The Periodic Table

pH13 - Yet another Philipp

08:26

o/

DEAD

\o

DEAD

08:50

0

A: Why is the boiling point of pentane (36.1 °C) slightly higher than that of diethyl ether (34.6 °C)?

This is perhaps not a very scientific answer, but consider how branched alkanes have a lower boiling point than straight chain alkanes. This is due to the inability of the individual molecules to "stack" (if you want to get technical it's to do with surface area). Now imagine stacking diethyl e...

Is this answer worth anything?

orthocresol

@DEAD i suppose i could agree with it, it is not the greatest answer backed by 3 different journal articles, but it makes sense (at least to me). he did say it's an educated guess, so imo it's fine

this answer of mine is also an educated guess haha

8

A: Why does fluorine act as a leaving group in organophosphates?

I am reluctant to post this as an answer because it is not really backed up by much research, but since nobody has said anything yet, here's my theory: It is probably to do with the fact that the covalently bound sarin (which necessarily involves kicking out either $\ce{RO-}$ or $\ce{F-}$) mi...

Leaky Nun

09:09

I suppose I asked this question before and either I forgot the answer or I could not comprehend the answer

So could anyone help me:

Does SF6 have expanded octet?

DEAD

IIRC @Ortho proved in one of his answers that that's not the case

Well, @Leaky what level of answer are you looking for?

Leaky Nun

@DEAD what level can I choose from?

DEAD

Considering how high school chem still sticks to d-orbital involvement in hybridization, they might as well stick to saying "yes" although that may not be the case in real chemistry.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD then higher than high school chem please

!!img/ [F-][S++]([F-])([F-])([F-])([F-])[F-]

Chemobot

DEAD

09:14

8

Q: Does >2e contribution of an atomic orbital (AO) to a hybrid AO of a molecule violate Pauli exclusion?

This question is inspired by On the Role of d Orbital Hybridization in the Chemistry Curriculum J. Chem. Educ., 2007, 84 (5), p 783. The article calculates 6 bonding sulfur atomic orbitals in SF6 as each having a 0.768s term (s meaning 3s). This implies $6\times0.768^2 = 3.5$ of the 6 valence e...

Leaky Nun

!!img/[F-][S++]([F-])([F-])([F-])([F-])[F-]

Chemobot

No result found.

Leaky Nun

!!img/[O-][S++]([O-])([O-])[O-]

Chemobot

Leaky Nun

@DEAD is that a yes or a no? I guess I'm not looking for 3s?

orthocresol

09:39

@DEAD @LeakyNun chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/4760/…

DEAD

@orthocresol Oh, didn't know it was there

orthocresol

this new comment chain about writing reaction equations is irritating me, i'm starting to sound like a broken record..

@DEAD no problem, I think it is Martin's comment that is more directly relevant to the question though.

Leaky Nun

What do the small letters in the MO diagram mean?

orthocresol

the calculations support the theory - there's no d orbital participation, and hence no need for the concept of an "expanded octet"

Leaky Nun

e.g. $a_{1g}$, $e_g$, $t_{1u}$

I understand the subscripts

orthocresol

09:42

@LeakyNun they are symmetry labels - do not worry about them for now if you don't understand them.

DEAD

0

A: Imaginary Bonding Interactions

Confused. Please i need a simple reasonable definition of an imaginary bond

When you land on the wrong post

orthocresol

"a, b" indicate non-degenerate orbitals; "e" a doubly degenerate orbital, and "t" a triply degenerate orbital.

Leaky Nun

what is degerenate?

orthocresol

having the same energy

DEAD

@LeakyNun Having the same energy

Leaky Nun

09:43

what is doubly degenrate?

orthocresol

@DEAD great minds...

Leaky Nun

having doubly same energy?

orthocresol

it means there are two orbitals with the same energy.

DEAD

@orthocresol . . . sound like parrots

orthocresol

@DEAD haha :D

Leaky Nun

09:53

Would the MO diagram of SF6 and [S6+]6[F-] look the same?

DEAD

Um, who upvoted this?

orthocresol

@LeakyNun Yes, it would. There is no difference in where the electrons originate from because in the molecule the MOs are filled according to the aufbau principle.

(for the most part, at least)

Leaky Nun

@DEAD me. I was bored

DEAD

Well, you could've downvoted it when you're bored.

