English Language & Usage: Multi-Layered Discourse Room

2:47 AM

@Mitch Yeah, and nostalgia isn't what it used to be, either.

@Robusto Did you listen to the doctor's video of today about GoT episode 3?

He's now done one for each of the first three episodes.

> Records, kept by a merchant from Catham street, New York, show George Washington spending approximately $200 on ice cream in the summer of 1790.

You know, that was probably a lot of money back then. I'm sure it more than I spend on it in a year even today.

This is unsettling in oh-so-many ways: Everybody lies: how Google search reveals our darkest secrets.

3

Tonepoet

6:43 AM

@tchrist I'm not sure how to convert that into an amount of ice-cream that was actually eaten. On the one hand, I can't imagine making ice cream would be very easy prior to the advent of refrigeration, so much of that cost may have simply have gone into the production. On the other hand we also need to adjust for inflation, and $200 in 1790s money is much more valuable than the same amount in today's.

Sayros

8:44 AM

morning

Foggy Finder

morning

Sayros

@M.A.R. Hi, my native language is Arabic :)

SmokeDetector

12:39 PM

[ SmokeDetector | MS ] Repeating characters in answer: Usage of "ain't" in formal conversation by black hood on english.SE

tchrist

12:57 PM

> Get your weekly insect digest!

I don't think they thought that one all the way through.

I’m so hypohellenic I can't even figure out what a Τεττιγονίον is.

terdon

@tchrist It's Latin. It means those with mammary glands on their reproductive organs.

tchrist

If an acheta is a male cicada, what the heck do we call a female cicada?

@terdon Really?

Oh God, you're right.

My mind must simply have rebelled against going there.

terdon

I hope it means head, and not mammary glands though.

tchrist

> The scientific name "Tettigoniidae" is derived from the genus Tettigonia, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1748. Latin tettigonia means leafhopper; it is from Greek tettigonion, the diminutive of the imitative (onomatopoeic) τέττιξ, tettix, cicada.

I think teta and testa (whence tête) had only one T ever.

On tetas....

> Perhaps an expressive formation or from Germanic *titta, cf. also Ancient Greek τίτθη (títthē). Compare Portuguese teta, French tette.

Well, maybe two T's sometimes.

pezón, ok let's chase a different rabbit

key_asdfg

1:13 PM

Is anyone here native? Is saying "I'm a Japanese person" natural? Is it more natural to say "I'm Japanese?"

tchrist

@key_asdfg Use the second. The first sounds funny, and would require some complicated sort of surrounding context for it to come off as otherwise.

The nationality/language terms ending in -ese can be both adjectives and nouns, but are normally avoided as singular nouns.

So "I am Japanese" but "A Japanese lady".

terdon

@tchrist Huh, so Greek it is. Interestingly, the modern Greek term for cicada is tzitziki (τζιτζίκι), equally onomatopoeic yet a different word.

tchrist

A Japanese person would say that they are Japanese.

Maybe the noun forms are in general avoided, hm.

Some Americans, some Mexicans, some Frenchmen, some Spaniards, some Koreans — but not usually some Chinese, some Japanese, some Vietnamese.

I think it's because words ending in unstressed /iz/ resist inflection.

> Abruzzese [n. and adj.]
Acehnese [n. and adj.]
Alfurese [adj.] ← Alfur
Annamese [adj.]
Aragonese [adj.]
Arakanese [adj.]
Assamese [adj.]
Balinese [adj.]
Bengalese [adj.]
Bernese [adj.]
‖ Bolognese [adj.]
Browningese [adj.] ← Browningesque
Burmese [adj.]
Cantonese [adj.]
Carrollese [adj. n.]
Cassinese [adj.]
Ceylonese [adj.]
Chinese [adj.]
Cingalese [adj.]
Congoese [adj.]
Congolese [adj.]
Cremoˈnese [adj.] ← Cremona
Faroese [adj.]
† Friese [adj.]
Genevese [adj.]
Genoese [adj.]
Genovese [adj.]
Gilbertese [adj.]

But Bolognese is pronounced as the original, so ends is /eze/.

terdon

1:28 PM

@tchrist I wonder if it is also because some Chinese, some Japanese, some Vietnamese would make one think of food instead of people.

tchrist

You wouldn't say "Some French are ok" either.

