« first day (2256 days earlier)      last day (2676 days later) » 
00:00 - 12:0012:00 - 23:00

12:15 AM
@BalarkaSen Chat ain't the same without @0celo7 :/
 
user223506
12:25 AM
@rob answer done - physics.stackexchange.com/a/303424/140434 - hopefully it won't disappoint
 
user223506
12:42 AM
I am exhausted after writing taht answer
 
2:44 AM
@AccidentalFourierTransform That's one symmetric looking schroedinger cat, it is so far into superposition that it looks nothing like a cat, lol
 
user223506
what a catastrophe!
 
FRB 120102 repeats
0
Q: What is energy as viewed from a conceptual point

RaSullivanFor the current span of my life I have continuosly checked for definitions of "energy" and probably seen them all. The net result in my experience is that aside from semantics, no idea of what energy actually is exists. I would appreciate, in light of the fact that it is unknown, any though...

Energy is just a bookeeping device. Moe acurrately, energy is the generator of time translation. Without it nothing will be changing (converse is not true due to existence of steady states)
 
user223506
@Secret asked about that on Astro.SE astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/19515/15217
 
2:59 AM
so the pattern is consistent with things similar to cornoa outburst, except much more energetic?
 
user223506
well, there is an answer to the question
 
user223506
17 hats!
 
4:01 AM
Last night dream: A trip with friends and watching a movie at home, as well bug infestation need to clean up
However:
This is an incredibly messy dream that seemed to take inspiration from a lot of sources. In particular, this dream has a highly nonlinear narrative that spans 3 days and while time seemed to flow normally from seconds to seconds, days can past in random instances such as after subjective hours or minutes (it also jumps randomly from some earlier time to some later time and then back, and somehow all of these achronological pieces of events joined seamlessly into one continuous event.
The locations are also seemly in some sort of heavy nonlocal superposition, as what is seen in a scene is ac
Basically, spacetime is completely ****ed up in this dream, and the narrative, while in first person view of the characters seems to be in chronological order, in reality (of the dream) it jumps around randomly
 
 
1 hour later…
5:07 AM
0
Q: How is colour perceived when shot by a single action "photon pistol"?

argonautHere are 2 questions: First: Suppose you had a single action photon pistol. You fire photons at an observer with super-human sensitivity to light. Her vision is so sensitive she can perceive the difference between 2 photons. If the interval between each fired photon equals 1, let that coincide w...

Looks like a time dilation question
 
5:25 AM
Negative differential resistance mechanism solved
The paywalled journal provide a press account on the mechanism in question in the following free source
This might be important in fusion researches
Zooplankton evolves resistance to road salt faster than expected, suggesting this phenomenon will protect the ecosystems depending on them despite increased road salt usage as long it is moderate
Meanwhile, more to be delivered about the insterstellar clouds near our sun's neighbourhood from the voyers
Probably easier to carry out than doing exercise for some people I guess
 
rob
5:45 AM
@Secret Do you mean "the Voyagers"? Or does our solar system have a voyeur problem?
 
The Voyagers spacecraft (sorry can't spell)
 
rob
@Secret noe prablem
 
The great barrier reef once almost drowned before in the ancient times, raising implication on what is is going to face in this climate change era
How others see of you and how you see yourself. The discrepancies or alignment give some info on your score on the big five traits
 
user223506
6:03 AM
Hey @JohnRennie, how are going?
 
user228700
@JohnR: Morning! :-) I'm having a really hard time choosing:
 
user228700
 
user228700
Meh, I think I'll just skip dessert.
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H skipping dessert?!?!!? that's sacrilege!
 
user228700
Hmm. It beats me why Strawberries with fresh cream costs just as much as The last time I ever saw my waist :-|
 
user228700
6:11 AM
@Doc :-) Is it really?
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H well, maybe, I am getting hungry
 
user223506
I would take the "pralines from heaven"
 
Morning. I'm a little frail this morning.
Last night was our works Christmas dinner (delayed).
And I didn't get to bed until, erm, about five hours ago :-)
 
user223506
@JohnRennie dang! so no loud posts?
 