Leaky Nun

@orthocresol then why did you write "Just for the sake of counting electrons, I treated the compound as being "fully ionic""?

orthocresol

10:01

it's just for the sake of counting electrons, i.e. how many electrons to place on the left and right sides of the diagram. those are entirely irrelevant to the MO description of the actual molecule, which is the centre column.

it is like whether you write water as H2O or OH2, it looks different, but in the end it is the same thing.

so, if i had treated it as S + 6F instead of S(6+) + 6F(-), then there would be 6 more electrons on the sulfur and and 6 fewer electrons on the fluorine side, but the centre column (SF6) would still be exactly the same because the total number of electrons is unchanged.

DEAD

To whomever flagged the comment above, there is absolutely no reason for it to be flagged as "rude or offensive." Please do not do so in the future. — jonsca ♦ Jul 26 at 0:31

Heh

Leaky Nun

@orthocresol What does "The "hypervalent" resonance form [...] does not rely on invoking d-orbital participation" mean?

orthocresol

@LeakyNun it's described in Martin's second comment. d orbital contribution to the MOs is low.

Leaky Nun

@orthocresol is resonance related to MO at all?

So one MO can have 16 resonance forms?

orthocresol

@LeakyNun so, fundamentally, you probably know that the MO depiction of a molecule is "more accurate" than any one single Lewis structure or resonance form.

DEAD

10:14

@LeakyNun Are you familiar with the old theory that said hypervalency is due to d-orbital participation?

Leaky Nun

@DEAD I have a hard time figuring out how hypervalency can be without d-orbital participation...

@orthocresol wait... does resonance exist?

orthocresol

what we are saying there, is that one MO depiction of a molecule correlates to a linear combination of Lewis structures or resonance forms.

oh gosh.

I need to go, I am sorry.

DEAD

@LeakyNun Well, @Ortho's been trying to show that in his answer.

Leaky Nun

I am told that resonance does not exist

DEAD

That theory has been debunked since, hmm, 1991?

orthocresol

10:15

it is not as simple as that

that is an overgeneralisation

Leaky Nun

@DEAD hmm.... then what is hypervalency? which orbital is responsible?

orthocresol

resonance is a concept, it is not a thing

DEAD

@LeakyNun You mean resonating between the two "resonance forms"? Yes, that doesn't happen.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD I see, thanks

orthocresol

i am confused now

DEAD

10:17

@orthocresol Hello confused now

orthocresol

@DEAD you're dead, how come you can talk

Leaky Nun

@orthocresol hello confused

DEAD

@orthocresol Have you ever not seen dead people talk?

Leaky Nun

Ugh... so what is hypervalency?

DEAD

@LeakyNun Having a high coordination number

Leaky Nun

10:25

In the meantime, if you don't mind, I have another question:

does this reaction have thermodynamic barrier?

$\mbox{H}^+_{(aq)} + \mbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} \longrightarrow \mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}_{(l)}$

If yes, how high?

@DEAD how to derive coordination number from MO?

DEAD

Raises eyebrows

Leaky Nun

@DEAD not high enough

@DEAD Please answer my queries even though they seem elementary

DEAD

@LeakyNun You could just use \ce.

Leaky Nun

$\ce H$

DEAD

@LeakyNun Sure, I'm just a little busy.

Leaky Nun

10:33

Nope, doesn't work for me

DEAD

Maybe you loaded the wrong mathjax.

Anyway

@LeakyNun A very small thermodynamic barrier

Leaky Nun

@DEAD as high as your eyebrows?

Are there any data?

DEAD

Hmm, I could find something

Leaky Nun

Thanks

Leaky Nun

11:07

@orlp hydrogen iodide

!!img/hydrogen iodide

Chemobot

Leaky Nun

@Sherlock9 hydrogen iodide

Sherlock9

Hey there

Releasing Helium Nuclei

hydroxide, hydrogen iodide

Sherlock9

!!img/L-alanine

Chemobot

11:11

Sherlock9

!!img/D-alanine

Chemobot

Jeff Teoh

hi

Leaky Nun

@JeffTeoh Could you answer my questions?

Sherlock9

Okay, that is cool

Jeff Teoh

11:12

What question?

Leaky Nun

see above

1. does SF6 have expanded octet?

