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1:03 AM
@Charlie $\partial V$ is what you write for the boundary of some other submanifold $V$, which in this case would have to be 3-dimensional
 
I'm still unsure how you define that surface in such a way that you can contract it with the 2-form in the integral $f(x,y)\text dx\wedge \text dy$, unless I'm unclear on what's actually being done here
which is looking like the more likely outcome
 
The surface has to be some nice submanifold $\phi : N\to M$, so that you can pullback the form along $\phi$
Then, the pullback will be a top-dimensional form on $N$, and the integral of a top-dimensional form $f(x)\mathrm{d}x^1\wedge\dots\wedge\mathrm{d}x^n$ is just the integral of $f(x)$
 
I've seen the word pullback used a few times now, it looked scary when I looked it up
I think this might just be something I'll have to put a pin in until I've got further into the book
 
 
5 hours later…
6:26 AM
Why Does a New Car Lose Value After It's Driven off the Lot? (I googled, explanations are unclear)
I mean, what's the problem with selling a car right after I have bought it for almost the same price (taxes...) that I have just bought it at?
 
7:06 AM
@JingleBells Because the car dealer is a trusted seller and you are not.
 
7:19 AM
@JohnRennie hmm, so my car would be worth less because other people will be suspicious about why I'm selling it? yeah, I'd be too
 
If I buy from a dealer I get warranty, after sales support, free first service, etc, etc.
 
gotchya
 
If I buy from you then I get nothing but the car. Well, unless the warranty etc are transferable, but how can I be sure this is the case?
 
 
4 hours later…
11:05 AM
0
Q: This question was downvoted and the reason provided for it was not correct

KabirI recently had asked this question The work done by Tension and Normal is not always zero It was downvoted and I was given a vague reason for the downvote. I asked the person to clarify the reason but there was no reply from that side. I asked this question to know whether the reason for downvote...

 
 
4 hours later…
3:28 PM
I've just read the following, in the context of electrodynamics:

> "The exterior product of a 1-form and a 2-form corresponds to the dot product. The coefficients of the resulting 3-form is equal to the dot product of the vector fields dual to the 1-form and 2-form in the Euclidean metric."
This is fine up until we talk about the "vector fields dual to the 1-form and 2-form". I understand that we get a 3-form from the exterior product of the 1-form and 2-form, and that (I guess) the hodge dual to this is a 0-form which is the correct object for the result of the dot product.
What's confusing to me is that the dot product is a map: $$\circ:V\times V\rightarrow \Bbb R,$$ but the vector "dual" to a 2-form obtained through the Euclidean metric is just a 2-blade, no? $$\omega_{\mu\nu}\delta^{\mu\alpha}\delta^{\nu\beta}=\omega^{\alpha\beta}$$
in component form at least. Unless the dual to a 2-form is somehow a vector, otherwise we don't have the correct arguments for the dot product
 
@Charlie In 3d, you have an equivalence between 2-blades and vectors normal to them
 
oh
 
It's the cross product magic - instead of thinking about the blade $x\wedge y$, you can think about the vector $x\times y$
 
is this why $x\times y$ is referred to as a "pseudo-vector"?
 
3:35 PM
ahh
ok got it thank you
 
The $2$-form has a dual with $1$-forms via the Hodge star
Something like $$a \times b = (\star (a^\flat \wedge b^\flat))^\sharp$$
That's how you define the cross product properly
 
I have a few questions about conformal field theory can anyone help?
 
No promises but you can ask
 
We can only find out if you tell us the questions ;)
 
3:53 PM
There are many because I started recently. What is the role of correlation function? Is it kind of the equation describing the system?
 
It's more the solution you get
Same as in regular QFT
Correlation function is roughly speaking the solution of the equation of motion
 
What are equations of motion then?
 
