« first day (4083 days earlier)      last day (836 days later) » 

12:30 AM
@ACuriousMind And also some of them are conjugate-transposed, even with the factor of i
Interesting fact: Suppose $\mathrm{Cliff}(4) \to \mathrm{End}(S)$ is the spinor representation, so that the spinor space is $S = \Bbb C^4$. The map sends $\mathbf{e}_i$ to $\gamma^i$, $0 \leq i \leq 3$. The above is an algebra isomorphism, hence in particular a graded vector space isomorphism $\Lambda^* \Bbb R^4 \to \mathrm{End}(S)$. There is a chiral decomposition $S = S^+ \oplus S^-$, so we might as what $\mathrm{End}(S^+) \subset \mathrm{End}(S)$ under the inverse of that isomorphism.
I claim it is $\Lambda^0 \Bbb R^4 \oplus \Lambda^{2, +}\Bbb R^4$, where $\Lambda^{2, +}$ denotes the self-dual $2$-forms.
Proof: The space of self-dual 2-forms is generated by $\mathbf{e}_0 \wedge \mathbf{e}_1 + \mathbf{e}_2 \wedge \mathbf{e}_3$, and various permutations of the indices. Let's see what the matrix under this representation is: $\omega = \gamma^0 \gamma^1 + \gamma^2 \gamma^3$. Suppose $\gamma^5 = \gamma^0 \gamma^1 \gamma^2 \gamma^3$ is the chirality operator.
Suppose $\psi$ is a spinor such that $\gamma^5 \psi = \psi$. Then, $\omega \psi = \gamma^0 \gamma^1 \psi + \gamma^2 \gamma^3 \psi = \gamma^0 \gamma^1 \gamma^5 \psi + \gamma^2 \gamma^3 \psi = -\gamma^2 \gamma^3 \psi + \gamma^2 \gamma^3 \psi = 0$.
So it seems to me that $\omega$ vanishes on $S^{-}$, i.e., $\omega \in \mathrm{End}(S^+)$.
($\gamma^5 = i \gamma^0 \gamma^1 \gamma^2 \gamma^3$ in -+++ signature because $(\gamma^0)^2 = 1$, but in ++++ the $i$ isn't there. The eigenvalues are indeed $\pm 1$, I suppose it's a matter of convention to call which one as $S^+$ and which one as $S^-$, above I am calling $S^-$ to be the eigenspace with eigenvalue $+1$, it doesn't really matter)
After verifying all even permutations of indices (just also permute the order of the gamma matrices in $\gamma^5$; the operator doesn't change as it's an even permutation), this proves that $\Lambda^{2, +} \Bbb R^4 \to \mathrm{End}(S)$ maps into $\mathrm{End}(S^+)$. The image consists of skew-symmetric guys.
The domain is 4C2/2 = 3-dimensional, the the range is 2^2 = 4-dimensional. What we're missing is a 1-dimensional, I suppose these are just the scalars, which you identify with $\Lambda^0\Bbb R^4$
Bonus: Is there a physical way of thinking about this? This basically says a self-dual form is more or less a pair of positive chirality spinors. Is there a way to think about a self-dual form as a particle or something?
 
1:41 AM
@Semiclassical Yeah, sorry.
I think you're right that it's basically like a reflection. It's supposed to be analogous to $\sigma : \Bbb H \to \Bbb R^3$, $\sigma(q) = - q i q^*$
In quaternionic lingo
 
sounds plausible. it's a unitary operator (Hermitian and idempotent) therefore it does have a representation as $e^{i U}$, which does link it up to the quaternionic stuff
but tbh i don't remember the details
 
2:37 AM
@Semiclassical It's not a reflection, it's a rotation. It leaves the state $\left | \psi \right >$ invariant, while it is the antipodal map on the orthocomplement of that state.
It's rotation about the axis $\left | \psi \right >$
Which is what the quaternionic conjugation does, also.
 