:-)
@Kaumudi.H Mangotango for me.
 
user223506
6:16 AM
so no all caps?
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Oh, crap :-|
 
When I was a little lad, and we lived in the Sudan, there was an Armenian shop keeper who had the most fantastic mango ice cream.
 
user228700
I think you've spoken about the amazing mango ice cream of amazing before :-)
 
I can still remember his name, fifty yeads later - Gergian. That's how good his ice cream was ;-)
 
user228700
@Doc I've gots to google "pralines"
 
user223506
6:18 AM
@JohnRennie you sound like you have travelled far and wide?
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Fifty? How old were u when u lived there?
 
@Doc Not really. My father was working in the Sudan for Fisons trying to kill locusts. So when he married my mother came out to the Sudan to join him, and I was born there.
 
user223506
@JohnRennie that is awesome!
 
@Kaumudi.H I think I was eight when we moved back to the UK. That wasn't my father's choice. The Sudanese government took a turn to the nasty side and foreigners had to get out sharpish.
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Whoa, I see. 8 years (between the ages of 0 and 8) is actually a pretty long period of time!
 
6:21 AM
It seems that way when you're a child. It seems a short time now :-)
 
Howdy
 
user228700
@JohnRennie ^ This is exactly why I highlighted the sentence "between the ages of 0 and 8"
 
:-)
 
user228700
Gosh, I've gots to decide!
 
user223506
I was in Japan for 4 years if that counts?
 
6:23 AM
I think mango is the only fruit everyone can't not like
 
@Kaumudi.H Mint a fortune would be a close competitor to the mango!
@Doc doing research?
 
user228700
I'm more of a coffee/chocolate gal, so...
 
user228700
@SirCumference Agreed. Also, hi :-)
 
@Kaumudi.H Hey. Want to try out the fix? :)
 
user228700
Just as soon as I finish choosing...
 
user228700
6:25 AM
Oh, I also must call them to ask if they provide home delivery services!
 
I'd pick mangotango
 
@Kaumudi.H One has to do the mission critical tasks first :-)
 
user228700
Yep!
 
user223506
@JohnRennie partially, teaching physics and doing aerosol instrumentation studies
 
user228700
Quick question: I have never tasted whipped cream but I have heard many a tale of its deliciousness. Is it good on ice creams?
 
6:28 AM
@Kaumudi.H I'd say yeah
 
@Doc When I was working for Unilever (as a colloid scientist) I had several friends who went to work in Japan. They enjoyed it, but said it is in mnay ways a strange place by European standards.
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H i put everything on ice cream
 
@Kaumudi.H (sweetened) whipped cream is great on cakes. I'm not so sure about putting it in icecream.
 
user223506
@JohnRennie that is true, even by Aussie standards - mind you, I felt more hoemsick for Japan than I ever did for Australia
 
user228700
Meh, everything costs the same. I'm going to order The last time I ever saw my waist.
 
6:29 AM
@JohnRennie On sundaes it's pretty good
 
@Kaumudi.H I love the name :-)
 
user228700
It's a great name :-)
 
user223506
Oh and @JohnRennie - I went a tad mad with physics.stackexchange.com/a/303424/140434
2
 
user228700
Now I must choose the main course but I think I already know what I'm getting...
 
Although the last time i saw my legs would be more appropriate :-) You can still see your waist after a lifetime eating icecream - you just can't see anything below it!
 
user228700
6:31 AM
@JohnRennie That is true but it makes for a less intuitive name; not everybody would immediately get it.
 
user223506
@JohnRennie true that
 
@Doc ah, it got reopened! Good :-)
 
@Doc Woah...
 
user223506
@JohnRennie it was a pleasant surprise, this morning (local time)
 
@Kaumudi.H Perhaps it means you are short sighted and your waist has moved out beyond your focal range :-)
 
user223506
6:32 AM
@SirCumference I got a bit passsionate
 
user228700
Holy shit. I've just found this. I think I'm going to change my mind...
 
user228700
 
I really enjoy writing a long detailed answer to something I'm really interested in. It's a surprising amount of effort, but very rewarding.
Is Gulab nut gulab jaman with nuts? If so that's what I'd choose!!!
 
user223506
@JohnRennie I thoroughly enjoyed writing that answer
 
user228700
But dammit, I don't know what any of those things even remotely tastes like (under Desserts) so how wil I ever choose?!
 
