@BBM But it maybe that certain systems are of more actual interest to philosophers. I don't know whether this is true or not. But certain formal systems have especially interesting interpretations. Hence, they might have a philosophical interest which exceeds the philosophical or mathematical interest which they have in themselves. Also, philosophers tend to ask somewhat different questions from mathematicians.
@BBM For philosophical logic? I doubt it, any more than there is probably one specifically for mathematical logic. But it is studied as part of undergraduate courses. At least, I studied it at BA level. (I did maths and philosophy as an undergraduate.)
@BBM A typical question considered in introductory courses is whether certain proofs of God's existence work and, if not, what's wrong with them. However, I only ever really talk about this when I'm teaching introductory classes. Some philosophers do work on philosophy of religion, but it is not a terribly popular area these days. And it is not very popular in ancient philosophy, either. The Greeks tend to take the gods existence as given but mostly irrelevant.
@BBM Are we talking about philosophy generally or logic in particular?
@BBM Most of my logic background was targeted at linguistic semantics, but we covered propositional logic, first order predicate logic, some second order logic, along with a bit of many-valued logics. More advanced topics were intensional logics along with categorial and Montague grammar.
An introductory class in formal, symbolic logic typically introduces students to the symbolic language of propositional and predicate calculus, perhaps with identity, some semantics and a syntactical system of proof.
@cfr No, definitely not one class. In intro semantics I taught basic propositional logic and predicate calculus, and then type theory and generalized quantifiers (stuff that is useful for language).
@PauloCereda For better or worse, it's a very small set of linguists who are concerned about the formal properties of the grammatical tools they use. So I don't know such a formalism as it applies to language. Of course any grammar that is modeled derivationally, is multi-level I suppose, but I don't know if that's in the sense you mean.
@PauloCereda Yes, the plan is to go in May of 2017.
@AlanMunn Ah, good! I couldn't envisage how anybody would get through all that otherwise. In an intro class we'd usually cover sentential symbolisation, truth tables, propositional calculus (some natural deduction system, usually), symbolisation with predicates and quantifiers (first order), first-order predicate calculus, models for counterexamples. Maybe some meta stuff such as completeness/soundness, but often not.
@cfr Yes, that sounds about the same. The needs in philosophy are slightly different, and for doing semantics you need to get to more complicated stuff faster, which means that the rigour in a philosophical logic class is probably missing to some extent. As it is, given how little the students know, it's a tough sell.
@cfr Luckily I don't teach intro semantics any more, so I'm thankfully free of worrying about it. :)
@AlanMunn When I taught logic as a grad student, lots of people took the class because they hated maths but logic satisfied 'the math requirement' for an undergraduate degree. Sometimes people took it because they liked maths and were under the mistaken impression that any introductory philosophy course would fulfil 'the perspective requirement'.
@cfr Lots of students who 'love learning languages' get very disappointed when they find out what linguistics actually is, and many math/science people get pleasantly surprised when they find out that linguistics can satisfy their humanities course requirements. :)
@cfr Our discussion seems to have scared off our pure mathematician though.
@AlanMunn I suspect our abject failure to answer the question s/he arrived with may have caused some disappointment. Also, asking what a logic course will cover is likely to get a somewhat unintelligible answer if the answer has to fit in the character limit of a chat post :-).
@AlanMunn -- sorry to disappoint you guys, but my undergraduate studies were in applied math (numerical analysis, mechanics and fluid dynamics don't help with the organization of definitions and lemmas); the "old boys" in pure math quashed my hopes of a math degree, and i ended up in (old) german literature; masters degree in structural linguistics (sorry alan). just because i work for the math society, ...
@cfr First-past-the-post means that 'representative' is a rather broad term, but you are of course right. This is the entire problem with holding referenda when they are not a requirement, and particularly non-binding ones with no actions attached.
@cfr My take is we will need a general election where it's clear that the MPs have been elected on the basis of implementing the referendum result. There are things that MPs vote for that they don't like, after all.
@cfr While I don't like the referendum outcome, I really don't like the idea that MPs might more-or-less ignore it as they don't agree with the result.
Or even shorter:
\documentclass{article}
\newcommand{\eq}[2]{\begin{equation} \label{eq:#1} #2 \end{equation}}
\begin{document}
\eq{1}{x + y = z}
\eq{2}{a + b = c}
\end{document}
After you type in your doc, you can "translate" back your source tex file to regular environments with...
@yo' Really? I don't think there is use in that kind of macro, given the fact that stare out of the window for two minutes to generate a single sentence.
@daleif a series of tragic accidents:-) normally if you put junk in there \newcommand{\foo^123} then it's like \def\foo^123 and defines \foo with mandatory following tokens, but there due to some more or less accidental dropping of {} while passing #1 (as it is "known" to be a single token) it ends up with the [ being seen by the optional argument test and defining \norm to be a command with optional argument with default value 0 (try \norm with no [x])
@daleif the 0 of course is the default value of this argument: \newcommand\foo[number of arguments] the fact that it ends up as the default of the argument being defined, is an interesting chase through accidental macro expansions.....
