English Language & Usage: Multi-Layered Discourse Room

Bohemian relativist

00:07

do you like physics or math more?

I am going to sleep now.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

@Robusto maybe?

Oh the profile image from 2014

It's part of a Chinese restaurant I made

That was the simplest thing I could think to make out of the parts at hand

@Cerberus problem is I don't get chat notifications quickly enough so I wander off to where the real chat apps are like slack or discord

Robusto

00:31

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 Haha, good. But why did you use the simplified hanzi for "country"? Couldn't make the traditional version (中國 ) in Lego? You gotta think big, m'boy!

Cerberus

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 No worries, you can come here whenever you like.

> ... sinds begin december circa 77 miljoen doses vanuit de EU geëxporteerd zijn. Pijnlijk is dat dat aantal hoger is dan het totaal gezette vaccinaties in de EU: 66 miljoen. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk ontving het meeste, met 21 miljoen doses. Dat er ondertussen niks in tegengestelde richting kwam voedde frustratie en leidde de afgelopen week tot een plan voor het aanscherpen van de exportrestricties.

Since early December, 77 million doses of vaccines have been exported from the EU, while only 66 doses have been administered in the EU.

21 doses have been exported to Britain.

Nothing from anywhere was exported back to the EU.

I wonder how many doses were exported to America and Israel.

Do you think this warrants export restrictions?

Britain keeps telling how awesome it is, with how large their proportion of vaccinated people is compared with Europe. But now we know why.

We could have had 154 million people vaccinated by now if not for those exports, more than any other bloc.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

00:54

@Robusto ha. Yeah my talents with Lego are not that good. But also I like simplified characters. And Guo is even missing a stroke. 🤷‍♂️

Robusto

01:28

@Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 I noticed. I chalked it up to you not having microblocks.

Mr. Shiny and New 安宇

It's pure Lego and those are the smallest plate pieces that exist. To get finer details I'd have to use a different technique

Also it was years ago, I'm at least 2x better now at building. But I never updated my profile

Rajorshi Koyal

02:48

Please explain this statement to me, " The supreme Court has held criticism of government inaction cannot be branded ascan attempt

promote hatred between communities while quashing ahate speech case.

"

Please note it is as an and not ascan(sorry for the typo)

What does this imply?

Rajorshi Koyal

03:09

Another difficult statement is, " Xyz said through the renewed surge in COVID-19 cases in many parts of India was a conference, this time around the growth would continue unabated. "

Rajorshi Koyal

03:35

@CowperKettle In case you are free can you try this...

Cerberus

04:23

@RajorshiKoyal Chat etiquette suggests that you should not address specific users with requests for help (unless you are 100% certain that they actually want to be addressed in this case).

CowperKettle

04:45

Rajorshi Koyal

@Cerberus Ok sorry.

BTW it would be great if anyone is interested to answer the question.

Xanne

05:05

The UK contracted in June/July 2020 for vaccine delivery, as did the US, wheras the EU waited until late fall, not believing vaccines would actually be deveoped so soon and not wanting to spend the money. Now von der Leyen is scolding again, this time Astra Zeneca. The UK must be pleased with Brexit. Export controls result in factories moving to places where they can fulfill their contracts, so probably not a good idea to depend on enemies for essentials (e.g., Russia for gas).

Rajorshi Koyal

05:55

@CowperKettle Since you are my fb friend can we get in touch once on stack exchange?

Xanne

07:17

dw.com/en/…

Is AZ in violation of its contracts with the EU, giving favor to GB?

The Deutsche Welle fact-check article seems to be uncertain and hasn’t seen the a tual contracts.

a tual=actual

Rajorshi Koyal

@CowperKettle What is this graph about?

I could not really get it

CowperKettle

08:35

@RajorshiKoyal Daily vaccinations in the USA

Spring is in the air!

Rajorshi Koyal

Ok wow..

Really love the pics send some more

If you are free you may reply the topics

Though I am not in extreme urgent need.

Bohemian relativist

09:44

hungry

there is no restaurant to dine in here

why is the campus so far from the dorm?

every time I feel going to the campus costs me so much time.

Matt E. Эллен

11:13

@Bohemianrelativist for the invigorating walk, to wake you up for morning lectures

CowperKettle

12:08

Kitchen Gun - In stores now! 🔫😂 - BBC

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Conrado

@CowperKettle haha Don't forget the toilet grenade.