2. does neutralization have thermodynamic barrier?

DEAD

Back.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD welcome back

DEAD

@LeakyNun Its barrier is as much as few kilojoules per mole, but I couldn't find anything.

Jeff Teoh

Nop. I haven't even gone into Year 12..haha

Leaky Nun

11:14

@DEAD then how did you know?

DEAD

I remember it from some test I was doing.

Leaky Nun

@JeffTeoh i'm year 12 at september

@DEAD so you found it yourself?

Jeff Teoh

Cool! I'm a Year 10 now. Trying to figure stuff out.

Sherlock9

Or their chem teacher mentioned it

Leaky Nun

How do you test it? Do you like find the minimum temperature required for the reaction to proceed?

Sherlock9

11:14

!!img/alanine

DEAD

@LeakyNun Some chemists like to argue that there isn't a thing called "expanded octet".

Chemobot

Leaky Nun

And then use probabilistic theories?

Jeff Teoh

I'll leave you guys to it. haha

Sherlock9

Hey, is there some sort of Chemistry Sandbox where I can mess around with Chemobot?

Leaky Nun

11:15

sandbox itself

DEAD

@LeakyNun The test was about something else, so it didn't contain a methodology on how they drew that energy diagram.

Leaky Nun

iirc

@DEAD oh, alright

DEAD

Chemobot

Development discussion and testing of Chemobot. Possibly also ...

Sherlock9

Thank you very much

DEAD

NP

@JeffTeoh Cool. Curious students are the best

Leaky Nun

11:17

@DEAD then?

DEAD

@LeakyNun They explain stuff with resonance and MO.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD if it is not expanded octet then what is hypervalency?

DEAD

There's a nice explanation about IF7's orbitals, again by our cute seal @Ortho.

@LeakyNun That's a totally different story.

Some atoms are bulky so they can have a lot of smaller ones around them.

IIRC there was this [RbH9]^2-.

A single rubidium with nine hydrogens around it.

Sorry, I was thinking something and writing another.

Seven is also a fancy coordination number

Also observed in metal complexes.

Leaky Nun

but it does not have expanded octet?

DEAD

You should find individual explanations for each chemical to find that out.

Leaky Nun

11:23

then how does it look like?

DEAD

17

Q: Hypervalency and the octet rule

I realize that the octet rule is more a suggestion than a rule, and that it applies mainly to non-transition metal compounds. Still, compounds that don't have an octet, like $\ce{BH3}$, tend to dimerize or disproportionate in order to achieve an octet. In recent SE Chem posts discussing the bo...

bond electronic-configuration theoretical-chemistry

Leaky Nun

let's just focus on SF6

DEAD

@LeakyNun Well, you just observed @Ortho debunk the expanded octet theory about SF6 in his answer.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD and I don't get it

DEAD

The expanded octet mainly says that since there isn't enough space in s and p orbitals, heavier atoms use their d subshell in bonding.

But in 1991, some scientist with a cool name discovered, mathematically I think, that d-orbital contribution to the bonding is wrong.

Leaky Nun

11:27

> with a cool name

DEAD

@LeakyNun Well, the problem is this isn't supposed to be a simplification, but an explanation of a phenomenon in nature.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD and in reality?

DEAD

If there isn't any d-orbital involved, all arguments in favor it become merely spurious.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD then what is involved?

DEAD

Leaky Nun

11:30

@DEAD what is the first one

DEAD

> An alternative way of looking at it is that two of the S−FS−F bonds are "true" 2c2e bonds, and that the other four S−FS−F "bonds" are in fact just a couple of 3c4e bonds, but I won't go into that. For more information on multi-centre bonds, this article is a nice introduction: J. Chem. Educ., 1998, 75, 910; see also refs. 12 and 13 in that article.

@LeakyNun The hypervalent resonance form, with six bonds.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD does it involve expanded octet?

DEAD

What would qualify for our "expanded octet" concept.

Yes.

Leaky Nun

but you just said that it does not exist

DEAD

It doesn't, since the contribution of that resonance form is ~1%.

Leaky Nun

11:31

well, ~1% > 0

DEAD

It's more like something between the two trans and cis resonance forms.

@LeakyNun You're looking at this the wrong way. It's not like it constitutes one percent of the compound.

We only have one SF6 molecule.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD I understand

DEAD

With identical fluorines.