6:34 AM
One of the toughest answers I've had to write was this
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H apple pie!!!!!!!!!
 
4
A: How do I know, mathematically rather than from observation, if a moon is full?

Sir CumferenceThe Moon phases can be defined by the phase angle between the Sun, Moon and Earth; for example, at 0°, the Moon is defined as full, and at 180° it is defined as new. If you want to know how bright the Moon is at a given angle, we would use the phase angle to find the apparent and absolute magnitu...

Not sure if it's entirely accurate, but definitely took me a few hours of research
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Yes, I think it is. But I don't want to have Indian dessert! I want to try stuff that I haven't ever tried before...which, like I said before, is problematic since I don't know what anything tastes like!
 
user223506
@SirCumference that is a brilliant answer!
 
@Doc Thanks, but I haven't found anyone who can confirm its validity :/
 
user228700
6:36 AM
I'm just sitting here googling "What is a tart/flan/pie etc".
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H that is a great opportunity to do a tasting spree
 
user223506
@SirCumference looks pretty solid to me
 
@Kaumudi.H Pie? o_O
My own gravatar is a pie...
 
user228700
@SirCumference Yep. Never had pie, man.
 
user228700
Goddammit, I'm back to square one now!
 
6:39 AM
@JohnRennie Oh btw, sorry to bother you
Would you be able to clarify something about cosmology?
 
user228700
Oh crap, I've just realised that everything contains eggs .__.
 
@Kaumudi.H Can't eat eggs?
 
@SirCumference yes of course
 
user228700
@SirCumference I'm vegetarian but all my life, my family has been cheating by saying "Eggs don't count when they're in pastries and stuff".
 
@Kaumudi.H So wait, what's a vegan?
 
user228700
6:41 AM
I think vegans don't eat anything even remotely associated with any type of living organisms.
 
@JohnRennie Thanks. So the equation of state $w$ for the universe is equal to $\frac{p}{\rho} = \frac{C}{c}$, where $p$ is the pressure, $\rho$ is the density, $C$ is the thermal speed of the molecules and $c$ is the speed of light, right?
 
Hmm, I don't think I've seen it in that form. Where did you get that equation from?
 
Well my book says if we take the equation of state for a perfect gas
$$\ p = \rho_m RT = \rho_m C^2$$
Sigh
Had that on my clipboard.
Anyway, if we take that, where $\rho_m$ is the mass density and $C$ represents the thermal speed of the particles ($C = \sqrt{RT}$)
We can derive $w = \frac{p}{\rho} = \frac{\rho_mC^2}{\rho_mc^2} = \frac{C^2}{c^2}$
 
user228700
I've decided--Tiramisu it is.
 
For a "cold gas", where $C\ll c$, this gives us approximately $0$
 
user223506
6:46 AM
@Kaumudi.H very very nice choice!
 
user228700
@Doc :-) Does it really contain ladyfingers?
 
OK so cold gases are approximately pressureless ...
@Kaumudi.H Okra? No.
 
I'm hoping I'm understanding this right
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H not literally - have some whipped cream with it!
 
user228700
@Doc I'm sorry to interrupt the discussion but this is what I've found:
 
user228700
6:47 AM
> "Tiramisu is a popular coffee-flavoured Italian custard dessert. It is made of ladyfingers dipped in coffee, layered with a whipped mixture of eggs, sugar, and mascarpone cheese, flavoured with cocoa."
 
user228700
But I also found this:
 
ladyfingers are long thin biscuits
 
user228700
> "an Italian dessert consisting of layers of sponge cake soaked in coffee and brandy or liqueur with powdered chocolate and mascarpone cheese."
 
Ladyfingers (often called with their original Italian name, savoiardi, or sponge fingers in British English) are low density, dry, egg-based and sweet sponge biscuits roughly shaped like a large finger. They are a principal ingredient in many dessert recipes, such as trifles, charlottes, as fruit or chocolate gateau linings and for tiramisu. They are typically soaked in a sugar syrup or liqueur, such as coffee for the dessert tiramisu. They are also commonly given to infants, being soft enough for teething mouths but easy to grasp and firm enough not to fall apart. == History == Ladyfing...
 
user228700
Which one is it?
 
user223506
6:48 AM
both
 
user228700
@JohnRennie Ohhhh.
 
user228700
@Doc So it really contains erm, brandy?
 