CowperKettle

14:13

> By the summer of 1774, Dwight was down to ninety-five pounds, and his father whisked him home to Northampton, Massachusetts, where he was expected to die. But under doctor's orders to avoid all study and to drink a bottle of Madeira per day, Dwight slowly regained his health over the next few months.

18th century medicine.

CowperKettle

14:57

Family Guy- Best of Adolf Hitler Part 1

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I don't understand the phrase at the very end of the clip.

After the last use of the word "Hitler"

Cerberus

> Yeah, but before all the...crazy stuff.

So we're at a time where Hitler had not committed any crazy crimes yet.

So it is allowed to give him money.

CowperKettle

@Cerberus Thank you! I thought he switched to German

I totally could not undersatand anything after "but" and before "crazy sfuff"

Cerberus

@CowperKettle Hah.

This character has a (fake) British accent.

Perhaps the change threw you off?

CowperKettle

Probably

CowperKettle

16:42

Xanne

17:17

@CowperKettle Could have been tuberculosis.

CowperKettle

@Xanne Biden should pledge to give away 100 000 000 bottles of Madeira to US citizens in the next 100 days.

@Xanne I copied it from Wikipedia, from the page about Anorexia Nevrosa. But yes, could have been a lot of other things, because symptoms were not meticulously written down back in the 18th century

It's a curious disease, still without any proven specific treatment.

I wonder why it appears to have sprung up in the late 19th century. And now some 0.5% of women are presumed to have it.

Photo from space

Bohemian relativist

17:40

@MattE.Эллен it takes public transport together with walking for 1 hour to arrive.

CowperKettle

17:55

> You often find rubber balloons in decorations, advertising, children's toys, general fun and even in science experiments, but you might not know that the first rubber balloons were made by Michael Faraday in 1824 for use in his experiments with hydrogen

Curious.

CowperKettle

18:07

Every Old School Computer Game

►

Mitch

19:50

@Xanne Madeira relieves symptoms of TB?

@Conrado Is that like a bath bomb?

Conrado

20:07

@Mitch No, it was just the next video in the YT feed... with CowperKettle's guy destroying a watercloset with a "cleaning grenade". Now that you made me explain, I feel quite lame.

Mitch

@Conrado He should make a video about a bath bomb then

and credit me

even if he has already done it.

he stole from me from the past

Johan Larsson

4

Conrado

@Mitch That is also capital crime, in the Federation's constitution?

Mitch

maybe put a twist on thngs, a shower bomb

Johan Larsson

@Cerberus?

Mitch

20:10

@Conrado us government enforcement agents like to call it a time crime

the worst kinds are called a prime time crime

a silent actor who plays out such events is called a prime time crime mime

one who is not very good is a lame prime time crime mime

Conrado

And you fine him a dime?

Mitch

if you go around the corner and see him again it's the same lame prime time crime mime

if he's guilty then you can blame the same lame prime time crime mime

@Conrado yes

Conrado

If it's a she, you would blame the same lame dame, a prime time crime mime.

Mitch

damn

Conrado

I forget, can dames be mimes?

Mitch

20:13

I don't think there are any rules about that

you could ask the same about a man mime

and if there were a joke graphic about it, it might become a man mime meme

and if he lost all feeling, it'd be a numb man mime meme

and if he were running from the law (since he committed a time crime)...

Conrado

?? sits on edge of seat

Mitch

it'd be a numb man mime meme on the lam

Conrado

3 mins ago, by Mitch

damn

Mitch

and

if

it were

some kind of animal

it'd be

a numb man mime land mammal meme on the lam

hmmm

Conrado

@Mitch OK, you win.

Writes in factbook: "never engage in rhyming wars with Mitch."

Mitch

20:21

If I could only fit in Rommel somehow.

@Conrado I few years back someone started one with 'macaroon' and I kept going.

RegDwigнt

@M.A.R. that is a very poetic way of saying that Garfield is garbage. Kudos to you.

Cerberus

@JohanLarsson That looks very Dutch.

People in Egypt think they have it rough.

RegDwigнt

Even, and more to the point: in despite of, Bill Murray.

@Cerberus to be fair, people think they have it rough everywhere.

Stupid people. Them's the worst.