Leaky Nun

I understand it as 1% of the d-orbital is occupied

since resonance means linear combination

Is my understanding flawed?

DEAD

Yes, but if the expanded octet concept have been true, it would have been much more than that.

Leaky Nun

11:34

so the d-orbital is still involved

DEAD

Going back to square one, what is an expanded octet?

It's just a theory we use to explain bonding.

Leaky Nun

is there any confirmed case of expanded octet?

DEAD

And if it isn't mainly what's happening, then it's of no use.

Leaky Nun

with an involvement of d-orbital much more significant than 1%?

DEAD

@LeakyNun Well, expanded octet was "confirmed" before people came up with better explanations.

@LeakyNun That I'm not aware of.

Leaky Nun

11:35

@DEAD I'm sure you understand what I mean

DEAD

@LeakyNun Yes, but I'm saying that it used to be acceptable by almost everyone in the field, but now people are trying to prove it wrong.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD Alright.

So my education is bullshit.

Understood

DEAD

So the only thing you hear is how "lack of d-orbital contribution in X" is explained.

@LeakyNun Heh, you should've drawn that conclusion much earlier.

But it can't be as bad as mine.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD lmao

@DEAD how was yours?

DEAD

Well, what if I tell you they don't even teach students hybridization in formal courses?

Leaky Nun

11:38

@DEAD I am not taught hybridization

(I've only studied the equivalent of year 11)

DEAD

You will definitely be.

We won't.

Leaky Nun

I don't think we will be

Our system is much more different than yours

DEAD

Shrug

Leaky Nun

Let's proceed to my 2nd question

What contributes to the (extremely small) thermodynamic barrier of neutralization?

DEAD

Give the ions enough energy to collide effectively?

Leaky Nun

11:40

I see

Is Fe3O4 just FeO+Fe2O3?

DEAD

Yep.

Leaky Nun

well, what does the + represent?

DEAD

In a 1:1 ratio.

Leaky Nun

steriochemially yes

but microscopically?

why is Fe3O4 much more prevalent than Fe2O3?

(afk for 10 minutes)

DEAD

@LeakyNun Scientifically, it's denoted by a dot.

FeO.Fe2O3

Leaky Nun

11:43

@DEAD It can't be that simple

DEAD

And it indicates that randomly, there are Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions in the lattice.

@LeakyNun Why?

Leaky Nun

because all attempts to simplify chemistry must fail

DEAD

Oh, I got what you mean.

@LeakyNun VTC as homework

'cause it's rarer?

Why would something be important other than the fact that industry needs it?

Leaky Nun

@DEAD Not homework

Is Fe3O4 more abundant or Fe2O3 more abundant?

@DEAD industry... needs... oxide???!!!??!??!?!???!????!????!??!?!?!!!!111!!!1!11!!!11!!!eleven!!!!

Somehow I've known that it is not that simple

right, Fe3O4 is magnetic, no wonder the industry needs it

Loong

12:10

@loong u hv made the question wrong I don't mean ∆H=∆U as ∆U = 0 as ∆T =0 I wanna say ∆H = W and W < 0 — Prateek Chauhan 7 mins ago

What did I miss?

I just changed the typesetting to MathJax.

Leaky Nun

12:32

@Loong can you help me?

Loong

@LeakyNun hm?

Leaky Nun

why is Fe3O4 magnetic (but Fe2O3 not)?

or am i incorrect

Loong

@LeakyNun Fe2O3 is ferromagnetic, too; but Fe3O4 is also ferrimagnetic.

Leaky Nun

@Loong what is the difference?

Loong

The ferrimagnetism of Fe3O4 is caused by its crystal structure with different sites for Fe^2+ and Fe^3+, which results in a non-zero net magnetic moment.

Leaky Nun

12:49

I see

DEAD

13:06

@LeakyNun I was joking

Hey @Loong

Loong

@DEAD hey

Leaky Nun

@DEAD lol

As you see above, Fe3O4 is not just FeO·Fe2O3

DEAD

It's an unjust FeO.Fe2O3

Well, if the ratio wasn't 1:1, it would've been something else.

Leaky Nun

I mean, the bonding is not that simple

A single dot simplifies the whole thing too much

DEAD

Doesn't simplify. It just doesn't give further info. There's a difference.

