac1{\tau(n)}\longrightarrow\infty$
@Alizter not that interesting. It comes as a consequence of a previous series I posted here.
@Chris'ssis This one looks like a Fourier series gone wrong :P
@Alizter you may only consider the series in primes, but since there are infinitely many primes, the series clearly tends to $\infty$ (at denominator you'll have 2).
@Alizter I was also wondering last days about a very fast way to prove that $$\sum_{n\ge 1} \left(\frac{\tau(n)}{\sigma(n)}\right)^2$$ converges.
use that formula with the square and the series and the cube thing
@Alizter that one I posted here :-)?
20:01
@Chris'ssis I think so
$$\int_0^\infty e^{-\tau(\lfloor x\rfloor)}dx$$
@Chris'ssis
@Alizter Very divergent...
@PaulRS The correct term is evil
@Alizter did you consider what happens in $[0,1)$?
20:12
(should actually start from $x=1$ too, what is $\tau(0)$)
@PaulRS that was my point too above.
@Chris'ssis yes
@Alizter The asymptotic estimate is evil?
@PaulRS This world is
@Chris'ssis What about $$\int_0^1 \frac{\Gamma(x+1)}{\lfloor x\rfloor!}$$
20:16
@Alizter it doesn't make too much sense to me. Is there a typo?
@Chris'ssis No thats it
@Alizter Ah, you changed it.
@Chris'ssis Yeah the other one was a divergent typo
@Alizter you might want to know that $\int_0^1 \Gamma(x+1) \ dx$ is a question I posted here a long time ago. Let me check that.
(btw, it works nice by reflection formula or digammma function - integration by parts)
I suppose you swap the integration order or something of the sort, right?
20:20
@Chris'ssis Just realised no matter what $x$ the denominator is going to be 1 in this bound
so there fore it just evalutes to your integral
@Chris'ssis Are you sure you are not confusing it with $\log \Gamma(x+1)$ ?
@PaulRS Ah, yeah. My bad. It's with $\log$
@Chris'ssis An idea would be to write $\Gamma(x+1)$ as an integral, and swap the order of integration... might work
@PaulRS right. hehe, I had in my mind the idea there is a log in front.
Anyway, I wanna find that post.
@PaulRS btw, did you meet before the series I posted above?
@Chris'ssis $\sum_{n\ge 1} \left(\frac{\tau(n)}{\sigma(n)}\right)^2$ <- this one?
20:28
@PaulRS yes
@Chris'ssis No, hadn't seen it before.
Your problem is finding a nice proof of its convergence
?
@PaulRS ok. Only interested in proving its convergence at the moment.
@PaulRS yes
@Chris'ssis The idea would be that $\tau(n) / n^\delta \to 0$ for each fixed $\delta > 0$... (in particular pick $\delta=1/4$).
@PaulRS I see.
@Chris'ssis Can you prove that statement?
20:41
@PaulRS I have it in a textbook. So, $\tau(n)=\mathcal{O}(n^{\delta})$, and $\tau(n)<M\sqrt[4]{n}$. Since $\sigma(n)\ge n$, then $\left(\frac{\tau(n)}{\sigma(n)}\right)^2 <\frac{M^2}{n\sqrt{n}}$
@Chris'ssis Ah, good, that is the exact same idea. I assume then that you are looking for something else
Jes, I'm horrible at typing fast.
@PaulRS yeah, any alternative way is welcome :-)
$$\int^\beta_{-\beta}\frac{dx}{\sin^2\beta+\cos^2(x)}$$
@Chris'ssis
@EnjoysMath: Whoops, fell asleep. The prime pixels are highlighted. The pixels on screen have been numbered from 0ish to 500ish . The colors repressent the type of primes.
@Alizter if I'm not wrong, the answer to the previous integral is $\displaystyle \frac{\log(2\pi)}{2}$
20:56
@Chris'ssis Nice how did you get that?
@Charlie: XD, I fell asleep and I had this amazing dream. I dreamt that I proved Legendre's Conjecture using mere induction.
@Alizter I started out by integration by parts ...
@Chris'ssis I see what do you think of my new integral
?
