Language Overflow

CowperKettle

03:08

@snailplane weird

CowperKettle

06:49

article usage strikes back

0

Q: Use or non-use of definite article before a proper noun in an appositive phrase

This study compares the immunotoxic effects of repeated administration of two monoclonal antibodies, the ABC-12 (RusBio, lot #1023) and Herceptin (Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland), to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Do I need the definite article here? I'm tempted to use it because I feel...

Swadee, @DamkerngT.!

@DamkerngT. I don't understand this at all.

Damkerng T.

@CowperKettle Oh, it's upside-down. :P

'waddee khrap!

CowperKettle

@DamkerngT. Ah! I thought there was a multiplication sign

But that "x" is the position of the missing number

Damkerng T.

Hehe! :D

Yes!

CowperKettle

The full version of my example sentence is way weirder

> This report presents the results of an experimental study comparing immunotoxic and allergy-inducing effects of repeated administration of two monoclonal antibodies specific to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the BCD-022 (produced by BIOCAD, lot 1111) and Herceptin (Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland), to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

it could be administration "in macaques"

Damkerng T.

I don't know what BCD-022 is!

CowperKettle

06:54

Neither do I!

Damkerng T.

LOL

CowperKettle

it's the name of a drug

It just occured to me that the macaques could be shifted closer to the beginning

> This report presents the results of an experimental study in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that compared immunotoxic and allergy-inducing effects of repeated administration of two monoclonal antibodies specific to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the BCD-022 (produced by BIOCAD, lot 1111) and Herceptin (Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland).

Anonymous

07:38

@CowperKettle Shouldn't it be administration to rhesus macaques?

CowperKettle

Good morning, Snails!

2

Q: "administration to rhesus macaques" vs. "administration in rhesus macaques"

This study compares the immunotoxic effects of repeated administration of two monoclonal antibodies, ABC-12 (RusBio, lot #1023) and Herceptin (Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland), to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Can one use the preposition "in" there? I googled around, and found that drugs ...

prepositions

Anonymous

It could be the effects [of administration of X] in patients, or the effects of [administration of X to patients], I think.

CowperKettle

I see! Interesting!

"in patients" would focus on the patients

1

A: "administration to rhesus macaques" vs. "administration in rhesus macaques"

"Passable"? Yes, because it is understandable. I know we say administer to, and I did some ngram searches on it. Administer to and administer in seemed very close. So I added some context regarding patients, and it seems that to is preferable. Administer to patients vs. administer in patients ...

Jim Reynolds

08:48

Boo!

I think we can sensically refer to *the effects of administration of X to patients/monkeys* or *in monkeys.* I further posit that we can sensically use the word *sensically* and that, by implication thereto, such is in fact a word.

@Cow

CowperKettle

I see

Jim Reynolds

I would expect to hear in more often, and a scruitinous reader might see a subtle difference in denotation. (Yes, I think you got it when you write that "in patients" could be interpreted to mean or emphasize the effects in the group, while "to patients" could, at least in theory, shift the meaning to that of any effect of the act of administration.

CowperKettle

Good afternoon, Jim

Jim Reynolds

Aloha.

Last time I visited, we were talking about a similar question, right?

In patients, on patients.

And I gave some answer and later realized that actually we use more prepositions in that situation than I had thought.

CowperKettle

I don't recall

Jim Reynolds

09:03

I think it was something like don't use previously opened vials of X on/in/with other patients.

CowperKettle

ah

Jim Reynolds

Did you get an answer to the/no article Herceptin?

We won't use an article there.

CowperKettle

4

Q: Opened vials must not be used in other patients - or "for other patients"

From a package insert (solution for injections) Previously opened vials must not be used in other patients. Is it okay? Or should it be Previously opened vials must not be used for other patients.

prepositions technical

BBL

Jim Reynolds

@CowperKettle Yes. I think we are actually a bit more relaxed with our choice there.

Cardinal

Hi there

@JimReynolds But, I cannot discern at moment why **Researchers previously found the earth revolves around the sun where they had used very rudimentary devices is wrong. **That is my problem and the intention behind that question

Anonymous

09:13

My ear expected to in the question earlier.

Anonymous

@Cardinal Great question! Could you point me to it so I can upvote it? :-)

Cardinal

@snailplane I am not sure it qualifies for that, it is more prone to be closed :))

btw, here:

Jim Reynolds

1

Q: Can I use the relative pronoun "where" here?