Conrado

@Mitch soon, moon, spoon, dune, rune, baloon, impugn, tune, Zune, loon, boon, goon; I can see some interesting possibilities.

Cerberus

@Xanne That is not what I read, though. I read that the EU signed the contract with A-Z the day before Britain.

RegDwigнt

20:27

Like, I am complelety convinced I have it rough. And I'm posting this BS on the Internet!

Imagine that.

Conrado

How Nordic people do the laundry

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(speaking of people who have it rough) She has a claim to complain, if anyone does.

RegDwigнt

@JohanLarsson that is the funniest thing I have seen all week. Also, and unrelatedly, a thing that has happened to me.

Mitch

@Conrado If you can make a story around it...go!

@RegDwigнt You -do- have it rough then.

RegDwigнt

IJsselmeer is the worst. (Ask the @Cerberus if you don't believe me. (Also, never believe the @Cerberus.))

@Mitch thank you, kind cattle.

Cerberus

@Xanne Perhaps nobody has a complete picture yet. But it seems 77 vaccine doses have been exported from the EU (of which 21 million to Britain, and how many to Israel and America?), while only 66 million have been administered in the EU. And no vaccines have been allowed to be exported to the EU (all countries mentioned have export blocks, I believe, not only of vaccines but probably also of components). So perhaps you can understand why the EU is finally making a fist like the other blocs.

Usually the EU is all about free trade and soft power.

While America and England like to play a harder game.

RegDwigнt

20:32

Kinky.

George Bush and Tony Blair - My Endless Love

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Anyone remember this?

Mitch

@Cerberus I thought the explanation of the early slowness of vaccination deployment in Europe was that they had panned early on to make sure that they didn't restrict vaccine export so that the rest of the world could get some too. At least that is my vague memory of -some- explanation.

@RegDwigнt DOn't thank me yet. It's going to get worse.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus Help!!! My hovercraft is full of eels!!!!!

@Mitch ah, don't be so hard on yourself. There's no worse than you!

Mitch

blushes

Cerberus

@Mitch That's probably part of it: the EU really hates export restrictions.

I also suspect the EU has delivered more vaccines to Covax (the project to get vaccines to poor countries), but not sure.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus Ursula von der Leyen tweeted some shit the other week that almost made me tweet some shit myself for the first time in my life.

In German, of all languages!

Cerberus

20:37

Oh?

RegDwigнt

Yeah, she said dear Putin, how come your Russians don't like your fucking vaccine.

And I wanted to reply, Sehr geehrte Frau Doktor Von der Leyen. In meiner Heimatstadt Moskau kann man sich seit Monaten beim Hausarzt impfen lassen. Und seit einigen Wochen in jedem Supermarkt. In meiner Wahlheimatstadt Saarbrücken kann man bis heute beides nicht. Richten Sie bitte Ihren Blick gelegentlich auch nach Deutschland. Danke.

Cerberus

Isn't that exactly her question?

RegDwigнt

Well no it isn't. It's the exact opposite in fact.

Cerberus

Why does Russia have a low degree of vaccination even though apparently it has vaccines?

But I don't know the context.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus Precisely because it's available for free while you're shopping for groceries.

The Germans are longing for just that, but they're getting fuck all.

Cerberus

20:42

Then I would ask, how come your Russians don't like your fucking vaccine?

Else they'd get vaccinated. But they don't.

RegDwigнt

My church choir, the average age there is 60. The average age is 60. Only two out of the 87 people have got their vaccine.

@Cerberus I've been thinking about flying to Moscow just to get vaccinated. In the next supermarket around the corner. As has been my mom.

My problem is that in the mean while my passport has expired.

My mom doesn't have that problem, so she's probably going, actually.

In Russia itself, nobody much cares because it's just a flu.

In Germany, everyone cares, and everyone gets fuck all.

Verkehrte Welt.

Mitch

Macron
macaron
macaroon
Marconi
macaroni
macarena
Morricone
Americano
Cameroon
Connemara
Mickey Rooney

RegDwigнt

Es ist ein Luxusproblem. Wenn Du ein Klavier zuhause hast, spielst Du es nicht.

Cerberus

@RegDwigнt Many more Germans have been vaccinated than Russians, per capita.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus yeah, in this particular state here, they're actually opening up come April 6th.

