.fseventsd is part of the File System Events notification mechanism - when a file changes, the operating system sends a message to any programs which care, such as the Spotlight indexing system.
.Spotlight-V100 is where Spotlight keeps its index data: when you search in Spotlight, it looks in this index rather than searching all the files directly.
.Trashes store deleted data (one directory per user inside that, IIRC).
Normally all these files/directories are hidden; if deleted, OS X will re-create them automatically. (In Spotlight's case, this can take a while: it will have to read all …