In articles I have see extensively that the pronoun where is used to relate something which does not have anything to do with places, locations, sites, etc.. Consider: Newton's second law of motion is given by F=ma where m is the mass, and a stands for the acceleration. ( concocted by me )...

relative-pronouns

Cardinal

How you make words italicized here ? It seems asterisks does not work

Jim Reynolds

Hi Cardinal

Cardinal

09:16

Hi :x

Jim Reynolds

Well, there is a big problem with good questions getting closed for the "proofreading" excuse.

I feel that you probably have a good sense of how people use the word. I just feel uncomfortable with "Can you always refer to X" with "where"?

I don't know how to ask that question, either.

Cardinal

:))

Jim Reynolds

Researchers found X where Y.

I can sense that there must be instances where(!) this would be confusing.

Cardinal

exactly,

Jim Reynolds

Researcher found corn where they had planted carrots.

@snailplane will generate some insights soon. I can feel it.

Hi @snail LTNS

Cardinal

09:22

I always think about these sorts of things, in writings and speakings

@JimReynolds will generate some insights soon. I can feel it. :))))

Jim Reynolds

The answer is to stop thinking. Hit yourself with a hammer when you start thinking. Eventually you will stop.

Cardinal

The problem is just a wrong usage of a single preposition can degrade the whole sentence. I am preparing for a test.

Jim Reynolds

What kind of test, may I ask?

Cardinal

yes of course, TOEFL

And GRE probably

Jim Reynolds

Have you taken it before? OK. For application to graduate school?

Cardinal

09:27

No

Jim Reynolds

I feel you are highly skilled in English, as measured by such tests.

Cardinal

yes applications must include those scores

Jim Reynolds

Do you love grammar?

TIPS

Hullo @Cardinal and @Jim.

Jim Reynolds

Do you love (and therefore also hate) learning about grammar?

TIPS

09:29

@Cardinal They do work.

Jim Reynolds

Hi @TIPS

Cardinal

yes, I love languages

and I like discipline

TIPS

Welcome to LO Cardinal

Jim Reynolds

Well, yes. Haha. I forgot to say that. In your four examples, the use of where is fine.

TIPS

And I like ice cream

Cardinal

09:29

But I am not sure that I love grammar ! :)

Hi bro , Thank you TIPS

yes, I love languages

Jim Reynolds

Are the programs you want to get into extremely competitive?

TIPS

And I love ice cream

More than pizza

Seriously, people that like pizza more than ice cream should take a break.

Cardinal

TIPS, what are you talking about

I am new here

Jim Reynolds

I guess what I'm curious about is, Do you have any idea how much you need to worry about the effects of your English skills on your test scores and applications?

Cardinal

I am not very agile using options here: tagigng, reply and these sorts of things

Jim Reynolds

09:32

He is just being silly. I am always serious, however.

Cardinal

I am a little slow to answer, sorry :x :))

TIPS

@JimReynolds Of course.

Jim Reynolds

You don't need to worry about those things.

TIPS

Your seriousness deflects sunlight.

Cardinal

@JimReynolds Yes, they can be really competitive

TIPS

09:33

@Cardinal If you're not using SE on mobile, you can learn the perks pretty fast.

Jim Reynolds

Where are you from?

TIPS

Back to doing some reading.

Ping me when you need or don't need me.

Cardinal

Iran

Jim Reynolds

OMG!

TIPS

@Cardinal Heh, I'm from Iran too.

@JimReynolds OYG

Cardinal

09:34

lol :)

Glad to meet you !

S.R.I

LO seems to attract Iranians the most :-)

Jim Reynolds

We wil kick out @TIPS, and you can be our new Iranian.

Cardinal

:))

TIPS

@JimReynolds Fine by me.

@S.R.I Last I checked, there were more than ten Indians here.

Jim Reynolds

Haha. Go back to reading, @TIPS.

TIPS

09:35

No.

Jim Reynolds

Or more accurately, to pretending you can read.

CowperKettle

Two Russians, two Iranians, two Americans, and only one Thai

Cardinal

yes mr counter

TIPS

@JimReynolds I don't read. I persuade the text to get into my mind.