The equation of motions are the ones determined by whatever method you're using to obtain them
ie quantizing the classical equations, by using the Schwinger-Dyson equations
By using the time evolution via the Hamiltonian
Or the path integral
For instance the Klein-Gordon equations are the usual ones for scalar fields
 
Can you tell me a little about the path integral approach this is the one I saw but didn't quite understand
 
Roughly speaking, the correlation function is given by the path integral of the classical action here
 
4:06 PM
is it possible to explain this with an example I heard ising model is good starting point
 
Something like $$D(x,y) = \int \mathcal{D}\phi\ \left[ \phi(x) \phi(y) \exp(i S[\phi]) \right]$$
The usual example for the path integral is the point particle in QM
Where it's fairly easy to calculate
You can find details for that in most introductions to path integrals
Feynman-Hibbs is the classic book for that
Also I like Chaichian and Demichev's book on path integrals
Or just look around on the internet, there's plenty of introductions to path integrals
(You can also do the zero-dimensional path integral, but it's a bit less illuminating)
 
there is a lot to learn I don't know where to start, I have math background I was trying to understand representations of flat connections on surfaces to be able to understand chern-simons-witten invariants and I found myself in this mess.
are knizhnik-zomolodchilov equations, equations about these correlation functions?
apparently they describe conditions for a kind of flat connection on a certain bundle on a surface.
 
4:27 PM
Oh, if you're coming from a math angle
path integrals are (somewhat) measures on function spaces
You may want to look into Wiener processes for that
 
Yes I know that part.
I'm really interested in the physics side of it.
 
I'd advise just starting with one dimensional non-relativistic QM
It's easier to work out for path integrals
In which case the correlation function is just the time evolution operator
 
so these correlation functions are they correlation between operartors?
 
Well roughly speaking, yes
 
formally yes, but often they have a physical meaning distinct from just being a correlation
 
4:34 PM
You're taking the average of products of operators
 
E.g. $\langle \phi(x)\phi(y)\rangle$ for a field that creates a particle isn't just some abstract correlation but the propagator for that particle
 
also overall, practically the propagator is used to get most observables for the system
Well, the correlation functions of all orders, but usually rarely beyond 2 and 4 points
 
what do you mean by propogator of a particle?
 
@juliensurel In mathspeak, you'd call it a Green's function for the evolution equation of that particle
But anyway, if you think you can quickly learn QFT and CFT to understand some of the mathier aspects...be prepared that it's not gonna be that quick :P
 
for a start physicists don't usually write down the mathier aspects
 
4:40 PM
QFT builds upon a lot of concepts from ordinary QM and classical field theory, and if you don't know either of these, it's probably going to remain rather mysterious
 
I leanred some qm and electormagnic theory from Landau-lifzhitz
 
Landau doesn't use Hilbert spaces at all, which is unfortunate for that
 
It's okay I don't need math language
let me study the propagator page and I will come back. thanks for your help
 
In non-relativistic QM the propagator isn't too hard to understand because you basically have the operator that takes a wavefunction at time $t_1$ to time $t_2$
Well, not quite
 
in nrqm the propagator is dimensionless right?
 
4:51 PM
Well no
Since you have $\psi' = \int K \psi dx$
And $\psi$ isn't dimensionless
 
wait what have you written there
 
In non-relativistic QM, you have a nice little property of propagators
 
If the propagator on $\mathcal L^2$ can be written $\text e^{-i\hat Ht/\hbar}$ how come this isn't necessarily dimensionless?
 
@Charlie Factor in front
Also this isn't the propagator
 
oh
 
4:55 PM
The propagator is a function, not an operator
 
oh that's the exponential map of an matrix or something right
 
But $K(x,y) = \langle y, \hat{U} x \rangle$
Where $U$ is indeed $e^{iHt}$
 
what's $K$ here?
 
the propagator
 
oh
 
4:57 PM
The propagator basically tells you the transition amplitude between two different points at two different times
It has the property that $$K(x,y) = \int K^*(x,z) K(z,y) dz$$
Which is why it's related to the path integral, by performing this split an infinite number of times
 
But surely if $\hat U(t)|\phi,t_0\rangle=|\phi,t_0+\text dt\rangle$ are the dimensions of the state not changing at each step in time?
 
$U$ is dimensionless, not $K
 
ahhhh
I haven't seen this distinction made before, does $\hat U(t)$ have a name $\neq$ "the propagator"?
 
That's the time evolution operator
 
user434058
Do folks refer to Leonard Susskind as "Lenny Susskind"?!?
 