Yes, but only as a flavouring. There isn't very much brandy.
 
user223506
yup, it adds a bit to flavour
 
@JohnRennie So on a different site that ACM sent me, it says that in the FLRW metric, the equation of state for the Universe determines its fate. I'm not sure if the formulae I mentioned above are relevant, but it says that in the Big Rip scenario, $w < -1$.
 
user228700
6:50 AM
Oh, okay. Settled, then.
 
But if that were the case, and the formula above is correct in this context, then wouldn't $C$ have to be negative? How could that be possible?
 
@SirCumference Yes, that's true. In the big rip the pressure is negative.
 
user223506
@Kaumudi.H definitely let us know what you think
 
@JohnRennie Then wouldn't the speed of the molecules have to be negative?
 
user228700
@Doc Definitely will do :-) Thanks, guys!
 
6:52 AM
@SirCumference A real gas can't have a negative pressure, so you never have the problem of explaining what negative pressure means in terms of gas molecule velocities.
 
I'm not sure I understand what "negative pressure" is...
 
@SirCumference But things like dark energy can have a negative pressure (which it does of course)
 
user223506
my ex could make negative gas pressure.... peeew
 
@SirCumference We don't know what dark energy is, but we know it can't be normal matter like a gas.
 
So how could it possibly make the pressure negative?
 
6:53 AM
@SirCumference Have you not seen the explanation of why dark energy has a negative pressure?
 
@JohnRennie As a matter of fact, I missed the class and I'm using someone else's notes :/
Not very helpful
 
Suppose you have a volume $V$ of a gas at a pressure $P$ and you let it expand by $dV$
 
Right
 
The gas does work $PdV$. That work comes from the internal energy of the gas so the energy of the gas goes down.
So far so good?
 
6:56 AM
Now take a volume $V$ of dark energy, and let it expand by $dV$.
Dark energy is a property of spacetime and the amount of energy ina volume $V$ is proportional to $V$.
 
Don't worry about a physical mechanism for this, it's the way dark energy is defined.
Anyway if we let our volume of dark energy expand by $dV$ the energy increases because $V$ has increased to $V+dV$ and dark energy is propertional to volume.
 
@JohnRennie Wait, this might sound dumb, but is the reason why the amount in a volume $V$ is proportional to $V$ because the Universe is entirely homogenous and isotropic?
 
No.
 
user223506
@JohnRennie what a great concise answer you wrote physics.stackexchange.com/a/230706/140434
 
6:59 AM
We just define dark energy as an energy density proportional to volume.
 
Ok
Wait, somehow I forgot that...
 
As it happens this is exactly how the cosmological constant in Einstein's original equation for the universe behaves.
But anyway ...
With dark energy as we increase the volume the energy increases. But if the dark energy does work on us that means the work done on us must be negative, because if the work was positive (like a real gas) the interanl energy would decrease.
 
@JohnRennie So because we have more $V$, we have more energy?
 
@SirCumference Yes.
 
7:02 AM
I've now lost track of where we got to ...
@SirCumference Are you happy with my argument above that if energy increases with volume the work done in the expansion must be negative?
 
I think being up at 2:04 is getting to me, so I'll try and work this out
In a normal gas, as the volume increases, the energy decreases?
Sigh...I'm an idiot
Forget it, it makes sense
 
user223506
@SirCumference no you're not an idiot!
 
@Doc Well I'm certainly out of it
@JohnRennie Right, so that makes sense
 
user223506
@SirCumference tiredness is a sign of dedication
 
@SirCumference and if the work done is $PdV$ that must mean $PdV \lt 0$. Since $dV \gt 0$ that has to mean $P \lt 0$ i.e. the pressure exerted by dark energy is negative.
 
7:09 AM
Ah, it makes sense!
Thanks :)
 
user223506
and we have the man, the legend @JohnRennie !
 
The difference between dark energy and a Big Rip is that the (negative) pressure of dark energy is constant but in a Big Rip the pressure tends to $-\infty$ as our volume of whatever it is expands.
 
@JohnRennie Well, in a non-Big Rip universe, the volume still increases, right?
 
@SirCumference Yes
 
So shouldn't pressure still tend to $-∞$?
 