Nor "Oh, I think he's a French."

But a Russian and some Russians both work fine.

terdon

True.

And yet "Some British are OK" but not "Oh, I think he's a British".

Hmm. Come to think of it maybe neither works.

I'd probably use Brit[s] for both.

tchrist

Some Britons are ok.

As a Briton once remarked.

The homophone can be annoying in speech.

tchrist

1:50 PM

I wonder whether fierily and virally can ever be homophones.

terdon

2:00 PM

Does anyone pronounce F like V?

tchrist

2:12 PM

Maybe it might devoice if the preceding consonant in the phrase was an unvoiced one? I dunno.

Robusto

@tchrist No lo he mirado todavía.

tchrist

Pues talvez deberías.

Robusto

Pero la nueva temporada comienza pronto, ¿no?

tchrist

Sí.

Queda bastante interesante todo lo que dice, pero además vale la pena acostumbrarte el oído a su acento.

Robusto

@tchrist Tengo la intención.

tchrist

2:22 PM

And he makes me laugh now and then.

If he says anything you don't understand, you can always ask me or terdon what it was.

M.A.R.

@Sayros nice

tchrist

Sometimes he uses a bit of local slang, for example.

I have friends fleeing New Mexico later this week, coming up here. Not that I expect it will be all that much cooler, but one of their kids has a summercamp thing at Rocky Mountain National Park.

Well, Estes Park. Same thing.

Meanwhile, the story of the 19yo who awoke to a bear chowing on his head a few miles from me up in Boulder County has hit the national news.

Code review time for me now.

Robusto

@tchrist Will do, thanks.

@tchrist Yep, I saw that this morning. That's one wake-up call you don't ignore.

Black bear, I presume? The article I read wasn't specific.

tchrist

Yes.

We only have Ursus americanus here, whatever their color.

terdon

> “About 4 this morning, I woke up to a crunching sound and me being drug. And I thought it was a dream at first, then I realized it wasn’t,” Dylan said.

"drug"?

Is that a thing or just a mistake?

kdvr.com/2017/07/09/…

Robusto

2:35 PM

@terdon Read dragged there.

Common rural colloquialism.

terdon

@Robusto Yes, I did. I was just wondering if that's a new trend.

@Robusto Ah, so it is a trend.

Robusto

Pretty old.

terdon

Fair enough. But not a typo. It's something that exists in certain dialects.

Robusto

Substituting an irregular participle for a regular one has long been a feature of certain dialects, mostly southern/rural.

terdon

Huh. Interesting.

Robusto

2:37 PM

Before I was born, some baseball announcer, a retired player, was treated to a national news smirk when he said a certain player "shoulda slud into third."

terdon

Kinda like the BrE I'm sat here, I guess.

Robusto

Past tense of slide was slud for him.

tchrist

I believe "have drug" for "have dragged" has substantial currency in various dialects other than standard English.

Robusto

dig/dug yields drag/drug, slide/slud, and all sorts of other examples.

terdon

Huh. Interesting.

Kinda like the BrE I'm sat here, I guess.

Robusto

2:39 PM

Dunno that one, actually.

terdon

4

Q: In which regional dialects is "I'm sat" common?

I had always associated the construct I'm sat here (as opposed to I'm sitting here) with the north of England. I know I've heard it from people with Yorkshire or Manchester accents, for example. Yet, I was recently speaking with a couple of Londoners, one of whom used it and the other stated it s...

Oh. That's mine.

As is this one:

7

Q: Is there any difference between "I'm sat" and "I'm sitting"?

In BrE, one can apparently use I'm sat here to mean I'm sitting here. This seems to be a relatively modern usage: I had originally thought that this was a regional or dialectical variant and had asked a question about this, but the discussion in the comments and the fact that I found many occu...

usage british-english phrase-usage

Robusto

@terdon Hah. Glad I'm not the only one who forgets questions I've answered ...

terdon

Answered, heck, I asked it! That's even worse :)

But yes, I've had the trying to upvote and being told I can't upvote my own posts moment often enough.

On the tech sites though.