It's causing quite a lot of ruckus, right now. All over the evening news.

Mitch

20:48

@RegDwigнt Works with umbrellas too

RegDwigнt

And I'm like, hey, my home state is finally on the evening news, for the first time in two decades.

Cerberus

Who is opening what?

Marlene Dietrich- Ich bin die fesche Lola

►

Doch an mein Pianola, da lass ich keinen dran.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus the Saarland. Everything.

Cerberus

You mean clubs?

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus come April 6th, you can do anything you want if you got a negative test no older than 24 hours.

And we're, like, right next to France. Where if you so much as leave your home right now, you get fined 1500 Euros.

Cerberus

20:51

Ah, with a test.

I hope that goes well.

RegDwigнt

So does everyone, it would seem.

Did you catch the Merkel apologizing to her people the other day? That was fucking unprecedented. Within a minute I got all the respect back that I never had for her, as you'll remember from our past exchanges.

Cerberus

I have only just got home.

Am slightly tipsy.

RegDwigнt

I don't even pity her. That's not it. That was a strong move that gets all my respect I can muster.

Cerberus

I don't know anything.

RegDwigнt

At the same time, everyone is treating her like she's hot garbage all of a sudden.

Cerberus

20:54

But, yeah, Merkel is respectable.

RegDwigнt

@Cerberus I've had 3/4ths of a vodka bottle by now, and I'm finishing the rest as soon as I'm done complaining how much people disrespect Merkel for something that only elevates her in any sane person's eyes.

Cerberus

How very Russian of you.

We have some world leaders whose integrity I do not doubt, however much I may hate their politics.

Merkel is one of them.

RegDwigнt

Not very Russian of me to only havve 3/4ths. And not even have a second bottle on hold.

Cerberus

Rutte another, oddly.

RegDwigнt

But I have piano and chess lessons tomorrow, so I have to pace myself.

@Cerberus yeah I saw him cycling the other week. We discussed.

Cerberus

20:58

What did we discuss?

And what about cycling?

RegDwigнt

You posted pictures of the room you were in. With candles made out of electricity. And I talked about Rutte being made out of teflon.

Anyway, I have the rest of a bottle to go pay a visit to. And then maybe sleep.

Mar 19 at 5:15, by RegDwigнt

Yeah I saw Rutte riding his bike all over the news.

Cerberus

@RegDwigнt Ah, OK. Well, he certainly is made of teflon. But I'm not sure I'd call that integrity!

RegDwigнt

Well that's a given.

If you're made out of integrity, you don't go into politics.

Oct 26 '20 at 23:01, by RegDwigнt

The Ancient Greeks had it all figured out. You don't want to go into politics because you're a blacksmith or a housewife? Well, that's exactly why you belong in politics.

Oct 26 '20 at 23:02, by RegDwigнt

You want to run for president? That's the dead giveaway right there that anyone would make a better president than you.

Cerberus

It's also the Roman ideal.

RegDwigнt

Angela Merkel entschuldigt sich für Corona Schlingerkurs nach Ministerpräsidentenkonferenz

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Cerberus

21:03

> In 458 Cincinnatus was appointed dictator of Rome in order to rescue a consular army that was surrounded by the Aequi on Mount Algidus. At the time of his appointment he was working a small farm. He is said to have defeated the enemy in a single day and celebrated a triumph in Rome. Soon after, he resigned and returned to his farm.

RegDwigнt

Wait, that's missing the actual punchline.

Cerberus

He didn't want the power.

RegDwigнt

Merkel gesteht: Beschluss zu Corona-Osterruhe „war mein Fehler“

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This was fucking unprecedented.

I saw this woman no ten years ago not half a mile away from where I'm sitting right now. I would like to shake her hand with more sincerity than I did back then.

Wohlsein.

Cerberus

@RegDwigнt Can you summarise in one sentence what she is apologising for, except the meandering course of government in its Corona regulations (that's what I gleaned from the first video)?

What's up with this Osterruhe?

Robusto

Does anyone understand what the value of variable "shadowing" in Rust might be? I'm damned if I see the value.

Mitch

21:24

@Cerberus Now that's how you do 'temporarily coming out of retirement'

Cerberus

@Mitch Exactement!

Mitch

@Cerberus But really it was just that one guy. Was everybody at that time so 'principled' and 'anti-corrupt'?

