I guess you can boot into the recovery console? Try running e2fsck (man page) on it, e.g.:
e2fsck -f -v -C 0 -t /dev/sda2
If it doesn't help, please check your GRUB command line.
In actuality, fsck is simply a front-end for the various filesystem checkers (fsck.fstype) available under Linux. The filesystem-specific checker is searched for in the PATH environment variable. If the PATH is undefined then fallback to "/sbin". Please see the filesystem-specific checker manual pages for further details.
Assuming you've already run e2fsck/fsck, you could now mount your EFI system partition and check whether GRUB has the correct UUID specified for your root FS.
I am out of ideas. Maybe you could upload a picture of the error.
No, your display when you're getting it. Also it would be great if you enabled verbose boot/disabled graphical boot.
Sorry, I've no ideas any longer. As a last resort you could try rebuilding your initrd but that's gonna be quite complicated. You need to mount rootfs /boot and /boot/efi, then mount bind /proc /sys and /dev into rootfs, then chroot into it, then run the command which rebuilds initrd.
I have uploaded a video of the boot here. Hope it helps. There's one more warning before the error, which says cannot change data node on remount. Maybe that'll help?
It does boot. That's what I am more puzzled about. It is not supposed to. I have said so in the question too: The system boots, but with an error Failed to start Remount Root and Kernel File Systems
Who knows? It might just be a bomb waiting to explode ;). I have learnt that one is not supposed to assume that the error is not affecting one, the hard way ;)
Also, are rw,noatime,nodelalloc,data=writeback options correct? It might be that these options are causing the issue
It's unlikely. If I were you, I'd file a bug report against Manjaro - let the devs look into it. :-) I'd reduce it to just defaults,noatime. rw is redundant. nodelalloc makes things worse actually ( kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt ), data=writeback also looks wrong. If you have an SSD then having ,discard is a must.