10:56 PM
I was reading articles about ammonia and mechanisms of its toxicity (mainly in the context of aquatic organisms, but I fell down the rabbit hole and started reading about humans as well). It turns out that in alcoholics, alcohol itself isn't directly responsible for all the damage. Alcohol could directly cause cognitive deficits and brain damage, but in alcoholics with severe liver disease it's ammonia that is responsible for the majority of cognitive dysfunction. Human liver ...
...is responsible for neutralizing ammonia from the blood (it converts ammonia into relatively non-toxic urea, and urea is then excreted with urine by the kidneys), but if liver is severely damaged then ammonia accumulates in blood and damages the brain because ammonia is highly toxic to brain cells; that's both fascinating and deeply disturbing at the same time.
We have better "safety systems" and more refined metabolism than fish, but our brains, as far as I understand, aren't fundamentally more resilient against ammonia poisoning than fish's brains.
It is somewhat disturbing because ammonia is natural byproduct of our metabolism (as well as fish's metabolism); in aquarium, we rely on ammonia being neutralized in the filter via nitrogen cycle into relatively non-toxic nitrates that are "excreted" by the siphon via water changes; in ourselves, we rely on ammonia being neutralized in the liver via urea cycle into relatively non-toxic urea that is excreted by the kidneys with the urine.