Jim Reynolds

We know that you only look at the pictures.

Cardinal

09:35

:D

S.R.I

@TIPS really? I never see more than one at any point of time. Last time I was here, I was lucky enough that there were two others :-)

TIPS

@CowperKettle We need to find the other @Dam

@S.R.I You don't look hard enough.

CowperKettle

And we have a lurking Brit

TIPS

@JimReynolds Don't we all

CowperKettle

And a lurking Australian

TIPS

09:37

@CowperKettle Who? Brian?

CowperKettle

Yes

Jim Reynolds

I am Taiwanese now.

S.R.I

@TIPS fair enough, I am not here all that often

Jim Reynolds

You can tell by how polite I am, compared to Americans.

Cardinal

S.R.I where are you from?

S.R.I

09:38

@JimReynolds Nah, you're still an American

CowperKettle

I'm a Parisian then

Jim Reynolds

:D

LOL

S.R.I

@Cardinal @TIPS already revealed it :-)

CowperKettle

Jim Reynolds

!

Cardinal

09:38

?

Jim Reynolds

That looks cool.

S.R.I

@CowperKettle heh, that's a rundown building

Jim Reynolds

You can get a latte and a shave.

TIPS

@CowperKettle ProcketRIS

S.R.I

ha ha ha

TIPS

09:39

@JimReynolds It doesn't work that way

Even for aliens like you

Jim Reynolds

O.O

S.R.I

At the risk of sounding offensive, that 'A' looks like scissors P{scisso}RIS?

@TIPS hey, the only alien here is Dam

TIPS

He's the robot.

Cardinal

s.r.I so you are from thailand ?

Jim Reynolds

Yes. I need to open up my stomach to get a shave. Our hair is inside our abdominal cavities.

TIPS

09:41

Read the manuals more carefully.

@JimReynolds I am not potentially grossed out

S.R.I

@TIPS nah, @JimReynolds eats a lot of hair

or swallows them

TIPS

@S.R.I Nah, it's just cotton candy. He wants to feel special.

S.R.I

@TIPS To-mah-toes, to-may-toes

TIPS

To-my-toes

Jim Reynolds

We have good tomatoes on our planet. You just have to cut off their hair before you eat them.

Cardinal

09:44

:))

Jim Reynolds

@Cardinal In general, I believe the best thing most people can do to improve their English, including test scores, is to read things they love and that they can understand easily.

Cardinal

I agree but, I'm doing two or perhaps three things simultaneously

one of which is English

S.R.I

Then, read more English!

Jim Reynolds

So?

Exactly.

Cardinal

So, It can be very complicated to plan how to read and what to read

I decided to learn the grammar and vocabulary firstly

I do not read widely, although I read my vocabulary book

"1100 words you must know"

Jim Reynolds

09:49

That is a poor way to learn vocabulary, for most people.

Cardinal

I can feel it, but my time is limited

In Iran, you should introduce yourself for drafting for military service

S.R.I

@Cardinal there's a long route and there's a short route. The long route is learning grammar and vocabulary. The shorter route is reading a lot of good English articles/literature

Jim Reynolds

The question is, whether you have limited time or lots of time, what is the most . . . .

Cardinal

by one-year time span after graduation

Jim Reynolds

@S.R.I !!!

I love you!!!

S.R.I

09:51

Well yeah, that's what I did after I gave up trying to understand grammar. It did help that I had a little reading circle going for me.

CowperKettle

@Cardinal - your English is fluent

Cardinal

but the important question is can you use them correctly ?

Jim Reynolds

We remember things depending on the meaning we attach to them.

You did not learn Persian by studying vocabulary books or grammar rules.

CowperKettle

> Remember, remember! The fifth of November!

Cardinal

So, I tried to attache myself with ELL

:)

CowperKettle

09:52

^_^

Jim Reynolds

"Do you love me or do you not? You told me once, but I forgot!"

We remember things that are important to us.

@S.R.I Probably won't forget that I told him I love him.

He probably won't be able to sleep at night, in fact.

S.R.I

@JimReynolds Oh, I should hide now

Cardinal

While you're chanting “remember, remember, the fifth of November,” here's a few things to know about the history of November 5, and of Guy Fawkes. Guy Fawkes rose to fame after planning the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, and failing

what "fifth of November" is here? @CowperKettle

Jim Reynolds

I have heard the name, Guy Fawkes, but I never knew who he was at all.

