3:12 PM
There's a typo in the definition, it should be $gx = x$ for all $g \in G$. It's a common abuse of notation to denote the automorphism that is the image of $g$ by $g$ too. So "$g$" is the automorphism, and $gx$ is the image of $x$ under the automorphism.
If we use full unabused but cumbersome notation, $\varphi \colon G \to \operatorname{Aut} R$ is the homomorphism by which $G$ acts on $R$.
And $R^G = \{ x \in R : (\forall g \in G)(\varphi(g)(x) = x)\}$.