I don't get the meaning of "States rich" in this: "he was there because he had once had his opportunity to go home to the States rich, and had not done it".
Does "resolved" mean "decided" in here? "he was there because he had once had his opportunity to go home to the States rich, and had not done it; had rather lost his wealth, and had then in his humiliation resolved to sever all communication with his home relatives and friends, and be to them thenceforth as one dead"
Does "half an hour apart" mean "once every half an hour"? in here: "Now and then, half an hour apart, one came across solitary log cabins of the earliest mining days, built by the first gold-miners"