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08:06
This is not about your proposed SE feature, but I'd like to add the timeline on the OP's behalf (I'm not sure if the OP will see this meta post). The OP posted the question at 2015-05-06 10:35:39Z. The first revision of your answer (2015-05-06 10:58:03Z) says "The object you see there from where the liquid comes is a 'bottle' made of plastic/glass etc." No "bag" was mentioned as you've claimed: "I answered it 'bag' and 'intravenous' or 'infusion'". The OP replaced the original picture (with a big IV bag) at 2015-05-06 11:40:16Z, before the other answer (2015-05-06 13:48:49Z) was posted. — Damkerng T. 3 mins ago
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. But that's a kinda muddy definition of copula
@snailboat nods
Anonymous
You can use the term to mean "a verb which takes a predicative complement"
Hmm... maybe I've posted a comment to DCShannon already.
Anonymous
But I think modern linguists are more inclined to use the term specifically for be
08:16
Oh, not yet!
nods
Anonymous
That is, English has one copula
Anonymous
There are various grounds on which you might try to make that argument
nods -- I guess it could be analysis dependent.
Anonymous
Let's try a verb like die, first, which doesn't take a predicative complement
Anonymous
> She died happy.
Anonymous
08:19
Now, if you want to say "It's okay for happy to be there because died is a copula, linking the predicative phrase to the subject"
Anonymous
And we compare that, to say, be:
Anonymous
> She was happy.
Anonymous
It's clear that die is itself predicating on she
Anonymous
It has its own semantic predication, the meaning of which would be there even without the predicative adjunct happy
Anonymous
> She died.
Anonymous
08:20
This is implied by the longer sentence.
Anonymous
But:
Anonymous
> She was.
Great point!
Anonymous
We can see be isn't working the same way. The entire semantic value of the predicate comes from its predicative complement, happy
Oh, I can recall now. I was about to ask DCShannon, is 'leave' in 'They left angry' a copular, but saw that they mentioned 'I'm not familiar enough with copulas to say for sure whether it is or isn't, ...' in their answer first.
Anonymous
08:21
Whereas with She died happy, we see two semantic units of predication, one in died, the other in happy
Anonymous
(Hence the terms primary predicate and secondary predicate)
Anonymous
Modern linguists tend to use copula as a syntactic term
Anonymous
And died cannot be a mere syntactic copula
Oh, we have another Learner now!
0
Q: "I’m going to have to let you go". why the words "going" and "have" are stand together in sentence?

LearnerThat person is "going to let someone go" or he "have/must let someone go"? why the words "going" and "have" are stand together in sentence? Thanks in advance for explanations