Leaky Nun

13:11

I see

@Loong Does expanded octet exist?

Does expanded octet exist in PCl5?

@DEAD

> In the solid state $\ce PCl_5$ is ionic, formulated $\ce PCl+4PCl−6$.

Loong

@LeakyNun What does “exist” mean here? Expanded octet is just a model that can be used to explain a structure when the usual Lewis structures don’t work.

Such structures could be described better with detailed quantum chemical calculations; but quantum chemical calculations are again also just a model.

Leaky Nun

@Loong I thought quantum chemical calculations are based on actual observed result

Loong

13:27

Well, all useful models can explain some actually observed results – some can explain more, some can explain less.

Even the Bohr atomic model can explain a few observed results; hence it isn't simply wrong.

Leaky Nun

@Loong I believe you understand what I mean

Does the valence electron count ever exceed 8?

(excluding palladium)

user116211

13:52

Home sweet home!

Leaky Nun

@MAFIA36790 welcome

user116211

So, how are you guys?

user116211

@Loong o/

Leaky Nun

@MAFIA36790 Would you like to answer my question?

user116211

Where is @TIPS? (I can't ping him)

DEAD

13:54

I can't ping @TIPS either.

user116211

@LeakyNun Hmm... sorry, mate; I gotta take a shower :) But of course, jot down the question.

Leaky Nun

> Does the valence electron count ever exceed 8?
(excluding palladium)

DEAD

Hey @MAF; welcome back

user116211

@DEAD \o/

DEAD

@LeakyNun What does PCl + 4PCl -6 mean? O_o

user116211

13:55

visiting other rooms

Leaky Nun

@DEAD [PCl4+][PCl6-]

@MAFIA36790 you just came home and you're leaving .... right, to take a shower

that's what people do when they come home, right

DEAD

What @Loong means, @Leaky, is that expanded octet isn't anything but a model.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD that corresponds to actual states

DEAD

It's less accurate than its quantum mechanical counterparts.

So if you want to get "more real", you should forget about the expanded octet model.

Leaky Nun

that's what I'm trying to ask

so all of the previous nominees of expanded octet are nothing but ~~ionic~~ extremely polar covalent bonds?

DEAD

14:02

No, they're intermediate states.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD "intermediate"? You mean between covalent and ionic?

DEAD

Yes, just like how all other resonance structures aren't real.

3 hours ago, by DEAD

Leaky Nun

But they do have charges

Doesn't this make them ionic?

DEAD

There's only one SF6, and it has all three structures.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD I understand this

Can I say that the charge on the S is $\frac{1\times0+15\times2}{16}$?

DEAD

14:04

@LeakyNun That would only be because of the difference in electronegativity.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD but they practically have charges

DEAD

@LeakyNun Yeah, so for example, fluorine number x is ionically bonded in cis and covalently in trans. The final result isn't ionic.

@LeakyNun Partial charges.

That's also true for H2O.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD what is the difference?

DEAD

@LeakyNun O_o

Leaky Nun

@DEAD no?

DEAD

14:06

@LeakyNun There isn't a whole electron around fluorine that has "left" sulfur.

@LeakyNun How did you measure that?

Leaky Nun

@DEAD eh...

@DEAD weighted average of the resonance structures

DEAD

@LeakyNun Haha no, that's not how it works.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD then how does it work?

DEAD

It's very, very complicated.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD eh...

then what about phos. pentachloride?

DEAD

14:08

The badass comp chem dudes run few simulations and calculations using even more badass software, and give us the result.

Leaky Nun

Alright

DEAD

@LeakyNun All of these more well-known cases have been studied and the results were the same as they were for SF6.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD but I read that it becomes [PCl4+][PCl6-]

DEAD

@LeakyNun In solid state? That

is irrelevant

Leaky Nun

@DEAD uh... that would mean that the PCl4+ is completely normal

while the P in [PCl6-] would have quite a handful of partial charges

DEAD

14:11

@LeakyNun No, each of the bonds in PCl4+ has a dipole moment.

But the net dipole moment is zero.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD by "completely normal" i really mean that i can use the textbook model to describe it

DEAD

Well, partial charges aren't anything new.

Leaky Nun

exactly

but the textbook model would prescribe expanded octet to PCl6- which is why I said it isn't normal

DEAD

Hasn't the textbook spoken of "small charges in H and O in H2O"?