eh, reflection = improper rotation
 
2:49 AM
@BalarkaSen I'm not sure what you're on about there - the antisymmetric two-forms decompose into the direct sum $(1,0)\oplus(0,1)$ of self-dual plus anti-self-dual forms as a Lorentz representation, i.e. (anti-)self-duality is already connected to an analog of chirality there without considering spinors.
It's not surprising that when you map them under a "natural" map (which is presumably equivariant w.r.t. to the chirality operator in an appropriate sense) to operators on the Dirac representation $(1/2,0)\oplus(0,1/2)$ that the $(1,0)$ part ends up acting on the $(1/2,0)$ part and vice versa.
nothing to do with particles, it's just "left-handed operators act on left-handed stuff"
 
I understand the math. It takes some argument to say ASD is connected to chirality; essentially because of something like $\rho(\omega^*) = -\rho(\omega) \gamma^5$, where $\rho$ is the spinor rep, $*$ is Hodge dual.
What I want to understand is the physics, not algebra. As I understand, there is a way to think of the de Rham algebra on a manifold as a SUSY algebra; fermions are even forms, bosons are odd forms, d + d* is the Dirac operator, square is the Laplacian - the Hamiltonian. In my head, the mnemonic is "think of a form as a particle/field/whatever".
 
ehhhhh
 
And in the spinor world you're getting that an SD form is actually the system consisting of a pair of +ve chirality fermions. How are these things related? Is there a physicish way of thinking?
 
I don't know what you really mean by saying "a self-dual form" is a pair of fermions
 
$S^+ \otimes S^+ \cong \Lambda^0 \oplus \Lambda^{2, +}$
There has to be a way of interpreting this isomorphism in such terms, right?
 
2:57 AM
to a physicist that's just saying a pair of fermions has a singlet and a triplet state
 
In the sense of, 2*2 = 1+3?
 
i.e. the two spin-1/2 can either combine to form a spin-0 object (they're antiparallel) or they can combine to form a spin-1 object (the spins are "parallel")
 
Ahh ok. Why is the spin-1 object a "triplet state"?
 
because there's three possible values for the eigenvalues of the spin generators $S_i$ - -1,0,1
spin s runs from -s to s in increments of 1, remember
 
Oh right
 
123
3:00 AM
Hi Alll...
 
and the (anti-)self-dual stuff is then just "preserving handedness" - if you combine two spin-1/2 left-handed objects, you get a spin-1 left-handed object, and (1,0) happens to be the self-dual forms
 
Oh cool
 
but note that this is on the level of the fields, not the particles
 
Yeah of course, I am being very handwavy.
 
the particles live in the infinite-dimensional unitary reps, and you don't need to combine two spinor fields to represent the state of two particles
 
3:04 AM
Yeah I don't know how quantization of a field actually works
It's just very hard for a nonspecialist to think of a field as anything other than some physics crap representing, at the end of the day, a particle.
I understand the math thing
 
3:47 AM
@BalarkaSen One can also start from QM and further quantize it (to get a quantum field) rather than directly quantizing a field to get QFT
 
 
1 hour later…
4:54 AM
@MoreAnonymous @BalarkaSen speaking of which
1
A: The Origins of the Second Quantization

bolbteppaThis is a good question, and could be very useful to people, so I would advise re-structuring it a bit e.g. removing the attempted answers to the questions, maybe adding them as a separate answer instead (I will remove this sentence if this advice is taken). There are two nice ways to understand "...

 
 
2 hours later…
6:46 AM
@bolbteppa there are many fascinating interplays between qft and qm. For example what lieb Robison bounds becomes microcausaility in another.
*for example live Robinson bounds becomes microcausity in qft
*qm ... Sigh phone auto correct
 
 
2 hours later…
 
1 hour later…
 
2 hours later…
12:23 PM
Is the reference point in the reference frame, the origin of it?
Or not necessarily ?
 
12:53 PM
Or rather what is the difference between the reference frame and a reference point ?
 
I would guess the origin, although context may help
 
but in wikipedia the following it is sad:
 
a "reference point" is just point used for reference, it's not a technical term like "reference frame", I'd say
 
For n dimensions, n + 1 reference points are sufficient to fully define a reference frame. Using rectangular Cartesian coordinates, a reference frame may be defined with a reference point at the origin and a reference point at one unit distance along each of the n coordinate axes.
 
yeah, that sounds fair enough - what exactly is your question?
 