Cerberus

@Mitch It is a bit of a legend, so the story was probably embellished a bit.

Mitch

When did 'schooling' start in Rome?

like rich people sending their rich kids to learn history and write because that's what rich people do.

Cerberus

Child's age, or historical period?

Mitch

21:33

historical period

Cerberus

I don't know, there was probably some schooling even in praehistoric times?

Mitch

tutoring

@Cerberus that's what I'm trying to imagine

like were the germanic tribes (who sound like hunter gatherers to me when the Romans started trying to invade) were the germans tutoring their kids?

How about the Incas?

Aztec kids had to to learn -some- biology before getting a good heart-removal job.

for Greek writing (which implies some (probably very small) educated and literate subgroup), ~1100 it was linear A and B but modern Greek style by 700-600?

Once again I could look this up.

But frankly, sometimes texts just don't answer with what you want to know but only about what is already known, which is not necessarily the product of curiosity but just because you found that one dusty book in the attic that exists, and the book that didn't exist, well, nobody knows anything about that stuff.

Cerberus

@Mitch Noo not hunter-gatherers.

Mitch

I just heard the other day that Panini, the great Indian grammarian and sandwich maker, who is considered the first great linguist of all time, ~500BC, had a grammar of Sanskrit but in a very scholarly manner, referenced a number of other people who were working on laying out the grammar of Sanskrit, and he, Panini, was only working on one part of it, and that that part was not as important as the other authors, so basically what comes down to us is second rate and incomplete.

I'm embellishing it a bit.

Like the sandwich part.

@Cerberus Villagers?

It seems like they were moving around a lot.

like migrating constantly.

Cerberus

They had towns and villages.

Not constantly.

They just didn't have writing.

Mitch

21:46

hm...maybe it was just that the Romans who were recording their locations just were guessing, and guessed differently every time they wrote it down?

@Cerberus they also weren't sedentary, right?

like every generation they'd move around?

Cerberus

There were 1001 tribes.

Mitch

that seems like a lot

Cerberus

Even in the Stone Age, settlements existed everywhere that flourished for centuries or longer.

Mitch

how about every 3 or 4 generations?

Cerberus

Each tribe was different.

Mitch

21:48

@Cerberus No one ever says this stuff outright in the books

Cerberus

I'm sure many tribes had old settlements as well.

Though of course not the ones just arrived in central Europe.

But their family around the Baltic probably had fixed settlements.

Mitch

@Cerberus it's hard to keep track

Cerberus

Yes.

We know little about them because they had no writing.

Mitch

@Cerberus I'm also having trouble thinking that that was a good place to settle. You know, winters and all.

@Cerberus seems a bit unfair

like maybe they were all like Cincinnatus, but Cincinnatus was one of a kind among the corrupt Romans

Cerberus

Quite possibly!

But I think you already posted that nice video.

Mitch

21:51

That video was more about 0AD and onwards

Cerberus

Those Germans had been living in some areas bordering on the Roman Empire for centuries, when the Romans came.

Mitch

which, forgetting the movements of the Visi- and Ostrogoths were pretty stable

Cerberus

And I'm sure they were agricultural, not hunter-gatherers.

At least many tribes.

They had what you might call town just outside the Roman Empire, by the first century AD, I think.

But they were already under heavy Roman influence by then.

Mitch

@Cerberus there's the slow encroachment of the West Germans towards the east (Prussia and Silesia (which was preceded by Slavs filling in most of eastern and mideurope) from 500-1500AD(?) )

Cerberus

I'm not entirely sure about the order.

Mitch

21:56

@Cerberus Many of the Modern New England cities in the US (founded in the early 1600s) were actually centered on abandoned North American Indian villages.

Cerberus

But, yeah, there were Slavs and Germans in that region.

Mitch

@Cerberus Yes, I'm mixing up many different eras

Cerberus

@Mitch Smart.

Mitch

@Cerberus well..

Cerberus

The crusades by the Teutonic Knights were mostly against (heathen) Slavs, I think.

In Prussia.

Mitch

21:58

abandoned mostly because of things like measles wiping out those villages, which had been brought over by European fishermen in the 1500's

Cerberus

@Mitch Yeah, an unfortunate affair.

Great migrations seldom bring peace.

