@AaronRoyer For maps of E_n-algebras f: X --> Y, f_*: H_*(X, F_p) --> H_*(Y, F_p) preserves the (lower indexing) Dyer-Lashof operations Q_0, ..., Q_{n-1}, as these are the only ones which are defined for E-n-algebras in full generality. It will of course preserve the ring structure, and the Browder operation (Lie bracket), but for X which is E_k for k>n, that bracket is 0, so that might not be too interesting in your case.
The translation from Dyer-Lashof-operations Q_i to Steenrod operations P^j when you're applying this to cochains on something is a complicated formula that I can't remember exactly, but I'm pretty sure can be extracted from May's "A general algebraic approach to Steenrod operations."