@Alizter apparently it looks nice, but there might be some unpleasant surprises. Is this the correct form?
good I need to ermm great the typo is fixed things around here ;)
21:07
hi guys, does anyone know of methods to calculate the sum of a column in an inverse matrix without computing the matrix itself?
basically, I want to solve the matrix equation A.x=b analytically, where A is a sparse matrix and b is the column vector {1, 0, 0, ..., 0}
@Chris'ssis Its a useless integral :(
@Alizter by the way, can you finish the evaluation of $\int_0^1 \Gamma(x+1) \ dx$ by using that little hint?
im tired night all
@Alizter I hope you can.
@Alizter really? :-( I wanted more questions.
@Alizter you might love this one $$\int_1^2 \frac{e^{x}-e^{2/x}}{\sqrt{x^3+2x}} \ dx$$
21:23
@Nick :D
@Chris'ssis What is the trick ? :p
@N3buchadnezzar I let Alizter guess it. I'm sure he/she has already fallen in love with it. :-)
I hate parts :p
@Chris'ssis Ah!
I am not a clever man
You pulled that integral on me before!! Fool me once shame on you, fool me twice shame on me.
@N3buchadnezzar :-)
21:41
@Chris'ssis Divide and conquer + $u=2/x$
@N3buchadnezzar btw, do you have this one in your e-book? $$ \int_0^1 \Gamma(x+1) \ dx$$
DUUH
@Chris'ssis $$\iint_S B(x+1,y+1) \mathrm{d}A$$
Where $S = [0,1]\times[0,1]$ ;-)
$$\int_0^1 \Gamma(x+t)\mathrm{d}x = \frac{1}{2}\log (2\pi) + t \log t - t$$
That is about all the Gamma integrals I know by heart.. =)
I meant $\iint_S \log \Beta(x,y) \mathrm{d}A$ sorry..
@N3buchadnezzar Ah, is there a $\log$ in front?
@N3buchadnezzar Better later than never. (referring to the update) :-)
21:50
Should be a log in front of the previous one aswell
The log gamma integral is a nice one. Also I have never seen the beta version anywhere before.
@N3buchadnezzar these integrals flow naturally. (+1 for your question)
$\arctan x + \arctan y = \arctan\left( \frac{x + y}{1 + xy}\right)$ Is this correcT?
I can not for the ife of me remember the signs in the last expression
22:06
1 - xy
I DID A HUGE MISTAKE! (1 week I won't touch any mathematical book - far too overloaded)
$\hat{\mathbb{Z}}\cong \prod_p\mathbb{Z}_p$.
never has the chinese remainder theorem been so complicated
@Alizter my answer above wasn't correct. It's definitely time for a looonnng break. I do elementary mistakes.
@Chris'ssis I can not think straight either. I keep making sign errors.
@AlexanderGruber I think adelic strong approximation is an even more complicated version!
22:21
@Chris'ssis I know I have asked this before, but could you quickly check whether the integrals stated in my post here are correct? math.stackexchange.com/questions/430276/…
I have done the calcutions for the first one a few times, and keep getting $$ \frac{\log^2 2a^2}{a^2}\bigl[ \arctan n - \arctan m \bigr] $$
anyone want to talk real analysis
I need your help guys on those two questions.
2
Q: Prove that $\text{(BE)}\|\text{(JF)}$ using vectors.

Adobe Problem Let $\text{ABC}$ be a triangle and let $\text{I}$ , $\text{J}$ and $\text{K}$ be points such that: $\vec{\text{BI}}=\frac{1}{2}\vec{\text{IC}}$, $\vec{\text{AJ}}=2\vec{\text{JB}}$ and $\vec{\text{AK}}=\frac{1}{3}\vec{\text{AC}}$. Let $\text{E}$ be the centre of $\text{[BC...

0
Q: Proving a vector equality in a triangle without using Thales' theorem.

Adobe Problem Let $\text{ABC}$ be a triangle, and $\text{M}$ and $\text{N}$ are points where: $\vec{\text{AM}}=\frac{1}{3}\vec{\text{AB}}$ and $\vec{\text{AN}}=\frac{1}{2}\vec{\text{AB}}$ and $\text{M'}$ and $\text{N'}$ are points in $\text{(AC)}$ such that both $\text{(NN')}$ and $\text{(MM')}...

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