@JosephWright well, be careful with \catcode`\?=\active \newcommand?[2][foo]{Optional argument is #1, required is #2.} (re: checking that the thing passed to newcommand is a cs)
@daleif not sure who that DPC person is but note that we save two bytes here by using \@newcommand#1} rather than \@newcommand{#1}} to pass on #1 as #1 is supposed to be a single token so doesn't need to be rebraced....
Is there a simpler way than \noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.5pt} to put a horizontal line in the document comparable to what Markdown gives with ---- here on StackExchange?
@JosephWright I cannot say I'm keen either. But I do think that an MP cannot vote in good conscience for something they think will be catastrophic, for example. I take it the bar must be higher than mere disagreement, though. Thinking that, on balance, remaining would be better is one thing. Whether pro-remain MPs are justified in rejecting the referendum result depends on just how bad they think exit will be.
@JosephWright And yes, 'representative' is by no means unproblematic no matter what the voting system, in fact. But that is the system we have and it was endorsed in a recent referendum, too.
@JosephWright True. But, again, it depends on how bad they think the effects of exit will be. The thing is: parliament shouldn't have authorised the referendum in the first place if they weren't prepared to implement it and they shouldn't be prepared to implement it if they think the result will be a disaster. It is also deeply problematic that nobody seems to have any idea what leaving actually means. No agreement even on what the leavers' ideal world looks like.
@JosephWright And Boris is still telling people they can have everything they want. Except that he's not now talking to people who voted leave, it seems to me. Is it possible he is genuinely deluded? More to the point, perhaps, suppose he was actually right and we can leave the EU while maintaining free trade and significant rights to movement. That is not what people voted for.
@JosephWright Is it abiding by the result if they implement the letter of the referendum while rejecting its spirit? I don't like the fact that many people voted to 'control our borders' but they did. The kind of exit envisaged by the elite leavers doesn't look anything like that.
It reminds me of one funny story from Czech politics about 10 years ago: The opposition managed to "bring down" the government, with no actual plan in hand. I think they only then realised how stupid the voting itself was.
@yo' Part of the problem is that the leave campaign was never a campaign for anything. At least, not for any one thing and not even for several well-defined things.
@egreg sorry, I do not understand the question. If I have 10 letters, and I know I am using 11pt. Does this mean the these will use 110 pts of the width of the page?
@egreg thanks. I see. But if one knows the font they are using, and know the space available is say "100pt", and one knows also they are using "10pt" class. Can then find how many letters will fit in 100pt? So I do not understand what then it means to use class of 10pt, if the font size is not 10pt? And what size of the letter is 10pt?
@DavidCarlisle Thanks that you trying to solve it (even if it is difficult with standalone ...). I'm currently quite under (time and other) pressure as I have to organize the care for my father. So I'm always in only for a short time and then out again.
@Nasser Think of the font sizes as of clothes sizes: It's some numbers that is based on the letter height to some extent (but not in any well-defined way), and such that the letters get larger as you increase this number (in a more or less linear way).
@Nasser No, because as David said above, letters do not have the same width (unless you're using a monospaced font, like Courier New). The font size is roughly the height of a capital letter I guess.
This makes it very hard. So if I know the space is 100pt, then there is no way to find how many letters will fit in 100pt if I know I am using 10pt class, and I know the font I am using? OK, If I am using monospaced, does this mean 10pt is the width of each letter also? or the height? I care about the width, since I want to find how many letter can fit.
@TorbjørnT. I want to tell listings what fontsize to use so my code fits in the space I have without wrapping lines. Now I do this manually by trial and error.
@TorbjørnT. ok, then I am ok there. But I am not getting the correct space using the calculation I mentioned above. I know how many letters I have and I know the class is 11 pt. But something else is missing.
You can get the width of a char with \ttfamily \the\fontcharwd\font`w, See https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/22225/determine-height-and-depth-of-letters-relative-to-the-font-size/22227#22227
@yo' thanks., I tried your code. I get 5.74869pt for each letter! This is good. But I am confused. The class is 11pt, then why it says 5.74869pt there?
@Nasser no if it is monospace you can of course just measure it, divide the width by the width of any letter, but in general the question of how many letters fit isn't well defined
Ok, this is all getting too complicated for me. I am over my head here. I have to learn what all this really means and play with it. Here is the question I asked about what I am trying to do tex.stackexchange.com/questions/316782/…
@DavidCarlisle I do not know how much to scale it by. I simply want to tell listing what fontsize to use, so that listings fit inside a cell, without me having to compile the pdf and change it if I find the listing runs over the edge.
@cfr The lack of a proper manifesto for leaving is a real issue, one that repeated questions to the pro-leave campaign before the vote failed to get anywhere with. You've got to suspect very few of them expected to win.
@PauloCereda I can;t really use breaklines=true for matlab code. Matlab code needs ... for wrapping. (actually code). and it will not only look wrong to wrap it without ... added, but in HTML it will cause an error in Matlab when I copy it from the web page to the editor, since it is missing what Matlab looks for, which is line continuation ...