Anonymous
08:23
I like that username
Anonymous
Admittedly, it's not terribly original
Anonymous
But somehow it makes me smile
And GATA is back! Yay!
@snailboat Hehe!
Anonymous
I do understand why someone might decide to call it a copula
Anonymous
And you can maybe make a bit more convincing argument if you use an example that takes a predicative complement
Anonymous
08:26
But although happy here is predicative, it's an adjunct, and it's not selected for by the verb:
Anonymous
> She went to the store happy.
Anonymous
> She woke up happy.
Anonymous
> She went to the store.
Anonymous
> She woke up.
Oh, your example (woke up) reminds me of another question. Does laugh at have to be a phrasal verb?
Anonymous
08:28
There's no particle shift, so it's not a verb-particle idiom:
Anonymous
> She laughed at his jokes.
> *She laughed his jokes at.
Anonymous
Syntactically, it's just a verb + preposition phrase combination:
Anonymous
> She laughed [at his jokes].
The example sentence was "All his friends laughed at him".
Anonymous
So it doesn't seem syntactically special
Anonymous
08:29
The next question is, is it an idiom?
Anonymous
That is, does it have non-compositional meaning?
Anonymous
Verb-preposition idioms are often called "phrasal verbs"
I think it's a bit ambiguous in the sentence.
Anonymous
I think the default reading would be that his friends laughed at him derisively
Though I agree that the idiomatic meaning is probably the intended meaning.
nods
Anonymous
08:32
Usually if you want to say something else, like "He was a funny guy", you'd say they laughed at what he said, or just that they laughed (in the right context), etc.
Anonymous
I try to avoid the term phrasal verb myself
Anonymous
But it does seem like one
Anonymous
And I have trouble understanding it any other way
Anonymous
I dunno
Anonymous
In real life, things aren't either compositional or non-compositional, anyway. They're shades of grey
Anonymous
08:33
The idiomatic meaning of laugh at seems pretty close to the literal meaning in my mind
Oh, see. I think I got an L1 confusion.
Anonymous
I tried to figure out what we were talking about and the best I came up with was "as an idiom it implies the laughter is derisive"
Anonymous
Is that what we're talking about?
In Thai, laugh in someone's face means something like [laugh-to-someone's-face].
Anonymous
Maybe I missed the whole point of the discussion :-)
08:35
I think it was me! :-)
Anonymous
Okay, let's start over
I mean, to me, laugh at and laugh in someone's face have a lot of overlapping.
Anonymous
Hmm, I think they do have some overlap
Anonymous
Laugh in someone's face actually makes me think you're physically close
Anonymous
I don't know if it actually means that or if that's just what I imagine when I hear it :-)
Anonymous
08:37
But yeah, laugh in someone's face I think has an even stronger implication that the laughter is derisive
Anonymous
And it emphasizes that you're doing it directly to their face, like, in front of them, making eye contact, perhaps?
Anonymous
Possibly up close. That's what I imagine
Anonymous
It's very rude
Anonymous
On the other hand
Anonymous
> His friends laughed at him behind his back.
08:37
I think in English, laughing in someone's face is laughing at someone by literally laughing at that someone.
Anonymous
His friends are making fun of him while he's not around.
Anonymous
> #His friends laughed in his face behind his back.
Anonymous
This is obviously nonsense :-)
@snailboat It's possible in English.
Anonymous
I guess that, now that I think about it
Anonymous
08:39
The idiomatic meaning of laugh at doesn't actually have to involve laughter
Anonymous
Like, not literally
Anonymous
Just mockery
Anonymous
That's pretty good evidence that it's an idiom, right? :-)
Anonymous
So when you asked if it "has to" be a phrasal verb, you were asking
Anonymous
08:40
Can it be used with its literal meaning instead of its idiomatic meaning?
Anonymous
In that sentence.
(I was trying to look for my Eng-Thai dictionary, but couldn't find it!)
Anonymous
Ah!
Anonymous
I always have my Japanese-English dictionary because it's also my Japanese-Japanese dictionary :-)
Anonymous
I use both features!
08:41
A-ha! "laugh at" == หัวเราะเยาะ, เยาะเย้ย
เยาะเย้ย ~ mock, so this is the derisive meaning.
Anonymous
Wassat?
Anonymous
A-ha!
หัวเราะเยาะ ~ laugh in someone's face (but it has the tint of ridicule or deride as well)
See, I think that's my confusion!
Anonymous
Okay, let me try one more time and see if I can come up with the right meaning:
Anonymous
Laugh at is an idiom meaning "laugh derisively at or mock"
08:43
Now trying a Thai-Thai dictionary...
Anonymous
Laugh in X's face is an idiom with the same meaning PLUS "it must be directly toward X where they can see/hear it"
@snailboat nods
@snailboat Yes!
Anonymous
Though now that I say that, my intuition says "but laugh in X's face is probably both meaner and ruder"
LOL --- Our dictionary has no หัวเราะเยาะ!
Anonymous
Hehe! I found a dictionary! (I'm so proud!)
เยาะเย้ย: ค่อนว่าหรือแสดงกิริยาซ้ำเติมให้ได้อาย ให้ช้ำใจเจ็บใจ ให้โกรธ. (pretty much about "ridicule" or "deride")
Anonymous
But it took my search as a POST argument so I couldn't link to the search result
@snailboat Yay!
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. Why do things always look longer when you can't understand them? :-)
Anonymous
I'm sure that definition wouldn't look so long if I could read it!
08:47
@snailboat BTW, I used to play badminton with the owner of that company. ;-)
Anonymous
Neat!
Not NECTEC itself, but the company that made LEXiTRON.
LOL -- หัวเราะเยาะ - V - laugh at
Anonymous
Lexicographer badminton!
Anonymous
I haven't told my housemate yet about her potentially special gyri.
08:49
It could be exciting news!
