Okay. It sounds like gdm is broken or something is screwed up with the configuration for it. Are you planning on adding an internet connection to this machine or is it staying offline?
Alright. Well, once you do that you can try installing an alternate desktop manager (e.g. kdm or xdm) and then changing the configuration to boot that. You probably shouldn't just go with startx as the display manager does a bit more than just log you in. There's another program you can use to switch the display manager without needing to mess about with config files, let me see if I can find it. I was just using it a couple weeks ago.
It's been quite a while since I've done it. There will probably be some scripts in there. Unfortunately, you're almost certainly going to need the kernel headers to install it. I don't think they're included with a default install. And you don't have internet access to install them.
Though I guess you could download the packages in Windows and transfer them over via USB
File system starts at /. You don't have different drives (e.g. C:\ D:\ etc.) they get mounted underneath root (e.g. I have a USB hard drive mounted at /mnt/USBEncStorage)
The file structure at the base contains a few important sections including /etc where configuration files live (think like the registry on Windows) and most importantly here /lib which contains libraries
so /lib/firmware is the firmware folder under the lib folder under the root (think like C:\Program Files) whereas lib/firmware would actually be the lib folder in the current directory, most likely home
I have it on my computer and I'm running Fedora 21. If you don't have it that is very, very, very bad. And your computer shouldn't be working at all anyway.
Did you find it?
Oh, you probably will need to either be root or use sudo from the command line to move those files because /lib is restricted to root
You might need to install the actual zd1211 driver as well, I'm not sure if it's included in the kernel. It could be they're just referencing the source to it for licensing reasons.
Yeah, I was just going to say that actually makes no sense because the libraries were there to copy over so scratch that
Okay. You can sometimes get wireless adapters that will work for as low as $10 or so if you don't mind a cheap one, just look up the chipset and make sure it works with Linux