@humanityANDpeace Let's take Qualcomm for example, they want to have a new chip to sell to phone builders like Apple or Samsung. They first pay a company like IMEC (
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMEC) to research the chip. After that they use these guys research to improve an existing chip or use one of their new designs to design a new chip. This chip design is then sent to a company like Foxconn who actually produces the chip itself.