Anonymous
I will though, if only because I take every excuse to use irregular plurals
Anonymous
Japanese has remarkably few of what you could call irregular plurals because it doesn't have much in the way of systematic plural marking to begin with
Anonymous
But nouns with animate reference typically have a plural contrast, especially the subclass of pronouns:
Anonymous
> わたし   'I/me' (singular)
> わたしたち 'we/us' (plural)
Anonymous
08:51
In those cases you actually need to mark the plural!
Anonymous
But there's a number of different plural affixes
Anonymous
And for some reason, かれ pretty much only takes 〜ら
Anonymous
Even though you'd expect かれたち for neutral tone
Anonymous
You get かれら instead
Anonymous
08:53
That's the closest thing I can think of to an irregular plural in Japanese :-)
So, it's only in some pronouns!
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. Pronouns tend to have their own quirks in any language
Anonymous
(Some people argue that Japanese pronouns should just be considered nouns, though I don't find that convincing)
Anonymous
Japanese has some pronoun quirks, too
Anonymous
Like わが, which looks like it should be 'my', but it can also be 'our'
08:55
Interesting!
Anonymous
By the way, the が there is the Old Japanese genitive particle が
Anonymous
In Modern Japanese, that が would now be said with の
Anonymous
But the が there is fossilized, built into the word :-)
Anonymous
(It used to be a phrase rather than a word in Old Japanese)
Anonymous
You'll find just a few がs like that which mean の in Modern Japanese, leftovers from a thousand years ago!
Anonymous
08:58
Mostly in place names.
Ahh
Ah, ЯegDwight's avatar is not Lego stuff anymore!
Anonymous
That's crazy talk!
user116848
hi
Anonymous
Hello!
user116848
@snailboat Hello!
user116848
09:08
Good thing you replied I thought I was all alone here.
user116848
:)
Anonymous
No, I'm here! I'm going back and forth between rambly chatting and reading :-)
Anonymous
Every now and then I realize I'm doing a little too much rambling and not enough reading, so I take a break and go back to reading :-)
user116848
@snailboat Yeah I take lots of breaks too.
user116848
And then sometimes come here and talk to you guys.
Anonymous
09:14
Anonymous
My new snail :-)
Looks different than the last time I saw!
user116848
Tell her I say "Hi!"
Anonymous
It hasn't been very long since the last picture so it's probably just because the snail is making a silly face
^Hey, I said than!
Anonymous
09:15
Than is fine
user116848
@snailboat I don't know whether people like my answers on the ELU main site or not. I mean a lot of my answers have zero votes. Should I improve them or leave them
I think I get it from you. :P
Anonymous
My native dialect has than there, but my mom taught me to say from instead, so sometimes I say from
Anonymous
@Arrowfar Umm, I dunno! Up to you :-)
user116848
@snailboat Yeah I know.
Anonymous
09:16
Sometimes I write answers I think are good that don't get many upvotes
Anonymous
Sometimes I write answers I'm not too proud of, but then they get more votes
Anonymous
I never really know what's going on :-)
Anonymous
Maybe it's just because ELU has a lot of activity, so questions get less attention sometimes if they fall off the top of the question list
Anonymous
Unless they end up on Hot Questions
@snailboat I think there is a Meta SE post discussing the trick to get the points.
Anonymous
09:18
@DamkerngT. I should use that JS to remove the scores again so I can't see them
Oh, my cat! Why did you trip the cable?
Anonymous
Then I won't worry about it :-)
@snailboat Good point(s)!
Anonymous
Tripping a cable sets it off. (Like a trip wire that sets off an alarm in fiction.)
Anonymous
Tripping over a cable is when you hit a cable by accident with your foot and fall!
09:19
Yes! Thanks!
user116848
@snailboat Sometimes I write a stupid answer and it gets lots of votes and sometimes I put lots of effort and it gets no attention. I don't know what's with the voting system. It is stupid :-)
My first choice was kick but then I thought cats don't kick or hit stuff like people do.
Oh, no! Disk failure!
user116848
09:33
All the updates I get for VLC player look almost identical.
user116848
I can't see the difference.
Anonymous
Maybe they fix stuff like security bugs or improve playback or something
user116848
Looks like it, yes.
user116848
I mean I haven't really noticed it. They send update notification every so often. I think VLC is one the best video player for windows.
@snailboat Um... it's a disk failure at my place.
user116848
09:36
I used to use Windows Media Player.
user116848
But that is kind of meh. Not fast enough like VLC.
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. Oh no!!
Thanks to my cat! :-)
Anonymous
Is it recoverable?
I guess so, um, I hope so!
Oh, this sentence is interesting:
> Each author's name and the title of the work appear at the end of the quotation and again in a bibliography-index that includes publisher and date.
includes publisher and date, no articles, no plural.
Even more interesting, Google returned 0 results for "includes publishers and dates".
Perhaps it's a fixed expression.
Anonymous
09:51
I think it's productive
Anonymous
I think it should be covered in CGEL under Restricted non-referential interpretations of bare NPs (p.409), but I don't see a specific description
Does bare mean being used without articles?
Anonymous
Without a determiner
Anonymous
Articles being a type of determiner
10:00
nods
Anonymous
One common type of bare NP is the bare role NP
Anonymous
> She became treasurer.
Anonymous
Here we have a count noun used without a determiner
Anonymous
Bare role NPs can be predicative complements, but not subjects or objects:
Anonymous
10:01