7:12 AM
No. With dark energy the energy is proportional to volume so as $V \to \infty$ that means $E \to \infty$, but the (negative) pressure remains constant.
Witha Big Rip $E \to \infty$ at finite volume.
 
@JohnRennie Oh, right
 
Actually, hang on, that's wrong or at least not quite right ...
Damn, it's too early in the morning :-)
 
@JohnRennie You're telling me, it's 2:00am here :P
 
user223506
its 6:15 pm here
 
user223506
I am in the future
 
7:15 AM
Anyway the point is that the equation of state determines how the pressure changes with volume. With a regular gas P is positive and decreases with volume. With dark energy P is negative and constant. With Big Rip stuff P is negative and becomes more negative with volume.
 
Oooooooohhhhhh
 
So a negative P makes the volume expand, but as the volume expands P gets even more negative, which makes the expansion even faster and we get a vicious cycle.
 
@JohnRennie Wait, didn't you just say the volume is constant?
3 mins ago, by John Rennie
Witha Big Rip $E \to \infty$ at finite volume.
 
@SirCumference I was wrong about that.
In a Big Rip the volume does go to infinity. The point is that it does so ina finite time.
 
Ok, well that seemed to make more sense, since $P$ would have to be the thing decreasing...
 
7:20 AM
But it's important to remember that with a Big Rip we just say the equation of state has $w \lt -1$. There is no physical model for why this might happen. We just shrug and say well that's how the equation of state is.
So it's a purely theoretical idea.
 
Er, all right
 
But then dark energy has a negative pressure and we think we've observed that experimentally even though we have no idea what the physical mechanism is.
 
So the Big Rip will happen if $w < -1$, but we don't know what else it implies about pressure or energy?
 
We know what the equation of state with $w \lt -$ predicts for pressure and energy because that's what the equation of state is: it's the equation for the pressure.
We just don't know of any physical process that could be responsible.
 
Oh, that makes more sense
@JohnRennie I misunderstood you and was confused, my bad
 
user223506
7:24 AM
If aliens land, I would pay them to abduct me... no "take us to your leaders" - it'll be us saying "please, take our leaders"
 
@JohnRennie Well my prof also mentioned something called "phantom energy"
And they're briefly mentioned in these notes
 
Yes, phantom energy has an equation of state with $w \lt -1$.
 
So it's basically the type of energy we were talking about up there, when $w < -1$?
 
Yes.
 
So it has the same properties as dark energy, insofar as it has a negative pressure?
 
7:26 AM
But ask your Prof what phantom energy actually is, and he won't know.
phantom energy is just a name we made up for some imaginary stuff with an equation of state having $w \lt -1$.
 
"Dark matter" ugh, I hate my brain
@JohnRennie Isn't it just the equivalent of dark energy, but instead of $w = -1$, $w < -1$?
Okay, is "dark energy" mentioned in the Big Rip scenario?
 
Phantom energy has a negative pressure like dark energy does, but I'm not sure I'd say it's just the equivalent of dark energy with $w \lt -1$
It's obviously different from dark energy because the equation of state is different.
 
Well, is dark energy relevant at all in the Big Rip?
 
Right, because $w < -1$
 
7:31 AM
Dark energy does not cause a Big Rip
 
So phantom energy is also an energy density
Jesus, one thing introduced after the other D:
@JohnRennie All right, so phantom energy is by definition not existent in a universe like ours, right?
Because $w > -1$
 
Remember that with phantom energy the (negative) pressure increases as the universe expands.
 
So right now phantom energy could exist but have a (negative) pressure too small to measure.
 
So it's not only existent in a universe where $w < -1$?
 
7:35 AM
$w$ is a property of the stuff in the universe not of the universe itself
 
@Kaumudi.H Oh right, by the way. If you want to try the new version, update it by clicking here
 
Normal matter and dark energy coexist even though they have different values for $w$
So normal matter, dark enervgy and phantom energy could all coexist.
 
@JohnRennie Somehow I forgot that...
My head isn't working right
@JohnRennie Couldn't the phantom energy's $P$ cause the volume to expand, thereby causing a feedback loop?
 
@SirCumference that is precisely what happens with phantom energy, or indeed any stuff with $w \lt -1$
 
So how could it remain insignificant in the Universe?
 