Robusto

Getting back to bear attacks:

Back in my youth I went on a lengthy hike in Jasper National Park in Canada. The ranger who set us up gave us the warning about bears. He handed us cans of pepper spray and little bells to put on our packs, which would alert bears in the area to our presence.
He also told us we needed to be alert to bear sign.
What's bear sign? we asked
Mostly be aware of bear scat in the area. Meaning bear shit.
You have to be able to tell the difference between black bear scat and grizzly bear scat.

4

@terdon It's all about memory, and relying on Google. I used to know all the API calls I needed. Now I'm constantly looking up function signatures and return types for even simple things.

More complicated things lead me invariably to Stack Overflow. I've had the experience of reading an answer and thinking, What a great solution, and so nicely written. Then I see that I wrote the damn thing eight years ago and I don't even remember writing it.

tchrist

@Robusto That may be a more complex matter than it appears.

But yeah, I've certainly done that plenty.

Robusto

2:50 PM

The thing is, Google makes it so easy not to remember stuff like that.

tchrist

I don't have to look up the function signatures for "section 2" functions (Unix syscalls) in C ever, nor usually for "section 3" ones (libc) provided they were around 30 years ago. Nor of course for anything in the "perlfunc" manpage. All those are burned into my wetware forever ago.

But the new APIs spawned of Java and Javascript and C# and all the ensuing frameworks are insanely complicated.

Robusto

Basic stuff usually is for me, but I'll constantly question myself with stuff like, "Hmm, does that permit a callback arg?" and the like.

tchrist

They weren't designed by people with good design skills in APIs.

Or they'd be more predicable, and simpler, and more orthogonal.

The API calls in the Go programming language seem a lot more sensible, at least to my delicate sensibilities.

Robusto

The problem with JavaScript is not the language, which is pretty simple, but with all the frameworks people write to obfuscate its simplicity.

Of course, C is pretty simple too. The original K & R book is what, 100 pages or something? I'm too lazy to go to the bookcase to verify, but it looks pretty damn thin.

tchrist

Yep.

SmokeDetector

2:59 PM

[ SmokeDetector | MS ] Link at end of answer: What is the UK-English equivalent of "Public Works"? by Martin on english.SE

tchrist

Framework are fucking evil.

Robusto

This is how lazy I am: I just googled "The C Programming Language" to find out how many pages are in the book that is sitting in my bookcase across the room.

Answer: 228 pps.

Looks thinner than that. Maybe it depends on the edition ...

When I need to get up for a bio break I'll check.

user288256

Morning. Is this sentence correct: "Talking to people in writing jogs my mind in constructing sentences in English"?

Robusto

@Ghalib It's grammatical, but rather awkward.

user288256

@Robusto Okay, thanks. So how would you say it?

Robusto

3:12 PM

And I'm not sure what you mean with it.

What do you mean by "jogs" there? It can mean different things.

For example, it might mean "disturbs" or "stimulates" in that sentence.

user288256

@Robusto I meant when I make sentences while talking to people in writing (like in chats here or in other places) my English improves. And by "jogs" I meant, it is a good exercise for my brain.

user288256

Sorry, I can't always puts my thoughts into English.

Robusto

I would probably say something like, "In English, I find writing more stimulating and productive than talking.

user288256

I see, thanks.

user288256

It is just that I'm not comparing it to talking.

Robusto

3:25 PM

@Ghalib Yes you are.

tchrist

No one would imagine that writing is more stimulating than it is talking.

Robusto

There is an implicit comparison when you say "Talking to people in writing ..."

tchrist

Because even though you can having stimulating writing, you cannot have talking writing. Not really.

terdon

@tchrist Tell that to Dr Hawking.

Robusto

Stimulating may not be the right word there. I'd probably settle for "In English, I find writing more productive than talking."

MC Hawking - All My Shootings Be Drivebys

►

In case you haven't heard that before.

terdon

3:31 PM

@Robusto snort, I hadn't :)

Robusto

Entropy is good too.

MC Hawking - Entropy

►

user288256

@tchrist I hope my original sentence didn't give that impression. "Talking to people in writing" doesn't mean "talking writing" I guess.

terdon

@Ghalib The thing is that talking means communicating vocally. You can't talk in writing. You can communicate in writing if you like.

