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A: Leapfrogs puzzle -- Least number of moves needed to interchange the pegs

user21820Here is the rigorous proof you are looking for. Consider both coloured pegs and the holes as pieces, and consider tuples of pieces that are in the stipulated order. For example a BH pair is a pair of pieces such that the one on the left is a black peg and the one on the right is a hole. Let $C$ b...

 

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