I also prefer to keep the code listing as it was originally in the code. I found by simply reducing the font size to small can solve most problem, sometimes I have to go to footnotesize. The problem is that it is trial and error. That is all. Not a big deal, I was just hoping to be smart and figure what font size to use automatically.
@Nasser yes that's what I mean, if you don't need page breaking it's easier as you can set the listing into a tight box and then just scale it to textwidth if its bigger than textwidth, multipage is harder as you don't know the longest line until the end and you would by default already have typeset the earlier pages.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{matlab-prettifier}
\lstset{style=Matlab-editor,breaklines=false}
\usepackage{adjustbox}
\begin{document}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
\begin{lstlisting}
x = a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m +n + o + p + q + r + s + t + u + v + x + y
\end{lstlisting}
\end{adjustbox}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
\begin{lstlisting}
x = a + b + c + d + e + f
\end{lstlisting}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{document}
@DavidCarlisle no I do not need page breaking at all. This is meant for small, few lines code fragments. When You said scaling, I thought you meant I have to tell it how to scale by. I never used adjustbox before with listing. Thanks.
@TorbjørnT. thanks! That is exactly what I wanted to do. Automatically adjust listing to fit in some space, without me having to tell it the font size to use each time. I tried your code and so far it does what I want. I have been struggling with this for long time. If you like to post this as answer to my question will be happy to accept it
@Nasser I wouldn't do this. You will get lots of different font sizes and it will look awful. E.g. add a listing without the the x+y and compare. I would stick to a small number of distinct sizes.
@Nasser I'd agree with @UlrikeFischer (which is why I post every other day telling people not to scale tables, for same reason, but no one ever takes any notice of me for tables:-)
@Nasser it's essentially just a wrapper around the standard \scalebox but with a better interface (better interface for \includegraphics as well, allowing vertical alignment)
@DavidCarlisle I need to study this more. First time I've seen it. now I do not have to compile each time, change the font size, or change the code a little to make it fit. Too much time consuming.
(Background: I have a chronic pain condition, and it is extremely painful for me to do any sort of repetitive fine motor activity, including writing and typing. I earned an undergraduate degree in math with quite little handwriting, and I'm currently a graduate student.)
Unfortunately, I've nev...
@barbarabeeton I considered it, but I'm not sure we have something to offer or to need at the moment. Also, writing seems to be a problem for them. I'll comment on the answer though
@PauloCereda impossible AFAIK (user not having an account here), comment on the answer may be better
the question Glossaries with more hierarchical categories has a pending edit that only removes spaces before colons and an exclamation mark.
i hesitate to reject it, since it appears to have been made in good faith.
however, the op is a resident of france, where the convention is to use a space...
@JosephWright So French typography is typically applied to French documents written in English? I guess it's possible, but is it actually done in practice?
@AlanMunn There's a reason I put 'broadly': we've discussed this type of thing at some length in the LaTeX team. Certainly if I quote some French inside an English text here in the UK I'd use 'English' not 'French' rules for the spacing, and I'd expect the reverse to be true
@JosephWright I guess so. But that's not locale, I think. That's saying that in an English document, English rules apply even if the language changes. And for certain things like e.g. Spanish punctuation, you definitely don't Anglicize them.
@yo' I had four ways of annoying @egreg: 1) Saying: Hopefully a goal for Spain 2) Omitting % somewhere in a code or 3) posting a table with vertical lines or, finally, the most subtle one, pretending ignorance about the European Championship ;-)
@AlanMunn Ok... there are five ways. .... my chief weapons are ... the points 1 to 4 I mentioned and number 5 -- fncychap... Nobody expects the AEG (Annoy Egreg Group) @PauloCereda ;-)
@ChristianHupfer Given your use cases, I would say that you fall firmly into the group of people who shouldn't use it at all, so it's good that you remain unaware. :)
And I know that open subgroups in profinite groups have finite index.
But if I take phi: G --> H and compose with the canonical projections to H/U_i, I get maps G -->> H/U_i. But we are still not at the level of finite groups, right?
@kan Suppose f: G -> H and f(x)≠1. Then there exists V open and normal in H such that x is not in V. Consider the induced map G/f^{-1}(V) -> H/V. This morphism is trivial.
@JosephWright If that is all ... Perhaps I have a suspicious mind, but I did suspect and continue to suspect that some people did not want potential supporters to compare what they meant by 'leave' with what they themselves wanted from 'leave'. It cannot possibly be mere oversight which resulted in every major carrot dangled in front of people's faces by leave being gobbled up by the pro-leave camp itself within hours of the result.
@cfr Quite true: what seems to be being suggested is a mix-and-match version of EU benefits (which is not on offer) but just not with the legal bit at the core
Or even shorter:
\documentclass{article}
\newcommand{\eq}[2]{\begin{equation} \label{eq:#1} #2 \end{equation}}
\begin{document}
\eq{1}{x + y = z}
\eq{2}{a + b = c}
\end{document}
After you type in your doc, you can "translate" back your source tex file to regular environments with...
the question Glossaries with more hierarchical categories has a pending edit that only removes spaces before colons and an exclamation mark.
i hesitate to reject it, since it appears to have been made in good faith.
however, the op is a resident of france, where the convention is to use a space...
