Tough questions

@mins why vor reciver at a given bearing sees amplitude modulation in case of rotating cvor transmitter?

@mins why if a dipole is rotated, the receiver sees this as amplitude modulated signal? What is the physics behind this?

@mins why if a dipole is rotated, the receiver sees this as amplitude modulated signal? What is the physics behind this?

@mins is the variable signal directional?

@mins now I got it. Thank you so much.

Why not transmit the reference and variable signals as high frequency signals. Why need only 30hz?

I mean why the carrier is modulated when transmitting reference and variable signals? Why not transmit them without modulating the carrier?

@mins I do understand what is phase difference. What I don't understand is why reference and variable signals are modulated? Why not transmit the 2 signals without modulation? I mean they are demodulated at the receiver.

Did you mean only the variable signal is modulated? And the difference between the modulation and the reference signal is used to determine the phase difference hence bearing?

@mins my gratitude to you. I've posted a question/comment under your VOR reply.can you pls answer that

I finally got it, after so many years. Thanks a million @mins.

Does one side mean one side of the loop or 0 degree with the transmitter? If one side means one side of the loop, then shouldn't we add 3 signals? I mean 2 signals for the 2 sides of the loop and 1 signal for the sense?

@mins pls explain this part in greater details. "On one side Asin2πft+Asin2πft=2Asin2πft On the other side −Asin2πft+Asin2πft=0 The 180° ambiguity has been removed". I'll delete everything once I understand. Sorry and thanks again.

@mins let's take the 90 degree and 270 degree examples. For 90 degree, no current in the loop, only current flows is in the sense and that's a sine wave. The same is true for 270 degree. How can we differentiate if the NDB is forward or behind? Thanks.

@mins "Now the polarity of the signals: In the loop the sign is positive when the bearing is in [270..(0)..90] and negative in [90..(180)..270]." I just don't understand the polarity part. Its a sine wave right? How can you have polarity of a sine wave? Pls explain. Sorry for asking again and again. Thanks.

@mins "Thus if we subtract the two currents, the instantaneous change (the sin2πf factor) is cancelled from the result, and the result is sensitive to the signal bearing. The resulting pattern has a heart shape (cardioid)" could you pls explain this part in greater detail?

@mins, sorry not clear to me.

Sorry, not clear to me

Still I don't understand how the sense antenna works and how the combined effects of loop and sense antenna works. Can you please elaborate on that?