5:01 PM
I've heard that before
 
His friends, perhaps
 
yeah
 
user434058
BTW, he would look good as a henchman as well, if you get what I mean ;-)
 
user434058
FWIW, this OP refers to him as Lenny: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/571637/…
 
he's an 80 year old physicist I'm not sure about that
 
user434058
5:05 PM
But he does look like him...
 
user434058
Hey, I have always wondered, what does OP mean? Original poster?
 
so how does the propogator result in these correlations?
 
@juliensurel The two-point correlation function is the propagator, basically
For linear theories, since the two-point correlation function is the Green's function, you can use the usual Green's theory to apply it
 
oh I see
 
ie integrating an operator with the propagator will change the point of that propagator
 
user434058
5:08 PM
Folks are really trying to scrounge up some questions given the recent destruction: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/571640/…
 
Take this with a grain of salt because of course mathematically it's a bit iffy
 
I don't mind, I need the basic intuition
 
so in the ising model does the correlation measure the usual correlation between spins at two points?
 
Dunno
 
5:11 PM
@FakeMod yes OP stands for original poster
 
i'm not well-versed in the Ising model
 
user434058
Isn't this general relativity? physics.stackexchange.com/questions/571641/…
 
No.
 
user434058
@Charlie Thanks!
 
Also using $0.5$ in a relativistic equation
How gauche
 
user434058
5:12 PM
@Slereah o_o I thought special relativity ended at Lorentz transformations.
 
user434058
@Slereah lol
 
@FakeMod Special relativity was invented for electromagnetism, after all
 
user434058
@Slereah Yeah, but words like tensors and covariance, seem out of the scope of SR and into the realm of GR to me. NVM, I barely know what it means.
 
Tensors are perfectly fine in SR
Even classical mechanics has tensors
 
user434058
5:15 PM
@Slereah Hmmm....
 
Tensors are just maps of vectors
They're not reserved for a specific theory
 
user434058
@Charlie I have only encoutered MOI tensors. I have a lot to learn :-)|
 
user434058
@Slereah Maps? How?
 
@FakeMod Functions
ie a tensor is a function mapping vectors to real numbers
 
user434058
I thought they were just some matrices which were not supposed to be called matrices.
 
5:16 PM
Well, matrices are also maps of vectors!
 
user434058
@Slereah Oh, I see.
 
$$M(V,W) = W^\top M V$$
 
user434058
So, for eg. is this a tensor? 👇
 
every coordinate independent quantity is a tensor
 
👇$:V \times ...\times V \times V^*\times ...\times V^*\rightarrow \Bbb R$
 
5:19 PM
@Charlie If it's linear, sure
 
user434058
$$\begin{bmatrix} \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat i} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat j} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat k} \\ \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat j} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat k} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat i} \\ \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat k} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat i} & \mathbf a\cdot \mathbf{\hat j} \end{bmatrix}$$
 
user434058
?
 
sure
 
user434058
@Slereah Do the elements necessarily have to be scalars?
 
Well, don't confuse a tensor with its components
 
user434058
5:23 PM
@Slereah What? I don't get it.
 
For instance $(1,0,0)$ and $(3,2,5)$ could describe the exact same vector but just using a different set of basis vectors
 
user434058
@Slereah How did components come into the picture?
 
user434058
@Charlie Yeah, sure. But what does it have to do with tensors having vector entries?
 
is anyone familiar with knizhnik zomoldchikov equation here?
 
it can't
 
user434058
5:26 PM
@Charlie Oh, alright. What is the reason? Pardon me if I have missed the obvious reason already stated before.
 
I mean nothing stops you from putting vectors into an array
But if you're labelling your tensor with components you are multiplying the basis vectors by those components from the underlying field
$R^n$ is not a valid underlying field for a tensor space
 
user434058
@Charlie But, I don't see any way of computing the determinant of a matrix full of vectors?
 
Urb
Hey, is there any way I can make MathJax render properly on chat?
 
top right corner @Urb
 
user434058
 
5:29 PM
@FakeMod I don't think the determinant is defined for arrays of vectors
I might have confused you by saying "nothing stops you from putting vectors into an array", I just mean you can put any old object into an indexed array
 
Urb
Thanks!! I'll take a look
 
user434058
@Charlie So do I. Thus very slightly expect some sort of no-vectors kind of thing for tensors as well.
 
what do you mean by "no-vectors"?
A vector space is a triple: $(V,+,\cdot)$ defined over a field $\Bbb F$, the components of your vectors must be elements of the field $\Bbb F$. Since $\Bbb F$ cannot be a vector field you can't have components of a vector being vectors themselves
 
user434058
@Charlie not a technical term. Just... No vectors. (I am sorry, didn't know anybody would think through that).
 
vectors are tensors
 
user434058
5:32 PM
@Charlie Oh! So is a tensor only defined for components of vectors as their entries?
 
user434058
@Charlie yeah, first order, right?
 