Robusto

@terdon Well, we're chatting (talking) in writing right here, right now.

terdon

@Robusto But would you call it talking? Doesn't Talking in writing seem off to you?

Chatting works with in writing. Talking doesn't. For me at least.

Robusto

3:36 PM

@terdon Of course it does. As I stated above, it sounds awkward.

And even after all this colloquy, I'm still not sure what exactly Ghalib means.

terdon

Exactly. And I think that's because, by definition, talking involves vocalizing.

Robusto

Yeah, but we can understand it as metaphor, can't we?

terdon

I think @Ghalib wants to say that Communicating in writing helps me improve my English, I guess.

Robusto

Could be.

terdon

@Robusto Understand, yes. Infer, rather.

user288256

3:38 PM

@terdon Thanks terdon. But, when you chat here I am pretty sure you could say "I talk in writing". Because these are text chats and we are talking here.

Robusto

If you want to be more specific, you could refer to "communicating in text" ...

user288256

Yeah, "communicating" is a good word.

Robusto

@tchrist: If it's not too much trouble, I'd be grateful if you would change "pepper spran" to "pepper spray" in my bear story above.

tchrist

done

Robusto

Muchas gracias.

tchrist

3:44 PM

This browser is normally iconified during the workday, so I won't know people want my attention without the direct ping for audible feedback.

terdon

3:55 PM

@Ghalib Not really, no. You don't talk in writing.

merriam-webster.com/dictionary/talk

> to express or exchange ideas by means of spoken words

Sense b is a little misleading. You can indeed say that, for example, this painting talks to you but it is used figuratively, not literally as you want to do here.

user288256

@terdon Thanks for the explanation. It makes sense now. Well, I'm a non native speaker, and obviously I was mistaken. Cheers :)

Sayros

@Ghalib Hi how re you ?

user288256

So, we use "No problem" or "You are welcome" after helping someone out with a little task etc. We have this similar expression "No problem" in my native language which we use in the similar situation (i.e. after helping someone out) but I almost never use it because hearing it myself sometimes this thought comes to mind "Was it a problem?" or "Would that have been a problem?"

user288256

@Sayros Oh hey Sayros, how are you? I'm good, thanks.

Sayros

good too thanks a lot

@M.A.R. if you want learn Arabic I am here ^^ and you re welcome

M.A.R.

4:07 PM

Sure, I could use a native's advice now and then

Sayros

I am going to ckeck if there was a stack for Arabic language

never come in mind to check

M.A.R.

There unfortunately isn't

And there won't be in the near future

Sayros

Arabic Language – arabic.stackexchange.com

Q&A site for students, teachers, and linguists wanting to discuss the finer points of the Arabic language.

Closed after 61 days in beta.

may be the chat doesn't exist but we can ask questions

terdon

@Sayros No, the site has been closed.

M.A.R.

They really tried to keep it open

user288256

4:10 PM

@terdon So why did they close it?

Sayros

ah you re right

M.A.R.

But the only real activity came from that Bigown guy

Sayros

because there wasnt much more activities :/

M.A.R.

Or was it Bigother? I forgot

Sayros

maybe because there weren't much more asks from the world to learn it

you know Arab people always look for others languages

and not arab people doesn't look for arabic language almost

despite it's difficult to find someone has a good backgroung in Arabic even if it's Arabicperson

it's so difficult

user288256

4:13 PM

And some Arabs from places like Algeria etc. also know French.

Sayros

yes

me too I know French very good

user288256

Neat.

Sayros

thats because countries from north Africa have frankofone customers

it's rarely you find a customer from english country has work with them

user288256

I know Arabic but I can't speak it with you. I kind of suck at it now.

user288256

@Sayros What's "frankofone"?

Sayros

4:17 PM

Ah okay but when you want you can ping me

user288256

Okay, cool.

Sayros

ah I mean francophony

M.A.R.

@Sayros not really

Would've mattered in a long-term run

Sayros

customers from France,Belgium, Luxembourg,etc

@M.A.R. we call them francophonie customers

they speak french

M.A.R.

For such a small country, Luxembourg has a really cool name

Sayros

4:19 PM

In constract, anglophonie ==> english customers

@M.A.R. yes

M.A.R.