> *Treasurer called me into the office.
I thought it was similar to all ruble, but all is also a determiner, so it's not.
nods
Anonymous
> *She punched treasurer in the nose.
Anonymous
That's one way we can tell apart objects from predicative complements.
I remember that I want to be pilot sounds wrong to many native speakers.
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. All ruble looks like the word has be noncountified
Anonymous
10:03
Uncountified?
Anonymous
Made into a non-count noun.
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. It'd sound fine to all of them in context.
I still wonder whether it's countable!
Anonymous
It's just a failure of imagination.
But it looks like it's the only explanation I can think of.
@snailboat Ahh
Anonymous
10:05
@DamkerngT. that includes publisher and date is yet another thing on the pile of English language phenomena I can't explain at the moment
Anonymous
But it's a good question! Did someone ask it?
No, it's in my book!
Anonymous
A-ha!
Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style, Virginia Tufte.
It's not even really in the book. It's in the acknowledgements!
Anonymous
I think it's part of a productive pattern, but I can't quite pin it down off the top of my head
Anonymous
10:06
Some research would probably be helpful :-)
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. It's in the front matter?
Anonymous
Is it really in the acknowledgements?
> Many thanks go, first of all, to the authors of more than a thousand sentences quoted in Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style. Each author's name and the title of the work appear at the end of the quotation and again in a bibliography-index that includes publisher and date. I hope readers will enjoy these wonderful examples as much as I do and will be inspired by them.
Anonymous
Wow!
Anonymous
10:07
Makes sense in context :-)
Hmm... did I mistype that style?
I did!
Evening @Fantasier!
I guess I would write that includes publishers and dates, but that would sound wrong!
Anonymous
Well, it doesn't sound ungrammatical or anything
Just off, perhaps?
Anonymous
I don't think there's anything wrong with it exactly, but
Anonymous
Okay, I'll make up an explanation entirely based on my intuition. Let's see how far that goes :-)
10:16
Yay!
Anonymous
I think that when you have a context in which noun phrases denote attributes of the topic of discussion
Anonymous
Like, here, publisher and date are attributes of the works being cited
Anonymous
Hmm, can we come up with related examples?
Hmm... so using the singular publisher and date sounds better because it matches the work?
Anonymous
10:18
> I sorted the packages by size and weight.
Oh, an interesting example.
I don't know why, but by size and weight sounds natural.
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. I think that when you say includes publisher and date it relates them specifically to the work (no other interpretation possible), but when you say includes publishers and dates you're leaving it to the context to imply that they're the publishers and dates of the work
Probably because by bus, by boat, etc.
Anonymous
And so the semantics are a little bit looser, and it's possible to say, but you can use the slightly more precise expression instead
A-ha!
searching for "includes the publisher and date"...
Makes sense. (found 1 hit)
Anonymous
10:22
Certain instrumental phrases typically have no article, including your example (by + method of transport)
Anonymous
Or by telephone
user116848
Work time. See you later @snailboat!
Anonymous
See you!
Anonymous
I think that a lot of these phrases are non-referential
Anonymous
10:23
I mean, of course, if you go somewhere by train, you do end up taking a specific train
Anonymous
But the phrase by train doesn't refer to any specific train
Anonymous
Hmm
Anonymous
My intuition didn't get me very far :-)
I guess I kinda get it, but still doesn't really get it. :-)
The case of a prep + noun is probably easier, because they're common "exceptions".
Anonymous
I think that is sort of a case you have to memorize
10:25
Besides by X, there are on Y and at Z, perhaps there are more.
nods
Anonymous
Though it's far more specific than prep + noun
Anonymous
The case we just discussed was by + method of transport
Anonymous
Anything that can be construed a method of transport: "I arrived here by gorilla."
Anonymous
So a semantic category, not just a fixed list of nouns
But it's rare for me to see a verb + noun which is normally countable like this includes publisher and date.
Anonymous
10:27
> She became treasurer.
Anonymous
That's another fairly specific exception
Anonymous
Since it's denoting a role and the verb takes a predicative complement
@snailboat Um... Donkey Kong!
Anonymous
I guess you could say that they're made into non-count nouns. (I'm not convinced that this is true, I'm just putting the idea out there)
Anonymous
10:30
I had this idea, because it popped into my head that the original phrase is very similar in meaning to:
Anonymous
> ... includes publisher and date information.
Anonymous
So I thought, "Hey, maybe publisher is being conceptualized like publisher information, which is non-count"
Anonymous
After all, whether something is count or non-count is closely related to semantics (how we're thinking about what the noun represents)
Anonymous
Just an idea :-)
A very interesting idea!
Anonymous
10:32
Don't ask me to define what it means to conceptualize it like information
Anonymous
'Cause I dunno. :-)
Anonymous
I'm just grasping at straws
Anonymous
@DamkerngT. I think you should post the question on ELL and get some other folks thinking about it :-)
Anonymous
Someone might have a simple explanation!
10:34
Thanks for all the pointers and ideas!
 