CowperKettle

@Cardinal The Gunpowder Plot of 1605

S.R.I

09:55

Americans never learn anything, do they? :P

CowperKettle

Gunpowder Plot

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of England's Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing...

Cardinal

:))

CowperKettle

Recreation of Guy Fawkes Plot

►

Jim Reynolds

We learn that we are the most important people in the world.

What else matters?

O.O

CowperKettle

That would have been a cool blast

Cardinal

09:56

:D

Jim Reynolds

That is quite a blast

Cardinal

Yes you are, but you include D.Trump !

Jim Reynolds

I am trying to think of a word, or some words, to describe the following situation. We sometimes see, in a movie, TV show, video, etc., someone who makes a funny mistake, perhaps, and there will play like a harsh, "off-key" musical note or sound.

Do you know what I'm talking about?

Cardinal

And its supporters. I never though there be people in US support D.Trump

It sounds odd to me !

CowperKettle

Nothing odd. People supported Hitler, Stalin..

..Trump is not that bad in comparison

Cardinal

10:01

But not now

in 2016

in US, It is strange

CowperKettle

People have not changed a bit in this time

Jim Reynolds

Oh, I think it's quite normal. Human beings are emotional creatures.

S.R.I

@JimReynolds Gaffe? Faux pas?

CowperKettle

@Cardinal There was a Ku Klux Clan state governor in the US. People are weird

S.R.I

@JimReynolds Or blooper?

Jim Reynolds

10:02

If someone makes a gaffe or a faux pas, and there is a comical sound made on a video, how do you describe that sound?

CowperKettle

@JimReynolds a discordant note, or something?

Jim Reynolds

People in Russia elect only good-hearted, selfless, generous, and loving leaders.

O.O

Cardinal

dissonance is used in music I guess

CowperKettle

Haha

@JimReynolds Star that message!

Cardinal

Russia and Iran are different from US

Things are a bit (I am not sure it is a bit!) different here

:D

Jim Reynolds

10:05

Yes. A discordant note. But if we want to describe that situation, do we need to say something like, "The man tried to give the woman a compliment, but he said something stupid, and there played a discordant note as it showed him realizing his mistake?"

Things are different, things are the same.

The people with money and power do whatever they can to keep it, and those without suffer.

But yes, things are also very different.

Cardinal

But, someone can go too much farther

or goes !

Jim Reynolds

Yes.

Some people take it farther than others.

People can take it too far.

Cardinal

I wish for sake of the Earth D.Trump fail in the election

CowperKettle

@Cardinal In the US, people can participate in free and fair elections, at least

Jim Reynolds

TESOL examiners will not pay very much attention to such small details as using the wrong preposition, Cardinal.

Well, in the US, it is still pretty much the rich people that decide who can be in power.

Cardinal

10:10

@CowperKettle exactly

Jim Reynolds

And the people in power generally support the rich people.

So, things are the same, things are different. Both are true, I think.

Cardinal

But, they do not decide what they should think !

Jim Reynolds

I do believe that the US is very well developed in a lot of ways.

CowperKettle

In the current US elections, I don't like both candidates

The third candidate seemed a good guy

Jim Reynolds

Yes. There is a lot of freedom of expression, Cardinal.

I live in Taiwan right now, so close to China. I can realize more deeply how important those freedoms are.

Cardinal

10:12

@CowperKettle Bernie was interesting, I think H.C is the best option for the better world

CowperKettle

@Cardinal He was the only human-looking person of the three, IMHO

Jim Reynolds

Right. But when the choice is to vote for two people you think are not good, how free are you?

I agree. I used to be much more in favor of the Clintons. But the more I read, think and learn . . .

Sometimes I wonder if she is actually worse, because she seems more "normal"

Anyways, one thing is good. That we can talk to each other on here.

The world is changing fast.

CowperKettle

I am put off by the rallies they make. They seem so artificial. I mean, in the US, when everyone is shouting and waving flags. (0:

The pre-election rallies.

Like a soccer match, only without any sport.

Cardinal

I am not a fig fan of politicians, but I did experienced how choosing the worst will lead to catastrophe

Jim Reynolds

You mean politicians in general, or Trump's in particular?