7:39 AM
And that feedback loop causes the volume to go to infinity ina finite time i.e. a singularity
And that singularity is the Rip
 
@JohnRennie Ok, how does it reach infinity in a finite time? Could you show it mathematically?
 
@SirCumference Phantom energy cannot remain insignificant forever. It could be insignificant right now, but if it exists then at some point in the future it will inevitably cause a Rip.
 
@JohnRennie Ooooh, that's cool
 
The mathematical proof is just the Friedmann equations.
If you solve for $a(t)$ with phantom energy then you get $a(t) \to \infty$ in a finite time.
 
Right, so gimme a sec
Wait, better yet, it's already there for me on that site
Right, so we get
$a = (\frac{1}{1 - \frac{-3w - 3}{2}t})^{\frac{2}{-3w-3}}$
Ugh
Forget it
@JohnRennie So the denominator tends to 0, so we get $a(t) \to \infty$?
 
7:49 AM
If you're looking at the Wikipedia article note that it says: Note that this solution is not valid for domination of the cosmological constant, which corresponds to a w=-1. In this case the energy density is constant and the scale factor grows exponentially.
 
Yeah, that's clear
 
Look at:
14
Q: How does the Hubble parameter change with the age of the universe?

John RennieHow does the Hubble parameter change with the age of the universe? This question was posted recently, and I had almost finished writing an answer when the question was deleted. Since it's a shame to waste the effort here's the answer anyway. Maybe this can be one of the canonical answers sugges...

and there's an expression for $a(t)$ in my answer.
You can integrate that to see what happens with dark energy.
 
Right
Thanks a ton by the way
 
You're welcome :-)
 
user223506
8:24 AM
Hi Everyone!
 
8:47 AM
Hi.
 
user228700
9:26 AM
The tiramisu was exquisite. @JohnR: Do u want to see what I just had for lunch? :-)
 
user228700
 
user228700
 
user228700
The first is a picture of the Spaghetti supreme. It's spaghetti with sauce (I don't quite know what sauce it is) and some cheeseballs. The second, of course, is the tiramisu :-) I took the first picture when I went on the aforementioned "food tour" with my friend last year but it's what I ordered today as well (unfortunately, I couldn't take a better picture)
 
10:16 AM
@Kaumudi.H aha, I was going to ask how you liked the tiramisu. Actually tiramisu isn't my favourite dessert, but I won't going to say anything until you had tried it.
 
user228700
@JohnRennie You're sneaky! But I loved it :-)
 
user228700
Why don't u like it?
 
Was it made with cake or the ladyfinger biscuits? Or was it hard to tell?
 
user228700
Just cake. No ladyfinger biscuits around these parts :-)
 
I think it's better with just cake.
The biscuits are the traditional Italian recipe but I don't like the texture as much.
 
user228700
10:19 AM
Yes. It tasted of coffee and...well, I'm no chef so I can't even ascertain what else it was made of, really, but it was wonderful :-) Filling too!
 
I find tiramisu too soft and sweet for my taste. I like cake, but not when it's been soaked in syrup.
But I'm glad you enjoyed it :-)
 
user228700
Ah, yes, it was very wet. I don't like cake when it's too dry and creamy tho. The syrupy texture was just perfect! *Yum! :-)
 
user228700
What are you gonna have for lunch?
 
I'm pretty full after eating a big meal at our works party last night, so I'll probably just have a light meal.
Or sometimes when I'm feeling full I'll just eat some fruit.
 
user228700
@JohnRennie That was last night, wasn't it?!
 
10:22 AM
Midnight last night!
So it was only ten hours ago.
 
user228700
And u haven't had anything since 10 hours ago?!
 
user228700
My my, how have u not acquired acidity yet?!
 
And I did eat ... well ... a hell of a lot. Lots of people couldn't finish their meal so I ate their leftovers as well.
 
user228700
U have a strange stomach, I gotta tell you.
 
A strange stomach :-)
It's an alien symbiote that crept down my throat one day!
 
user228700
10:24 AM
-_- Please thank God that u haven't acquired acidity yet.
 
I have never suffered from any type of stomach problems.
Well, I got gastroenteritus once, which was colourful :-)
 
user228700
Not to be gross or anything, but I suffer from chronic acidity--just yesterday evening, the acid in my stomach came back up all the way up to my mouth!
 