2 hours later…
12:40
> Being a blogger/internet marketer has its own perks. You get to use cool stuffs online. Test and review them and also recommend or reject them based on their potential to help out you or your readers. Today I will compare two ace grammar and spell checking tools for English and find out which one is the best value for money product. ...
I suspect that neither Grammarly nor Whitesmoke could catch that stuffs.
By the way, I got a warning when I tried to open anywhere.whitesmoke.com/index.php, which is linked to in our question: ell.stackexchange.com/questions/56237/…. If someone else gets a similar security warning, we should warn others.
 
2 hours later…
15:01
hola
15:13
Halo!
@DamkerngT. How's your day going? :-)
Hmm... sorta usual, I think. :D
How's yours?
Till now good nothing special :)
Sounds good enough. :P
yes there is one thing special, I have opened Facebook after 2 months :p
15:20
Oh!
The last two months must've been quite peaceful, I guess. :-)
0
Q: How to transform a word?

user19492Well i came across these words in the Word Form section in an exam for gifted students: mouth-watering (mouth), anti-inflammatory (flame), bystander (stand), photogenic (photo)... the thing i want to say is how can i even possibly know or think about these words when i do the test? People keep te...

Poor thing! -- Some tests can ruin enthusiasm for learning!
@DamkerngT. kind of
it is very difficult for my eyes to concentrate to that question ^
Oh, indeed! -- But I guess it's gonna be closed soon.
@DamkerngT. Which is your favourite programming language?
Me? Tcl. :-)
I know it's an uncommon answer. :D
I have not heard about it!
ohhh it is for IOS devices and by cisco. seems cool!
Chances are what we types will get through Cisco routers which are running IOS with Tcl scripting capability all the time.
It's one of a few languages that are certified based on its security strength.
great
The downside is that its syntax is a bit unfamiliar (we can even say that it has almost no syntax), and its base variant is non-OOP.
yup i could not understand anything from syntax :(
15:34
If you have a Mac or use Python, you already have Tcl installed. ;-)
I use python
and do use Mac(my brother have that)
Look under your Python folder. I think you will see the "tcl" directory. ;-)
I have seen most of the people like C but I like python
Python is good. It keeps getting better, generally. And it has lots of libraries, um, modules and packages readily available.
@MARamezani will soon enter this room
yes it is simplest language i have seen
15:38
@Freddy Oh no!
Hullo world!
hola
Hello!
@MARamezani which programming language you like the most?
@Freddy Does TeX count?
yup
15:41
So you got your answer.
Yay!
Try this on your Python!
My rep isn't that round anymore!
> import Tkinter
interp = Tkinter.Tk()
print interp.tk.eval('return "Hello, world!"')
@MARamezani Yay!
Some nice guy downvoted me on Area51 and some nice guy downvoted me on ELL!
I wonder, why do I always get a downvote as soon as another answer is added?
?
looking...
15:47
Maybe it's because they want a fair competition.
Upvotes aren't fair.
@MARamezani That's weird.
Not as weird as me.
Oh, the downvote must have been Tim's.
I mean TRomano.
I don't get it though.
He downvotes the question for a fairly good reason:
-1. You should tell us what you're trying to say; otherwise you may be given grammatically acceptable answers which may have connotations you would not wish your sentence to have. "looking forward to" may already be your best option. — TRomano 4 hours ago
But why my answer? :?
Whatevs.
@Dam How are you and your question analyzer doing today?
Any interesting questions?
@MARamezani Yes! Mine. :-)
I posted a question today.
WHAT?
Link!
3
Q: '[That] includes publisher and date' — no article?

Damkerng T.I stumbled upon this text: Many thanks go, first of all, to the authors of more than a thousand sentences quoted in Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style. Each author's name and the title of the work appear at the end of the quotation and again in a bibliography-index that includes publisher and ...

15:52
+1 A very interesting question. — StoneyB 3 hours ago
@DamkerngT. Stupid question!
@DamkerngT. You attracted two great answers after Stoney's.
I don't even get what they mean.
16:23
@Dam I think your publisher question got its answer from Stoney alright, but I guess it's just one of the cases like
> I don't like run.
As an answer to "if you wanna lose weight, run!"
Nah, that doesn't work.
16:44
@Dam I had a question.

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