Cardinal

10:16

In general

Jim Reynolds

Yes, I agree, Cardinal.

I think Trump is crazy.

Cardinal

I think It is dangerous since president of united state can really do many things

Jim Reynolds

Maybe. But from another point of view, a president is limited.

Cardinal

Yes, but I think, If Obama was not the president, Iran would not reach to an agreement.

This agreement is very very very important for the peace

I can feel it

Jim Reynolds

I am happy to hear that, Cardinal.

I agree.

If our relationship can be more normal, then I think there is a chance that people can know more about each other.

Trump loves himself too much to blow up the world!

Hahha

CowperKettle

10:23

(0:

Cardinal

This is something more than IRAN-US relation. It is very important for all countries, especially those are in middle-east.

We have bigots and Trumps here

, too

Jim Reynolds

Yes. Leaders will often try to increase people's fears.

Cardinal

But they are in minority, but they are powerful and very well financed

CowperKettle

We've a whole party of bigots

Cardinal

I am very meticulous about things no matter how mush those seem trivial and insignificant

CowperKettle

10:25

Jim Reynolds

@Cow ! I just need one look at him! lol

Cardinal

:))

CowperKettle

@JimReynolds The sign says "Time to pull our belts in a notch!"

It's a spoof ad, the sign is fake, created by some anonymous guy

Jim Reynolds

hah

CowperKettle

The fat guy is a real candidate from United Russia, Putin's party, and he tried to initiate a criminal case to find the humorist.

Jim Reynolds

10:29

That is an example of life imitating art imitating life!

CowperKettle

Another one: "We are not just sitting with folded hands!"

"To sit with folded hands" is an idiom meaning "to do nothing" in Russian

Jim Reynolds

:D

Cardinal

:D

Bye Bye guys, I should go and learn something

It was a great chat

Jim Reynolds

Nice to meet you

CowperKettle

Bye!

Cardinal

10:33

me, too

Jim Reynolds

Bernie Sanders's success is indeed notable, Cowp

CowperKettle

Success?

Jim Reynolds

It's as much a call for hope as Trump is a reminder of our weaknesses.

How far he got.

CowperKettle

He failed to get into the final round.

Jim Reynolds

How close he got.

CowperKettle

10:36

Ah, I'm glad that he got that far.

Jim Reynolds

The relative level of support for a socialist!

CowperKettle

But he's not a hardcore socialist, I guess. But yes, that might be strange for the US. (0:

Anonymous

@CowperKettle Well, we knew our election system was a lost cause before elections began.

Jim Reynolds

@snailplane for president!

Would you take the job if offered?

CowperKettle

@snailplane You have an opportune moment. Britain is out of the EU, and the US could just re-join the British Empire.

Trump will look at home in the House of Lords.

Jim Reynolds

10:39

We could annex Russia as our 51st state.

CowperKettle

^_^

Jim Reynolds

:D

CowperKettle

In 1991, you could if you wanted to.

Jim Reynolds

Then Pussy Riot could create and perform our next national anthem

CowperKettle

(0:

Jim Reynolds

10:41

Yeah. We lost our chance.

Anonymous

11:39

@Cardinal Yeah, and we keep getting presidents that do awful things.

Anonymous

And over time, the legislative branch cedes more and more power to the executive.

Anonymous

So the potential downside of electing someone crazy or evil gets bigger and bigger.

Anonymous

I should add "or incompetent" to that list.

S.R.I

Not only the downside, your possiblities of electing such a candidate are also getting bigger

Anonymous

@S.R.I Yeah, since we have no good candidates left to choose from :-(

Anonymous

11:47

The odds are quickly approaching 1.

Anonymous

I don't know anyone who wants Clinton to win, and I don't know anyone who wants Trump to win.

S.R.I

Is something like NOTA an option?

Anonymous

We can vote for third party candidates.

Anonymous

They won't win, but we can vote for them. :-)

CowperKettle

12:01

Ditch it, it's not required. There's only one kind of ABC-12 .... so the article "the" is not required to mark the NP as definite. Note btw, that the appositive NP in your example is more specifically a 'supplementary' (non-defining) appositive, not a modifier. — BillJ 30 mins ago

S.R.I

Spreading all the votes so that no good candidate emerges is possibly worse than not voting at all :|

CowperKettle

@snailplane That's interesting.