12:57 PM
what are the 4 reference points in 3D?
 
it talks about n+1 reference points so asking "is the reference point the origin" doesn't really make sense because there's more than one and they explicitly explain how they're using them there
@imbAF what do you mean "the"?
 
n dimensions, n+1 reference points
so if you are in 3D, you must have 4 reference points to define a reference frame
 
the point is that you can define a frame by four points, for example by the origin and the points at (1,0,0), (0,1,0) and (0,0,1) in the coordinates of that frame
but you could easily pick a different set of points as long as you say what their coordinates are
 
"as long as you say what their coordinates are"
in the coordinate system that we choose
?
I am having trouble understanding the relationship between refrence frame and coordinate system, because one is something physical, while the other is something abstract attached to it
If I am say so
 
a reference frame isn't really "something physical"
 
1:00 PM
earth
can be your reference frame
 
"coordinate system" and "reference frame" are pretty much synonymous
@imbAF no, what you're really saying is "choose the reference frame in which earth is always at the origin and does not rotate"
just saying "earth" is a shorthand
 
should they tho? If you change the coordinate system of a frame, the event is described in the same way, but if you change the frame the same event is described differently, even if the 2 frames use the same coordinate system
 
I don't know what "change the coordinate system of a frame" means
as I said, to me a frame is a choice of coordinate system
 
from cartesian to cylindrical or spherical
 
I think you have a far too narrow idea of what "coordinate system" means
 
1:03 PM
probably
 
A coordinate system is just a choice of how we attach numbers to a geometric space
for a fixed origin and orientation, cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates that three very special choices
 
yes
 
but putting the origin somewhere else, or rotating the basis vectors with some constant speed in time is also a choice of coordinate system
and the systems you get from that are exactly what physics traditionally considers "frames" (e.g. rotating vs. non-co-rotating frame for a rotating object)
 
well the origin is the origin
which means, you cannot really talk about some other point as the origin, unless you are relating this new origin to the old one you had
 
depends
 
1:07 PM
How would you describe the relation between the reference frame, reference point and coordinate system in general and with an example?
 
reference frame and coordinate system are synonyms
reference points are the points you use to communicate to someone else what your coordinate system/reference frame is
e.g I draw an X on my blackboard and tell you "this is the origin of my frame", then I draw two more Xs up and to the left and tell you "these are at 1 unit of x-coordinate and 1 unit of y-coordinate, respectively"
I just used 3 "reference points" to communicate a 2d reference frame/coordinate system to you
 
ok
when you say for example rotating frame of reference
we make a measurement in the rotating frame of reference
you can say that only because, you are not found in that reference frame right?
 
I don't understand the question
 
how can you talk about a rotating or moving reference frame if you are in it?
 
I'd make a rotating reference frame out of what I did above by telling you "by the way, we start like this but then my axes rotate with half a full turn per minute"
 
1:12 PM
You can argue that the things around you move, while you are static
 
@imbAF a reference frame is just a coordinate system
I'm not "in" any of these
they're just mathematical tools I use to describe what's happening in the world around me
and there is a particular reference frame where I would describe myself as stationary and non-rotating - this comoving reference frame is what we usually think of as "my" reference frame
 
this is what I am saying
 
but there's nothing physical about this, it's just a convention for identifying the particular coordinate system in which I am stationary and non-rotating because that's the kind of system a human "naturally" uses to describe the world around them
 
Yes
And I was trying to say
that you in your non -rotating-static frame and somebody else in, as seen by you, a rotating/accelerating reference frame, when you both make a measurement regarding some physical phenomenon, you must get different results, when you compare them
 
that obviously depends on what sort of "results" you mean
if what we're measuring are invariants under change of reference frame, for example, then we will of course get exactly the same!
 
1:18 PM
ofc
but if that's not the case then you will get different results
 
that's why physics is so interested in invariants - they're the things that are always the same, no matter the frame
 
which will lead the other person to believe, that he and you are not in the same frame, assuming this x person doesn't know about the frame he is on
Yes ofc, that is important
 
I really wouldn't talk about us being "in" a frame
the fact is just that my and their comoving reference frames are different
 
frame= gigantic space rocket with no vibration and no windows
 
that's not what frame means!
but yes, if both of us use our natural reference frames and we're in boxes and one of them is rotating and the other is not, one of us will see stuff like the Coriolis force and the other will not
 