So you live in a North African country?

Sayros

yes in Tunisia

M.A.R.

Nice

Sayros

in the top of Africa's continent

terdon

C'est francophones en Anglais.

M.A.R.

4:20 PM

How's stuff over there these days?

Sayros

@terdon yes

M.A.R.

Chaotic, normal, noisy, or what?

Sayros

@M.A.R. good but sometimes some chaotics happened

kinda polictical stuff

as you know Tunisia the first country made the revolution

and it gaves the hunger to do the revolution for other countries like Lybia,Suria, Egypt

lol

Tunisia is the cause for these wars

M.A.R.

@Sayros didn't get what you said here

But I guess sooner or later these revolutions would've happened

Sayros

Tunisian Revolution

The Tunisian Revolution was an intensive campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations taking place in Tunisia, and led to the ousting of longtime president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. It eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections. The demonstrations were caused by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades and resulted...

M.A.R.

4:26 PM

I know about your revolution

Sayros

before Tunisia revolution everything is okay in the world

After that Egypt follow the same reason of Tunisia for its revolution

M.A.R.

Correlation doesn't imply causation or whatever those statisticians might say

So @Sayros, are people not supportive of the revolution?

Sayros

I think in the beggining were supprtive

but now they regret

the most but not all

because the situation after this revolution is getting more complicated

than before

if we were with the same president and political stuff before the revolution it would have to be better now

user288256

@Sayros They use this term "Arab Spring" for that.

user288256

Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (Arabic: الربيع العربي‎‎ ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī) also referred to as Arab revolutions (Arabic: الثورات العربية‎‎ aṯ-'awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah) or Democracy Spring (Arabic: الربيع الديمقراطي‎‎ ar-Rabīʻ ad-Dīmuqrāṭī) was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution. The Tunisian Revolution effect spread strongly to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Iraq, where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings...

Sayros

4:31 PM

yes

M.A.R.

Revolutions are like reboots

Sayros

yeah

M.A.R.

So there are setbacks

Sayros

exactly

the economics is getting more and more complicated

M.A.R.

It's not even been 10 years since the revolution

Wait until it gets to 40, like ours. :p

Sayros

4:34 PM

ours where ?

M.A.R.

Iran

Sayros

our currency is DT (DINAR) now 1 DT = 2.8 euro which is a disaster

M.A.R.

People do seem to lose faith, because at first they believe in the heaven they can turn their country into, but this is the real world with all its quirks, shortcomings and bloodsucking foreign governments, so things start not to work out

Sayros

@M.A.R. oh Iran good from the most heroes countries

they have a good gans and stuff

@M.A.R. you re right

M.A.R.

@Sayros heroes?

Well, thing is, we could be much more

user288256

4:38 PM

@Sayros what do you mean by "gans"?

Sayros

yes and I think there were some tit-for-tat with Saudi Arabia

M.A.R.

There still is

Sayros

@Ghalib I didn't find the word in english I would like to say the type of gans

M.A.R.

But the US-- North Korea conflict is better popcorn material

Sayros

and good Rocket @Ghalib

user288256

4:40 PM

Oh, you meant "guns".

Sayros

ohhh yes sorry for this mistake

user288256

No, it is fine. I just didn't know that country had a good firepower.

Sayros

I think it is

and actually Iran support Qatar to make revenge with Saudi Arabia

user288256

@Sayros So what's the population like in Tunisia? I mean are they mostly Sunnis? Or Shias? Or both?

Sayros

Sunnis

you will not find any Shias

user288256

4:44 PM

I see

Sayros

because I didn't see

may exist but I am not aware about that

M.A.R.

I don't think there are many places in the world where Shia are the majority

Sayros

yes

user288256

@Sayros I Dinar = 2.8 Euros is pretty good, no?

user288256

I mean sounds like a strong currency.

Sayros

4:50 PM

no never its not good

M.A.R.

@Ghalib no kidding, but I guess it's not as good for an Arab country

A euro is like 40000 Iranian rials

Cerberus

5:09 PM

@Ghalib It's the other way around, 2.8 dinars = 1 euro.

But it does indeed sound like a fairly stable currency?

