tl;dr: A process takes time $\Delta t_B$ in some frame of reference B. Is the time an actual observer $A$ would see $\Delta t_A = \Delta t_B / \gamma$? Or is the time that the light travels to the observer not included in $\Delta t_A$? A little thought experiment to make my question clear: There ...

I know that an object can become net negative or net positive by losing or gaining electrons, and having more or fewer protons than electrons but why can't protons be transferred too?

From my understanding of quantum mechanics, when a wavefunction is observed, it collapses into a single state instantaneously (or at least in the length of a Planck time.) Is there a reason it has to take no time? Could it be briefly observed in a different state before settling into it's collap...

I am a new physics student and learning Newton's law at the moment. I remember from the previous lessons that in order to find the horizontal component of force, the equation is $F cosθ$ and for the vertical component it's $F sinθ$. My question on this example is why the professor chose this dire...