1:23 PM
"the fact is just that my and their comoving reference frames are different" and the reason for that would be?
how would you say it? the reason as to why your and their's comoving reference frame is different
 
@imbAF the exact same reason you're saying we're "in" different frames
I'm just saying the phrasing of being "in" a frame is not very helpful
the reason is just "I'm rotating, they're not"
this obviously means the frame in which I am non-rotating is different from the frame in which they're non-rotating, I don't think this needs any further elaboration
 
ok
Well I was confused, because in our class we took the example of a person in the street, car and plane, and the professor said: Consider the reference frame of the person in the street, then we take the car as our reference frame, so in HIS words, the reference frame idea was attached to something physical, at least in this simplistic example
 
I think there's a pretty big difference between saying "the car's reference frame" or "the motion of the car defines our reference frame" and something like "the car is in a reference frame"
as I said before, the first two - and what your prof said - is just shorthand for "the reference frame in which the car is stationary and non-rotating"
 
Yes
And ofc it makes no sense to say that the car is in a reference frame, the observant is inside that car.
And this is a fragment I found in wikipedia :We first introduce the notion of reference frame, itself related to the idea of observer: the reference frame is, in some sense, the "Euclidean space carried by the observer".
which in my example, the person IN the car, carries the coordinate system
 
2:23 PM
Ugh
The status of the splitting structure as a connection is a little subtle
 
 
1 hour later…
3:27 PM
What does notation of following type means?
i(t) =20$\angle$ -90°
 
rob
3:48 PM
@Rover Probably magnitude and phase for a complex number $r\ e^{j\theta}$, instead of real and imaginary parts.
 
4:14 PM
has anybody had any experience with the zettelkasten note-taking system?
(digital notes or otherwise)
 
@rob for knowing more about it, what should i google search in circuit analysis?
 
rob
4:53 PM
@Rover For circuit analysis, it’s a “phasor.”
 
5:10 PM
@NiharKarve I don't know if I'd say that I use it in a purist sense, but my digital notes certainly took some inspiration from it. Specifically, I try to take small, self-contained notes with links to each other and references as needed
 
5:46 PM
"The observer space O has a canonical contact structure."
Oh god the contact structures are back
 
6:00 PM
why must this paper use $\mathcal{F}^k(X)$ for the space of forms
Like there isn't a standard notation for it
 
 
4 hours later…
9:52 PM
Anyone has a link or pdf that proves that the EM wave is not invariant under galilean transformation?
 
10:04 PM
If it’s Lorentz invariant, it can’t be Galilean invariant
 
Well it is
since it has a different form
for an inertial frame that moves with constant velocity w.r.t an initial inertial reference frame
 
Better question, then: what exactly would it mean for a wave to be invariant under Galilean transformation?
 
wave equation
 
That’s not an amswr
 
Yes because, there is no answer. The wave equation is not invariant under Galilean transformation, I am not arguing something which is shown in multiple sites/pdf
what I want to know, is a specific thing, a mathematic one, which has to do with the chain rule for the variables involved in all of this
 
10:28 PM
Wave equation wouldn't even be invariant under Lorentz transformation
It would be covariant
 
 
1 hour later…
11:37 PM
Why did physicists relate the ether to an absolute frame of reference ?
 
b/c they thought they needed an absolute frame, and "the rest frame for the medium of light" was as good an option as any
that becomes a lot less appealing once you stop thinking of light as needing a medium in the way that sound does, of course
 
rest frame for the medium of light
you mean ether is at rest in this absolute frame?
 
yeah. that's what the ether's frame would have been
 
and that is because it expanded in all of space
?
it was assumed*
 
well, it's like taking "air" as a frame of reference. it makes sense to do so if you're doing acoustics
 
11:45 PM
@imbAF yes, the idea was that it would provide an "absolute" frame of reference because it permeated all of space and hence it would have been a frame everyone could agree on without having to exchange any data like the reference points we talked about earlier
 
i mean, if the ether had existed, it would've made sense to work in terms of it
 
sure, it's not a stupid idea or anything, it just isn't true :P
 
right
 
@ACuriousMind thx for the confirmation
and would we need to have an origin of this ether reference frame
assuming that it would exist
and therefore we could have our absolute frame
would we need to also have an origin, or reference points ?
 

« first day (4083 days earlier)      last day (836 days later) »