But I would vote Clinton, since that would help at least defeat Trump

"Choose the lesser of the two evils", a Russian saying

Anonymous

@CowperKettle People say that every election here in the U.S.

Anonymous

And yes, no one wants Clinton to win, but a lot of people want Trump to lose.

S.R.I

@CowperKettle that's an English saying :D

CowperKettle

12:03

@S.R.I okay, a Russo-English saying (0:

Anonymous

Or at least, they want Trump to lose more than they want Clinton to lose.

Anonymous

That's politics. You can't convince people to vote out of hope, so you convince them to vote out of fear.

Anonymous

@CowperKettle Someone asked a question, then got a long, detailed answer. Then the asker posted this comment on the answer: да ты скажи по-простому.

CowperKettle

@snailplane "Just say that in simple words!"

Anonymous

Do you agree that the comment is not a polite way to respond?

S.R.I

12:11

If the other person is not Russian, then yes, it's undeniably rude

CowperKettle

It's not in the formal register, but not outright rude.

If the other person is not Russian, it's meaningless. (0:

There are no swear words. One can just ignore the comment..

Google finds nothing on StackExchange about this comment

Anonymous

Both people live in Russia.

Anonymous

@CowperKettle Well, I removed the comment. Two users agreed it was not a good comment.

CowperKettle

I would not punish the commenter, if I were a mod

Well, it's okay to remove the comment

Anonymous

I didn't punish the commenter.

CowperKettle

12:15

It is the Japanese SE?

Curious, two Russians on Japanese SE

Anonymous

The bar for removing a comment is very low. The bar for taking moderator action against a user is much higher.

Anonymous

Yes.

CowperKettle

(Moderated by an American)

Anonymous

-1

Q: Is Japanese that primitive?

I've been learning japanese for a while as well as other languages and I keep thinking that it's primitive because everything is dropped out and the number of words is less than in other languages such as English and especially Russian. I think it's made for transmitting information in a very sim...

words

CowperKettle

I have read that answer, it's long but interesting

and upvoted

Anonymous

12:17

We have several Russian users :-)

Anonymous

If a comment is in a language I don't speak, and users who do speak that language are unhappy about it, I err on the side of removing the comment.

CowperKettle

There are many Japanese language fans here. I had a friend who studied Japanese and went to Chelyabinsk or Tomsk to have her exams.

Anonymous

And Russia is home to some prominent linguists, including some who specialize in Japanese or Japonic languages!

CowperKettle

We fell out because I was not pro-Putin etc.

@snailplane Yes, she told me of a famous blind Russian who studied Japanese all his life

And wrote treatises on Japanese

I forgot his name

Anonymous

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Eroshenko

CowperKettle

12:22

Yes, that is probably him.

> During the summer of 1919, he went back to Japan through Shanghai. With a good grasp on the Japanese language, Eroshenko wrote numerous children stories in that language and became famous among the Japanese literary community.

He was extremely lucky not to have perished in about 1937.

> In 1935 he founded the first school for blind children in Kushka, Turkmenistan, where he remained until 1945.

Kushka was famous

It was the southernmost nook of the Soviet Union

When a Soviet Army officer was afraid of being downgraded in rank, there was a saying: "They won't downgrade you below a platoon commander, and they won't send you farther than Kushka anyway"

> Menshe vzvoda ne dadut, dalshe Kushki ne poshlut

(It rhymes)

So the place was the symbol of "settlement on the brink of the world"

> In 1885, Serhetabat and the surrounding region was seized from Afghanistan by the Russian forces as a result of the Panjdeh Incident (also referred to as the Battle of Kushka), in which about 600 Afghan soldiers were overwhelmed by over 2500 Russian forces.

Yeah, that wasn't a good comment... That's not how you're supposed to respond to a serious well-thought-out answer... — kuchitsu 52 mins ago

CowperKettle

12:40

0

Q: Present perfect vs present perfect progressive

Are these sentences correct? Ann has gardened all afternoon. She has planted a lot of rose bushes. Can I also use here the present perfect progressive for example instead of saying "has gardened" can I say "has been gardening"?

present-progressive

Since there's "all afternoon", the progressive form might fit better

"all afternoon" emphasises the duration of the activity

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