Sayros

I don't think so

for our country

Cerberus

> Consumer prices in Tunisia increased 4.8 percent year-on-year in June of 2017, at the same pace as in the previous month. Inflation was steady for food (3.9 percent);

> Rate in Tunisia averaged 5.21 percent from 1963 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 16.70 percent in July of 1982 and a record low of -1.40 percent in June of 1970.

This does sound fairly manageable.

Sayros

but the salary not increased :p

anyway I don't beleive what rumors said in Tunisia they are liar

there were some other impacted stuffs

kinda buy a car from outside the country

people before going to France for example they used to buy their car in Tunsia

So if they look that the currency is increased they will increase the price

also cars company will increase the price

in the same time most of people without jobs

and the salaries not getting increased

you in Tunsia we don't invent anything

we don't have anything to export

unless some small things

everything we import

Cerberus

5:25 PM

Sayros

here always complaining

Cerberus

Sayros

haha maybe but we didn't see this in practice

Cerberus

> Economic growth is projected to rebound in 2017 and 2018, spurred by rising business and consumer confidence and by the implementation of the investment law which will improve the business environment. Economic activity will strengthen, in particular in the tourism and phosphate sectors, and boost job creation.
However, unemployment will remain high, especially in the poor and remote regions and for the young higher educated graduates. Inflation will increase, driven by the hike in wages and the depreciation of the dinar.

oecd.org/eco/outlook/tunisia-economic-forecast-summary.htm

Sayros

humm, lets forget Tunisia :p people here they always dont understand the situation many rumors many flactuations end etc

we don't follow what exactly written but we see the reality

Cerberus

5:38 PM

> And Google searches suggest a surprising culprit for many of these sexless relationships. There are twice as many complaints that a boyfriend won’t have sex than that a girlfriend won’t have sex. By far, the number one search complaint about a boyfriend is “My boyfriend won’t have sex with me.”

> Among all searches with “how to” related to breasts, about 20% ask how to get rid of man breasts.

@Mitch I think this was your article? It's funny.

Mitch

6:01 PM

@Cerberus haha... inflation

wait...which article?

Cerberus

@Mitch Someone posted a link to an article about Google and prejudice.

Mitch

Yes, people are liars to everyone, others and themselves. But search history as a determiner of truth is questionable. Everybody thinks they have the flu when it's really just a cold (which I don't know what it is either)

@Cerberus Oh...yeah..I've heard that guy all over the radio and different magazines in the past couple weeks.

people love to hear about sex from a scientist, because it's ... sophisticated.

Cerberus

@Mitch True.

@Mitch And because it's sex.

Mitch

Oh. Yeah. Just drop the scientist part

user288256

6:17 PM

Then your sentence will become "people love to hear about sex because it's sophisticated."

user288256

I guess.

user288256

Oh, I missed the ellipses.

user288256

6:29 PM

@Cerberus "I don't need sex...the government fucks me everyday."

user288256

I quoted that. I didn't write it by the way.

Mitch

> Past, present, and future walked into a bar – it was tense.
A sandwich walks into a bar, and the barman says ‘sorry, we don’t serve food here’.
A man walks into a bar and says 'ouch'

user288256

Good jokes, dad.

user288256

6:44 PM

I have never been in a bar so I don't know what the big deal "a bar" is.

user288256

Sounds like a boring place though.

user288256

I'll just take some water I guess.

Gigili

@Mitch Sorry to spoil the joke but I don't get the last one!

Mitch

There's one about a guy with an alligator and Catholics (or Protestants) and we don't serve those kind here and bring one for my alligator.

I'm laughing without knowing what it means.

@Gigili My fault. I tried to remember that one off the top of my head and it came out probably not the best

It's more of a bad pun on 'walks into' as in similar to 'He walked into a telephone pole'

@Ghalib Think of a tea or coffee shop.

and replace all the tea and coffee with alcohol.

user288256

Yeah. Heh.

Monad

6:58 PM

Are "name" and "title" appropriate words to distinguish (respectively) the raw name from which meaning and distinction is derived AND the name with any categorial, if you will, symbols common to all titles, and the style of its graphical representation?

Transcript for

English Language & Usage: Multi-Layer…