But I don't get indigestion.
 
user228700
It was very sour indeed.
 
:-( not nice
 
user228700
10:26 AM
Yes! You should feel very lucky indeed, Sir!
 
I might have a rissotto with chole again ...
That's a nice light meal and very tasty.
 
user228700
:-P What did u have for dinner last night?
 
Starter was pork terrine, main course was turkey and dessert was Christmas pudding.
 
user228700
Sounds...delicious? :-P I've literally never had any of those.
 
But as I said several people gave me what they couldn't eat, so my starter was also smoked salmon, and the dessert was also ice cream, cheesecake and cheese.
 
user228700
10:31 AM
Plain cheese?!
 
@Kaumudi.H different kinds of cheese with crackers. As I recall there was Brie, Shropshire Blue and Cheddar cheese.
 
user228700
I see. Again, I've never had that. (Cheese and crackers, I mean)
 
Can infrared radiation excite electrons to another energy level?
 
user228700
I'll go get some stuff, then...
 
@LuBu it depends on the system. In atoms the spacing of the energy levels normally corresponds to visible light.
But there are probably molecules where the energy spacing is in the infra-red part of the spectrum.
 
10:34 AM
Or what is it.
 
In atoms the spacing between energy levels decreases with increasing quantum number. So in hydrogen the $1s - 2s$ energy is greater than $2s - 3s$, and that is greater than $3s - 4s$.
So if you go to high enough quantum number you'll find energy spacings in the infra-red. But generally those transitions are weak and hard to see in spectra.
 
So this is a case where infra-red can excite electrons to another energy level.
 
Well yes. But in practice we rarely see those transitions.
 
Why is it rare though.
 
10:39 AM
Spoiler alert: Watch the video
 
3
Q: Will a disco ball really end up inside a black hole?

ShufflepantsPBS Space Time recently had a challenge question involving two different proposed solutions to saving the earth from being trapped inside a Kugelblitz. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3hd3AI2CAA They also released the solution video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_oHv6HCMX4 The short of it: ...

@LuBu the Paschen series are transitions that start with the electron in the $3s$ level and excite the electron to $4p$, $5p$, $6p$, etc. But you can only observe these transitions if you have hydrogen atoms with an electron in the $3s$ orbital.
And normally hydrogen only has electrons in the $1s$ orbital.
 
Oh.
Yeah.
 
So you have to prepare your hydrogen gas in an excited state e.g. at high temperature to try and get a measurable fraction of the hydrogen atoms in the $3s$ state.
 
@JohnRennie PBS's answer pretty much agrees with yours for the disco ball here, if anything is within the radius where the event horizon will form, it is doomed.
 
It can be done, but the lines are far harder to observe than the Lyman and Balmer series.
@Secret well, yes. I thought that was obvious.
 
10:44 AM
The dyson sphere scenario is however interesting. Being just outside where the event hoizon expected to form, and having infinite strength, it will absorb the light completely. Might try to calcualte the shape of spacetime near the surface of the sphere some time in the future
 
@Secret assuming you preserve the spherical symmetry the external geometry is just the Schwarzschild metric.
 
I see
 
Despite Симон Тыран's and Shufflepant's comments, the geometry external to a collapsing spherical shell is always just Schwarzschild - actually rather boring.
 
user223506
11:10 AM
Let's beckon the aliens to take away our 'leaders'
 
user223506
11:22 AM
I vote @JohnRennie as Overlord of Earth
 
11:48 AM
0
Q: How anything faster than speed of light travel back in time?

ThainaI know about this theory but I cannot get the picture that how moving faster than light even 100.01% of light-speed would make universe run backward.

Well... how do we possibly know whether we are currently in a CTC if due to CPT symmetry, any stuff travelling back in time will look like antiparticles mirror inverted travelling forward in time
 
I really need help with pulleys
The first thing is that I have googled for their images but couldnt find even one suitable image to help me visualise
The diagrams in my book make things even more confusing
I need to understand the basics of pulleys since two months and am unable to :(
Can someone help me please ?
 
00:00 - 12:0012:00 - 23:00

« first day (2256 days earlier)      last day (2676 days later) »