@Rick dehydration of butan-1-ol through conc H2SO4 forms a primary carbocation, which then rearranges by hydride shift to a stabler two degree carbocation, and then loss of another proton forms but-2-ene
@AvnishKabaj that applies to E2 elimination and not E1 elimination
Why is it that the chlorination of 1-chloro-3-nitrobenzene 18 gives 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene 19 as the major product, 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene 20 as a minor product and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 21 is not formed at all?
I know $\ce{-NO2}$ is a deactivating, meta-directing group and hen...
Hey In group 16 of the periodic table oxygen has a higher electronegativity yet when an electron is added to it's valence shell other electrons will resist this newly added electron and thus the electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less negative than suplhur
According to definition electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons to itself, oxygen if it attracts the bonded pair of electrons wouldn't this cause electron electron repulsion in valence shell ?
@AvnishKabaj I had one more question. In NCERT it's said that oxygen has a covalency of 4 ( 1 s and 3 P) orbitals but, the covalency of oxygen is usually 2 why??
@AvnishKabaj covalency is the no of pairs of electrons shared usually oxygen shares it's 2 bonds that's why covalency is 2 . I understand that it takes a lot of energy to excite the electron but i was wondering if hybridisation is involved in this bonding process.?If oxygen has a covalency of 4 then it's for coordination compounds but then again it has only 3 pairs of valence electrons
@Rick oh god wasn't that supposed to be lost right after the first step!
@AvnishKabaj yep good catch!
ok I reverted my downvote
but I don't understand what he's trying to say. @Rick @AvnishKabaj any idea?
@Curio well, you can view each carbon atom directly; you don't necessarily have to split the molecule; VSEPR works on any atom you want it to make it work on
@Fawad well para is almost always dominant for any op directing group like aniline; though it's definitely not "major" in this case you're talking about
@Curio just don't rote learn those AX3, AX3L, AX4,etc. stuff too much; instead remember that if hybd. of an atom is sp^n it implies that sum of lone pairs and sigma bonds = n
how is anilinium ion meta directing for electrophiles?
Actually, anilinium is not meta directing (I know it is often taught that way), but rather it inductively deactivates the entire aromatic ring.
To explain the electrophilic substitution pattern observed with any aromatic system we must...
What exactly happens to an electron when energy is provided for it's penetration of a metal's valence shell?
the energy of the electron increases does that mean it moves to an even high potential energy state but what would be the use?
If the exited electron enters the valence shell of the metal which is at a lesser potential i suppose some amount of energy will be released, is that so? But this ENERGY is less than the provided energy.
I thought of the meteor analogy, a meteorite falling from the sky would lose most of it's kinetic energy as heat i guess the same happens with electrons...
The carbon is $\mathrm{sp^2}$ hybridised and is therefore planar and should also, theoretically be $120^\circ$. However, VSEPR theory suggests that the π bond would "need more space" due to greater electron repulsion. As a consequence the $\ce{H-C-H}$ bond angle would be smaller. However, since the
@GaurangTandon For example H2O has sp3 hybridization. However the bond angle isn't 109.5 but 104.5 and above all the shape isn't a tetraedron but bent!
Essentially I'm an undergrad doing a small research project on biofuels. I decided I want to investigate the relationship (if any) between the fatty acid content in vegetable oils and the quality of the biofuels produced. So I have two things I need to work on: producing the biofuels, i've chosen to do it through a transesterification. And also determination of the fatty acid content of the biofuels. In the lab today I chose to do a titration. Decided the best solvent for vegetable oil was propan-1-ol and made up a solution of approximately 0.1M KOH which I titrated it against. However I've…
My rough titre was something like 1.50 cm3 which would have a massive error with a 50 cm3 burette
I was wondering if I wanted to calculate acid number if I need to do such an accurate titration since i had troubles pipetting the oil
@GaurangTandon I do not quite understand your edit to my question chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/91783/…;. Why don't you want the URL to be clickable? Why did you put a clickable "URL" next to the - now not clickable - http:/ /...?
Actually leave it. I am not editing it. I am just flagging it as homework.
@AvnishKabaj Could you please make me mark the 11th level questions of MS Chauhan because I end up wasting time on 12th level stuff? I'll be really grateful to you.
@GaurangTandon Consider starting a bounty for this?
Why is it that the chlorination of 1-chloro-3-nitrobenzene 18 gives 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene 19 as the major product, 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene 20 as a minor product and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 21 is not formed at all?
I know $\ce{-NO2}$ is a deactivating, meta-directing group and hen...
how is anilinium ion meta directing for electrophiles?
Actually, anilinium is not meta directing (I know it is often taught that way), but rather it inductively deactivates the entire aromatic ring.
To explain the electrophilic substitution pattern observed with any aromatic system we must...
Given info:
H3PO4 + H2O <--> H2PO4- + H3O+ Ka1= 6.9e-3
H2PO4- + H2O <--> HPO42- +H3O+ Ka2= 6.2e-8
HPO42- + H2O <--> PO43- + H3O+ Ka= 4.8e-13
Solve for: K' values. Weak acid+ strong base
H3PO4 + OH- <--> H2PO4- + H2O K'=?
H2PO4-+ OH- <--> HPO42- + H2O K''=?
HPO42-+ OH- <--> PO43- + H2O K''...
