"Let $K$ be the splitting field of $x^6+3$ over $\Bbb{Q}$." Does the fact that the definite article is used indicate that the sentence is talking about the smallest splitting field? Would that just be $\Bbb{Q}(r_1,...,r_6)$, where $r_i$ are roots of $f$?
So yeah, given a particular structure, if it is the additive structure of some ring, then it is an abelian group. If it's finitely generated, then it's isomorphic to $(\oplus_{k=1}^n\mathbb{Z})\oplus F$ where $F$ is a finite abelian group. I don't know the case of an infinitely generated abelian group, though.
Also, yeah, it's not actually a book. It's the class notes from Abstract Algebra. I just have them bound up in a binder because there's so much of them.
Let $B$ be a Banach algebra and let $B^\ast$ denote its corresponding dual space, normed with the supremum norm over the unit ball. It is (I think?) easy to verify that $\phi_n \to \phi$ in $B^\ast$ in norm if and only if $\phi_n \to \phi$ uniformly on the unit ball in $B$. A linear functional $\...