Mitch

But anyway, American history books leave or rather left me with the impression that native Americans were all hunter gatherers, and I kind of assumed the Germans were the same.

Cerberus

By the way, I think Ruthanian/Rus/Ros is all the same word as Russian?

@Mitch I think the ones in North America were?

Mitch

But maybe they were alike in that they were both agricultural cultures just not as successful as the empires taking over.

Cerberus

Or maybe they also kept herds?

Maybe there was also agriculture in North America (I mean benorth, say, New Mexico, where I'm sure there was)?

@Mitch No, I think various Germanic tribes were far more evenly matched against the Romans.

Mitch

22:02

@Cerberus I think some were but some also weren't. It's a big country. The one's out in the great Plains in the midwest were (and those further north like the Athabaskans and the Inuit) but many (like the Hopi and Navaho and the East coast tribes) were villagers (I think)

@Cerberus Oh? In what way? I'm pretty sure the Germans didn't have their own aqueducts and arches and stuff before the Romans

Cerberus

> Caesar writes that the Germanic tribes were not agricultural people, and that tribal leaders instituted active measures to prevent members of the tribe from becoming settled agriculturalists.
Archaeological research has however discovered that this observation by Caesar is not entirely correct. Agriculture was and had been for a long time a key component in Germanic life. Caesar's observations were made from warlike tribes on the move near the Roman borders, and are thus not representative of all the Germanic peoples. That agriculture was an important part of Germanic life is attested by …

Agriculture is a stone-age thing.

So I think you can assume that most peoples in Eurasia practised agriculture by that time.

Mitch

@Cerberus Que es la Espada?

Cerberus

@Mitch That would make sense.

Mitch

@Cerberus huh. I never considered Ruthenia to be cognate but now that you mention it, it could hardly not be.

Cerberus

@Mitch Not those things, but I'm sure they had their own stone buildings.

@Mitch "What is the spade/sword?"?

@Mitch I believe it is.

What I meant is that the confrontation between Romans and Germans was nothing like that between Indians and Europeans.

Yes, the Romans were far more advanced and more urban to be sure.

Mitch

22:08

@Cerberus so it takes reading skills, of which I am sorely missing, to get the mixed message there. The general impression (which I supposedly get implicitly everywhere) is that the Germans were not agricultural (as the first sentence says). But I must have never read on to get the nuance, that really it was just JC's superficial understanding also.

Cerberus

But the gap was much, much smaller.

Mitch

@Cerberus It was a label in the map, for what I think were Baltic (Estonian) types.

Cerberus

@Mitch Yeah, I'm trying to find an explanation of why one might think the Germans did not practise agriculture. You'd be in good company to think that.

Mitch

@Cerberus OK. Yeah the Indians did not have guns. And they definitely didn't have stone architecture.

Cerberus

@Mitch On this map?

@Mitch And the Europeans were far more advanced than the Romans.

Mitch

22:11

@Cerberus Si. 'Caballeros de la Espada'

Knights of the Sword?

the black arrows are for the Teutonic Knights.

Cerberus

Ah, I see it.

I really don't know.

Livonian Brothers of the Sword

The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin: Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, German: Schwertbrüderorden, French: Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive) was a Catholic military order established by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treyden), in 1202. Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time. The membership of the order comprised German "warrior monks" who fought Baltic and Finnic pagans in the area of modern-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Alternative names of the Order include Christ Knights, Swordbrothers, Sword Brethren, Order of...

I had not heard of them!

> Following their defeat by the Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and became known as the Livonian Order.

> The indigenous inhabitants of Livonia were various Finnic tribes in the north and Baltic tribes in the south. The descendants of the crusaders formed the nucleus of the new ruling class of Livonia after the Livonian Crusade, and eventually became known as Baltic Germans.

So the Teutonic Knights also fought Finnish people.

@Mitch > Archaeological research has uncovered two forms of Germanic agricultural settlements. There were the farm village and the individual farm. The prevalence of either of these forms of settlements depended upon the nature of the land.[49]

The prevalence of the individual farm among Germanic peoples has sometimes been ascribed to their love of independence. Such individual farms depended upon a plentiful supply of water. Areas with poor soil or were the area was broken up by hills also encouraged the prevalence of individual farms. In the Icelandic sagas only individual farms are ment…

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