Tironian notes (Latin: notae Tironianae) are a set of thousands of signs that were formerly used in a system of shorthand (Tironian shorthand) dating from the 1st century BCE and named after Tiro, a personal secretary to Marcus Tullius Cicero, who is often credited as their inventor. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 signs, extended to 5,000 signs by others. During the medieval period, Tiro's notation system was taught in European monasteries and expanded to a total of about 13,000 signs. The use of Tironian notes declined after 1100 but lasted into the 17th century. A few Tironian signs are...

Verb: appeler un chat un chat

1. to call a spade a spade (to call something what it is)

"On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians" (Russian: Об историческом единстве русских и украинцев, romanized: Ob istoricheskom yedinstve russkikh i ukraintsev, Ukrainian: Про історичну єдність росіян та українців, romanized: Pro istorychnu yednist rosian ta ukraintsiv) is an essay by Russian president Vladimir Putin published on 12 July 2021.It was published shortly after the end of the first of two buildups of Russian forces preceding the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In the essay, Putin describes his views on Ukraine and Ukrainians.According to RBK Daily, the essay...

The Niger uranium forgeries were forged documents initially released in 2001 by SISMI (the former military intelligence agency of Italy), which seem to depict an attempt made by Saddam Hussein in Iraq to purchase yellowcake uranium powder from Niger during the Iraq disarmament crisis. On the basis of these documents and other indicators, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that Iraq violated United Nations sanctions against Iraq by attempting to procure nuclear material for the purpose of creating weapons of mass destruction. == Abbreviated timetable == The first...