@FakeMod I'm not sure what you mean by this
@FakeMod I'm actually not sure what you mean by this either
 
user434058
Anyways, (like always), I am badly grappling at understanding it since I lack the necessary prerequisites. This leads me to share that I often find myself flipping through different resources to learn something, just to find that I am unqualified to do so without learning something else. It would be nice if anyone could tell me where should I start without going on from one Wiki page to another just to learn the not-yet learned prerequisites.
 
user434058
@Charlie nevermind. I should really get a book and do all this stuff.
 
user434058
@Charlie I meant rank one tensor.
 
5:37 PM
@FakeMod this is correct
learning tensors was a whooole thing for me personally
There's like 4-5 different angles you can introduce tensors from. Each of them highlight a particular property of tensors. Unfortunately everyone thinks the way they've chosen is the most intuitive, so you end up with several seemingly disconnected definitions for the same object.
 
user434058
@Charlie Right now, I am crushed between my responsibilities as a JEE aspirant and my desires of learning some new real stuff instead of the same ol' Newt. Mechanics I have been doing for years :/
 
Some people will tell you tensors are a generalisation of matrices, other will tell you you absolutely shouldn't think of tensors as matrices
 
user434058
@Charlie yeah, I remember that :D
 
user434058
@Charlie Ooh! Noce! Trying that right now, thanks a lot!
 
5:43 PM
No worries, have fun banging your head against tensors :P
 
6:37 PM
Tensors are the algebra generated by the tensor product, 'course
 
7:15 PM
What if I send a french fry to space? Will anything happen to it? I doubt there will be any air stuck inside it so it should be fine?
 
How do you come up with this stuff JingleBells
 
Aug 2 at 12:41, by ACuriousMind
drugs, probably
 
lol
 
drugs
i get high, write them down and when sober, i think
 
7:19 PM
 
7:51 PM
Hi again, What does WZW model in CFT describe?
Wikipedia is only giving an action but what does it supposed to mean
In theoretical physics and mathematics, a Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model, also called a Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten model, is a type of two-dimensional conformal field theory named after Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, Sergei Novikov and Edward Witten. A WZW model is associated to a Lie group (or supergroup), and its symmetry algebra is the affine Lie algebra built from the corresponding Lie algebra (or Lie superalgebra). By extension, the name WZW model is sometimes used for any conformal field theory whose symmetry algebra is an affine Lie algebra. == Action == === Definition === For...
 
It seems a lot like the exterior derivative is basically (maybe in slightly abusive notation): $$(\text d A)_{\mu\nu}=\partial_\mu\wedge A_\nu$$
since it then follows that $(\text dA)_{\mu\nu}=F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_{\mu}A_\nu (\text dx^\mu\wedge \text dx^\nu)$
can I get away with this reasoning?
ah wait I just found a source explicitely stating this, problem solved
 
8:23 PM
The exterior derivative is $$dA = \partial_{[\mu} A_{[\nu]}$$
 
 
2 hours later…
10:19 PM
Hi, everybody.
 
hey
 
hello
 
10:46 PM
Is it imprecise to say that the exterior derivative operator itself is a 1-form? $\text d\equiv\partial_\mu\text dx^\mu$?
 
I mean in the same sense that the gradient is a vector
It's alright as a pedagogical tool, but it's not really proper
 
hmm
what is a more correct definition of what it is?
just an operator?
 
It's a differential map from $p$-forms to $p+1$-forms
with the usual properties of a differential
 
ah ok thank you
 
Also for $0$-forms, $(df)[X] = X(f)$
 
10:51 PM
what does it mean for a vector field to act on a function?
I've seen that before and didn't understand it but forgot about it
 
Vector fields can be defined as derivatives
 
is it basically just a directional derivative?
 
$$X(f) = X^\mu \partial_\mu f$$
 

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