Leaky Nun

maybe I was misleading to say "would have quite a handful of partial charges"

@DEAD I was misleading, sorry

DEAD

14:13

@LeakyNun I will forgive you Juliet

Leaky Nun

@DEAD I do not understand the reference

DEAD

Nevermind

Leaky Nun

what is the refreence?

DEAD

I was being dramatic

Leaky Nun

Alright

So, back to the question

pentavalentcarbon

14:14

Forgive him, he's very punny.

DEAD

A movie with a name close to "Romeo and Juliet"

Leaky Nun

So, Romeo

is it determined that PCl6- has no expanded octet?

DEAD

Yes.

It isn't that much different from PCl5.

Leaky Nun

When does PCl5 exist?

DEAD

Gas phase I guess.

Leaky Nun

14:19

I see

DEAD

> The structures for the phosphorus chlorides are invariably consistent with VSEPR theory. The structure of PCl5 depends on its environment. Gaseous and molten PCl5 is a neutral molecule with trigonal bipyramidal (D3h) symmetry. The hypervalent nature of this species (as well as for PCl−
6, see below) can be explained with the inclusion of non-bonding MOs (Molecular orbital theory) or resonance (Valence bond theory). This trigonal bipyramidal structure persists in non-polar solvents, such as CS2 and CCl4.[5] In the solid state PCl5 is ionic, formulated PCl+

Phosphorus pentachloride

Phosphorus pentachloride is the chemical compound with the formula PCl5. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides, others being PCl3 and POCl3. PCl5 finds use as a chlorinating reagent. It is a colourless, water- and moisture-sensitive solid, although commercial samples can be yellowish and contaminated with hydrogen chloride. == Structure == The structures for the phosphorus chlorides are invariably consistent with VSEPR theory. The structure of PCl5 depends on its environment. Gaseous and molten PCl5 is a neutral molecule with trigonal bipyramidal (D3h) symmetry. The hyperva...

Leaky Nun

@DEAD thanks

DEAD

stackoverflow.com/search?q=%22I+have+the+same+problem%22+is%3Aa

@LeakyNun hanks

Leaky Nun

lol

Is oxygen the only element that produces plasma (fire) when oxidizing other chemical?

Would oxidation by fluorine achieve the same result?

DEAD

@LeakyNun Plasma's just a lot of really ionized gasses.

@LeakyNun A lot of reactions can cause fire that's not coming from reacting with oxygen

Leaky Nun

14:27

@DEAD then i rephrase my question as "is oxygen the only substance that can achieve that high temperature"

@DEAD for example?

DEAD

@LeakyNun Well, look for an oxidant that reacts vigorously. Fluorine works in some questions.

Leaky Nun

@DEAD alright, thanks

DEAD

Questions? Why did I say "questions"?

I need to flush my mind a bit. BBL

Leaky Nun

Why does the system tend to reduce the pressure when pressure is increased, in a system of equilibrium?

Don't answer me LCP

What about temperature?

Bounty Hunter

16:27

0

Q: How to determine electrolyte concentration in solutions?

The original question is here: https://www.reddit.com/r/chemhelp/comments/4xh95e/is_it_possible_to_remove_and_separate/ We've been given the sports drink vs orange juice challenge. To find out which has more electrolytes. I could test for conductivity but that alone wouldn't tell me which ha...

electrochemistry solutions

NotWoodward

17:20

Hello hello!

Loong

@NotWoodward hi

NotWoodward

Been quiet around here!

pentavalentcarbon

19:05

@NotWoodward crickets

DEAD

dear @Mithoron i am looking for substance that instantly change density when we pass current from it. — umesh sohaliya 3 hours ago

pentavalentcarbon

19:23

That would be pretty insane.

DEAD

19:50

1

Q: Calculating Electrode Potential for Electrolytic Cell at Non-Standard States

Recently, I came across an interesting question that left me rather baffled. I was asked to calculate the minimum voltage required for the electrolysis of 1.0 M of NaCl in neutral solution using the following equation: $$\ce{2H2O + 2Cl- (1M) -> H2 (1 atm) + Cl2 (1 atm) + 2OH-} (\pu{1*10^{-7}~M})...

electrochemistry electrolysis

Chemobot

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